gov.noaa.ncdc:C00975
eng; USA
utf8
dataset
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
ncei.info@noaa.gov
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
NCEI Contact Information
Information for contacts at NCEI.
information
pointOfContact
2023-06-23
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA), Version 2
IGRA 2
2023-02-01
revision
2016-08-01
publication
Version 2
doi:10.7289/V5X63K0Q
NCEI DSI 6353_01
gov.noaa.ncdc:C00975
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
publisher
Durre, Imke
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Physical Scientist
principalInvestigator
Durre, Imke
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Physical Scientist
author
Yin, Xungang
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
principalInvestigator
Yin, Xungang
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
author
Vose, Russell
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Division Chief
collaborator
Vose, Russell
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Division Chief
author
Applequiest, Scott
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Physical Scientist
collaborator
Applequiest, Scott
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
Physical Scientist
author
Arnfield, Jeff
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
collaborator
Arnfield, Jeff
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
author
Korzeniewski, Bryant
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
collaborator
Korzeniewski, Bryant
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
author
Hundermark, Bruce
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
collaborator
Hundermark, Bruce
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
author
tableDigital
Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) Version 2 consists of quality-controlled radiosonde observations of temperature, humidity, and wind at stations across all continents. Data are drawn from more than 30 different sources. The earliest year of data is 1905, and the data are updated on a daily basis. Record length, vertical extent and resolution, and availability of variables varies among stations and over time. In addition to the merged and quality-controlled set of soundings, several supplementary products are included: sounding-derived moisture and stability parameters for each suitable sounding; monthly means at mandatory pressure levels; the Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) in which post-1997 data are based on IGRA 2; and station history information derived from documented changes in instruments and observing practice as well as from instrument codes received along with the sounding data. The change to Version 2.2 includes two additional data streams which permits further updating of the IGRA data records that use the new BUFR format. Version 2.2 began in 2023.
The data are intended for use for any application or analysis that requires historical radiosonde observations. Known applications of IGRA one include products of homogenized radiosonde data, air pollution modeling, reanalyses, wind energy research, climate assessments, and many others.
onGoing
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
Customer Engagement Branch
1-828-271-4800
1-828-271-4876
151 Patton Avenue
Veach-Baley Federal Building, Room 468
Asheville
NC
28801-5001
USA
NCEI.IGRA@noaa.gov
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov
HTTPS
Web Browser
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
NCEI home page with information, data access and contact information.
information
8:00 - 6:00 Eastern
pointOfContact
daily
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/images/C00975-8.png
Upper air balloon
PNG
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Altitude > Geopotential Height
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Water Vapor > Water Vapor Indicators > Humidity
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Winds
Earth Science > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Temperature > Upper Air Temperature
theme
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Atmospheric - Upper-air - Upper-air Temperature
Atmospheric - Upper-air - Upper-air Wind Speed And Direction
Atmospheric - Upper-air - Upper-air Water Vapour
theme
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)
2017
publication
Release 2017
World Meteorological Organization, United Nations
https://public.wmo.int/en/programmes/global-climate-observing-system/essential-climate-variables
HTTP
Information
GCOS Essential Climate Variables
Overview of the GCOS Essential Climate Variables.
information
custodian
Geographic Region > Global Land
place
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Vertical Location > Boundary Layer
Vertical Location > Land Surface
Vertical Location > Troposphere
Vertical Location > Stratosphere
stratum
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Earth Remote Sensing Instruments > Passive Remote Sensing > Profilers/Sounders > Radiosondes
instrument
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Balloons/Rockets > Radiosondes
Balloons/Rockets > PIBAL > Pilot Balloons
platform
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Platform Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Point Resolution
dataResolution
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Horizontal Data Resolution Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Hourly - < Daily
dataResolution
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Temporal Data Resolution Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Hourly - < Daily
dataResolution
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Vertical Data Resolution Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
dataCentre
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
2018
revision
Version 8.6
Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords
HTTPS
Web Browser
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords
The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords.
information
publisher
Data have not been adjusted for inhomogeneities due to station relocation, equipment changes, or changes in observing practice. NCEI scientists have applied a comprehensive set of quality control procedures to the data to remove gross errors. However, they did not attempt to remove jumps and other discontinuities caused by changes in instrumentation, observing practice, or station location. Users studying long-term trends may wish to use the NOAA Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) or one of the available non-NOAA IGRA-derived, homogeneity-adjusted radiosonde datasets.
otherRestrictions
Cite as: Durre, Imke; Yin, Xungang; Vose, Russell S.; Applequist, Scott; Arnfield, Jeff; Korzeniewski, Bryant; Hundermark, Bruce. (2016) Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA), Version 2. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. DOI:10.7289/V5X63K0Q [access date].
otherRestrictions
Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
otherRestrictions
Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive
2006
publication
American Meteorological Society
publisher
https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI3594.1
Web Browser
Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive
Overview of the Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive IGRA 1.
information
crossReference
sciencePaper
Enhanced radiosonde data for studies of vertical structure
2008
publication
American Meteorological Society
publisher
http://www.jstor.org/stable/26220887
Web Browser
Enhanced radiosonde data for studies of vertical structure
Durre, I., and X. Yin, 2008: Enhanced radiosonde data for studies of vertical structure. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(9), 1257-1262.
