Monthly and annual mean seawater temperature, salinity and density from 26 tide gauge sites during 1855-1993 (NCEI Accession 0000817)
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title: Monthly and annual mean seawater temperature, salinity and density from 26 tide gauge sites during 1855-1993 (NCEI Accession 0000817)
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abstract: Tidal observers at primary tide gauges of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the NOAA National Ocean Service) routinely measured seawater temperature and density throughout most of the 20th century with select sites well before. All available records for 26 sites have been digitized, although more paper file records may still exist for others. Students at Florida Institute of Technology provided the key entry and quality control. The purpose was to study trends in sea water temperature and density in support of increasing the scientific understanding of low-frequency changes across a wide spatial domain of the coastal United States.
purpose: To study trends in sea water temperature and density in support of increasing the scientific understanding of low-frequency changes across a wide spatial domain of the coastal United States.
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otherConstraints: Cite as: Maul, George A.; Davis, Andia M.; Simmons, Jeffrey W. (2002). Monthly and annual mean seawater temperature, salinity and density from 26 tide gauge sites during 1855-1993 (NCEI Accession 0000817). [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817. Accessed [date].
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useLimitation: Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
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topicCategory: (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
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southBoundLatitude: 24.9
northBoundLatitude: 60.12
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beginPosition: 1855-01-01
endPosition: 1993-12-31
supplementalInformation: Tidal observers at primary tide gauges of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (now the NOAA National Ocean Service) routinely measured seawater temperature and density. Many records extend back to the early part of the last century, the longest record extant being San Francisco (Carvalho and Maul, 1997). For the most part, these records have not been digitized nor analyzed for climatic signatures to our knowledge. Unfortunately, many of the 81 or so USA tidal station temperature records have missing data and/or are too short for analysis of linear trend. Modern tide gauges typically have seawater temperature sensors reporting in their data-stream, but the traditional analog systems relied on the skill of the observer to measure, record, summarize, and report temperature and density. The missing records are probably not the fault of field observers, and may well yet be discovered in misfiled reports. Herein, records that span most of the last 100 years are entered into spreadsheet files, and are made available. Most of the digitizing is the product of work-study students at Florida Tech. Quality control and quality assurance utilize standard methods including plots and visual outlier detection. All data were converted from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Data were provided as photocopies (and more recently digitized records) of the station sheets filed with each tide station folder. In most cases the data included monthly and annual mean temperatures, monthly and annual maximum and minimum temperatures, monthly and annual mean seawater density and maximum and minimum density. Almost all data in the photocopies are hand entries; monthly and annual means were mechanically calculated. Temperatures and densities from the tidal station sheets were placed into spreadsheets manually. Plots of monthly data were made to determine errors or outliers. Finally the digitized tables were compared to the photocopies to ensure accurate copying. As with meteorological stations, tide gauge stations are moved from time to time. The usual emphasis in sea level continuity is through benchmark checks by differential leveling. No such practice seems to have been emphasized with the seawater temperature or density observations, but considering the tradition of excellence within the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey since its founding by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807, it is reasonable to assume the historical information is reliable. Quantifying the standard errors associated with these monthly or annual means is problematic. The observer traditionally visited the tide gauge on a daily basis, and recorded the data by hand on summary sheets and on the marigram itself (USC&GS, 1929). Temperature and density typically are from bucket samples and thus represent true sea surface observations. Well-designed and calibrated thermometers are usually read at least to the nearest one-degree F or to the nearest 0.5 degree C, and estimating the number of observations per month to be 30, it seems reasonable to assume the monthly mean standard error is less than +/- 0.1 deg C. Observer error then is probably negligible for the purposes of determining trends. The bounding latitude/longitudes are the extremes from the 26 fixed positions for the tide gauge stations. In this accession, NCEI has archived multiple versions of these data. The latest (and best) version of these data has the largest version number.
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contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
phone: (CI_Telephone)
voice: +1-301-713-3277
address: (CI_Address)
electronicMailAddress: NCEI.Info@noaa.gov
role: (CI_RoleCode) pointOfContact
distributionOrderProcess: (MD_StandardOrderProcess)
fees: In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
orderingInstructions: Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
distributorFormat: (MD_Format)
name: Originator data format
version: (unknown)
distributorTransferOptions: (MD_DigitalTransferOptions)
transferSize:
Real: 9.868
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: NCEI Dataset Landing Page
description: Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/oas/817
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: Descriptive Information
description: Navigate directly to the URL for a descriptive web page with download links.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) information
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/download/817
protocol: HTTPS
applicationProfile: Web browser
name: HTTPS
description: Navigate directly to the URL for data access and direct download.
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
onLine: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: ftp://ftp-oceans.ncei.noaa.gov/nodc/archive/arc0001/0000817/
protocol: FTP
applicationProfile: Any FTP client
name: FTP
description: These data are available through the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). FTP is no longer supported by most internet browsers. You may copy and paste the FTP link to the data into an FTP client (e.g., FileZilla or WinSCP).
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) dataset
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1 was published.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2002-11-18T14:08:36Z
output: (LE_Source)
sourceCitation: (CI_Citation)
title: NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1
date: (CI_Date)
date: (inapplicable)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: (inapplicable)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817/1.1
protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0000817 v1.1
description: published 2002-11-18T14:08:36Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
role: (inapplicable)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NCEI Accession 0000817 was revised and v2.2 was published.
rationale: Updates were received for this dataset. These updates were copied into the data/0-data/ directory of this accession. These updates may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. This version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2015-08-21T17:53:24Z
output: (LE_Source)
sourceCitation: (CI_Citation)
title: NCEI Accession 0000817 v2.2
date: (CI_Date)
date: (inapplicable)
dateType: (CI_DateTypeCode) publication
citedResponsibleParty: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
individualName: (inapplicable)
contactInfo: (CI_Contact)
onlineResource: (CI_OnlineResource)
linkage: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0000817/2.2
protocol: HTTPS
name: NCEI Accession 0000817 v2.2
description: published 2015-08-21T17:53:24Z
function: (CI_OnLineFunctionCode) download