information
crossReference
sciencePaper
A DIGITIZED METADATA SET OF GLOBAL UPPER-AIR STATION HISTORIES
1996-02
publication
Environmental Research Laboratories
author
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/images/gaffen1996.pdf
HTTPS
Web Browser
A DIGITIZED METADATA SET OF GLOBAL UPPER-AIR STATION HISTORIES
Information on IGRA Metadata
information
crossReference
userGuide
IGRA Station listing
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
author
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive/doc/igra2-station-list.txt
HTTPS
Web Browser
IGRA Station listing
Detailed listing of stations used within IGRA data set.
information
crossReference
userGuide
textTable
eng; USA
climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
The data were processed under Linux using a variety of Fortran 95 programs and bash scripts. Data sources were organized into a directory structure in which each source subdirectory is named with an eight-character data source code. In a few cases, when data sources of the same format covered mutually exclusive geographical regions, they were combined into what was from then on referred to as a single IGRA 2 data source. The IGRA 2 data SourceCodes are listed in the online documentation in the IGRA FTP directory.
1
-180.0
180.0
-90.0
90.0
ground condition
1905-01-01
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
ncei.info@noaa.gov
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact
NCEI Contact Information
Information for contacts at NCEI.
information
distributor
In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
XML
HTML
ASCII Text
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5X63K0Q
HTTPS
Landing Page
NCEI Dataset Landing Page
Landing page for the dataset.
information
1
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-balloon/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive
HTTPS
Information
NOAA website for IGRA
Website for more information, documentation and background on this dataset
information
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive/
HTTPS
Download
NCEI Direct Download
Direct download for the IGRA data files.
download
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive/doc/
HTTPS
Documentation
Direct Download (Documentation Files)
Direct download for the documentation.
information
dataset
Various data sources contribute to IGRA 2, along with several sources of metadata. The level of knowledge about each individual data source varies depending on the documentation and metadata that were provided along with the data. All data included in IGRA 2 were required to have adequate documentation of their digital format. Only observed values were included; estimated values were not. All stations included in IGRA 2 were required to be identified by either a known station identifier or by a station name, coordinates, and elevation. The data processing applied to the sources in order to create IGRA 2 are described in the Dataset Description Document.
First, all data sets were formatted into a common data format, duplicate soundings and data levels were removed or combined, and station metadata was collected for as many source stations as possible, and the format of this metadata was standardized across data sources. Then, the standardized source data were integrated into one data set and passed through a sequence of quality control procedures. Finally, some station records were composited with data from very nearby stations with non-overlapping periods of record. Then derived moisture instability parameters are calculated from this step as part of the daily update process to the final IGRA 2 sounding data. Monthly means of geopotential height, temperature, zonal and meridional wind components, and vapor pressure are calculated for the surface and standard pressure levels at 0000 and 1200 UTC. This step is performed on the sixth day of every month for data ending with the previous month.
The data and station metadata need to be in a standard format in preparation for later processing steps. Integration yields a data set with one observation per location, date, and time. Quality control procedures remove gross data problems. Composite step yields longer data records. The derived moisture instability parameters are useful for studies of the planetary boundary layer as well as for analyses of various measures of atmospheric water vapor content and stability. Monthly means are particularly useful for studies of long-term changes.
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
processor
Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive Product Description
2023
publication
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Infromation
publisher
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive/doc/igra2-product-description.pdf
HTTPS
Web Browser
Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive Product Description
Source dataset product description
information
Product version progressed from 2.0 to 2.2. The change to Version 2.2 includes two additional data streams which permits further updating of the IGRA data records that use the new BUFR format.
2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
processor
Radiosonde and pilot balloon data from land stations and Volunteer Observing Ships
U.S. Air Force Upper Air Data Set (Ds3 Format)
2009
igra 2 source code usaf-ds3
U.S. Air Force 14th Weather Squadron
resourceProvider
1
-180
180
-90
90
1973
2008
Radiosonde and pilot balloon observations from land stations and Volunteer Observing Ships, transmitted in Traditional Alphanumeric Code (TAC) and provided to NCEI by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)
NCEI Real-Time NCEP GTS Messages (TAC format)
NCEI DSI-6330, IGRA 2 source code ncdc-gts
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
2000
Radiosonde and pilot balloon observations from land stations and Volunteer Observing Ships, transmitted by observing stations in BUFR and received daily at NCEI from the National Weather Service's Telecommunications Gateway (NWSTG)
NWSTG BUFR Reports
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
2017 to Present
Radiosonde and pilot balloon observations from land stations and Volunteer Observing Ships, transmitted in BUFR and received at NCEI from the European Centres for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) once a month
ECMWF BUFR Reports
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
2017 to Present
Pilot balloon observations for the United States digitized by the Climate Data Modernization Program
CDMP U.S. Winds Aloft from Monthly Forms and Daily Computation Sheets
IGRA 2 data SourceCodes cdmp-usm (created from two original data sources from the same types of forms), cdmp-us2, and cdmp-us3
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
originator
1
-172
-66
18
72
1918
1960
Radiosonde and pilot balloon observations for Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Tanzania, Zambia, digitized by the Climate Data Modernization Program
CDMP African forms
IGRA 2 data SourceCodes cdmp-adp (created from five original sources), .cdmp-amr (created from 2 original sources), cdmp-mgr, cdmp-zdm
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
originator
1
-18
51
-35
38
1946
2004
Radiosonde and pilot balloon data supplied by National Weather Service, some U.S. military, and U.S.-operated Caribbean stations, as well as, historically, some Canadian sites
Non-real-time data and monthly packages in NCEInon-real-time transfer format (NWS terminology); NCEI U.S. Rawindsonde Data (NCEI DSI-6301)
ongoing
NCEI DSI-6212 and DSI-6212 (real-time) and DSI-6301 (final archive form); IGRA 2 SourceCodes ncdc-nws (real-time) and NCEI 6301 (archived)
DOC/NOAA/NWS > National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
originator
1
-180
180
-90
90
1946
Global Telecommunications System messages received at Roshydromet
Roshydromet GTS or Russian GTS
NCEI DSI-6314; IGRA 2 source codencdc6314
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
1998
2010
Historical radiosonde and pilot balloon data with global coverage, obtained from NCAR; humidity from NCAR MIT data not included due to data problems.
NCEI "Global U/A Cards" (NCEI DSI-6310); NCAR C-Cards Raob Data; NCAR MIT Upper Air Data (DS 370.0)
2009
publication
IGRA 2 data SourceCodes ncar-ccd, ncar-mit
UCAR/NCAR > National Center for Atmospheric Research, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
1949
1966
Data archived at NCEI (then NCDC) during their early phase of the Comprehensive Aerological Reference Data Set (CARDS) project in so-called TD63 format
"Global U/A Cards", "Argentina National", "Korea National", "Australian GTS", "Australian U/A Thermo/Winds Merged", "Brazilian Upper Air", "Global Upper Air Cards"
1995
publication
NCEI DSI-6310, DSI-6316, DSI-6319, DSI-6322, DSI-6323, DSI-6324, and DSI-6326, corresponding to IGRA 2 now SourceCodes ncdc6310, ncdc6316, ncdc6319, ncdc6322, ncdc6323, ncdc6324, ncdc632 respectively
DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
publisher
1
-180
180
-90
90
1943
1993
Marine and ice island data archived at NCEI
"Marine Upper Air" and "Upper Air Russian Ice Island" (v2.0)
NCEI DSI-6210 and DSI-6355; IGRA 2 source code ncdc6210 and ncdc6355
NCEI
publisher
https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0008
Web Browser
"Marine Upper Air" and "Upper Air Russian Ice Island" (v2.0)
special report
information
1
-180
180
65
90
1946
1993
Some stations from the Comprehensive Historical Upper Air Network
Comprehensive Historical Upper Air Network
2009
publication
v1.01, .rdc files
IGRA 2 data source code chuan101
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
originator
1
-180
180
-90
90
1905
2007
Upper-air data, except those for moving ships, digitized for the ERA-CLIM reanalysis project, covering many parts of the world
ERA-CLIM Historical Upper Air Data
2014
publication
doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.821222; IGRA 2 source code erac-hud
Earth System Science Data
publisher
http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.821222
Web Browser
ERA-CLIM Historical Upper Air Data
Dataset website
information
1
-180
180
-90
90
1909
1972
Radiosonde data from stations located in the artic, except those obtained from NCDC by the data set creator
Historical Arctic Radiosonde Archive
IGRA 2 source code ngdc-har
NSIDC > National Snow and Ice Data Center
distributor
https://doi.org/10.5067/FQZA3330CVPO
Web Browser
Historical Arctic Radiosonde Archive
Dataset Landing Page for source data.
information
1
-180
180
-90
90
1948
1996
Antarctic data provided by the British Antarctic Survey
UK READER Upper Air Data
2009
publication
IGRA 2 source code bas-data
BritishAntarctic survey
publisher
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/READER/
Web Browser
UK READER Upper Air Data
general information about the data
information
1
-180
180
-90
90
1948
2008
Radiosonde and pilot balloon observations for West Africa collected by a joint data rescue project involving Meteo-France, CNRS and ASECNA in the 80's.
Meteo-France African Temperature-Humidity Soundings and Winds Aloft
IGRA 2 source code mfwa-ptu and mfwa-wnd
Meteo-France
originator
1
-18
51
-35
38
1940
1965
Rawinsonde observations collected operationally by the Indonesian Meteorological and GeophysicalAgency (BMG) and acquired by Okamoto et al. (2003)
IORGC/JAMSTEC Data for Indonesia
IGRA 2 source code iorgc-id
Institute of Observational Research for Global Change (IORGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
distributor
1
-180
180
-90
90
repository
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
2015-04-22T00:00:00
asNeeded
Bulk metadata change applied on 2023-06-23. See version control repository history for metadata change details.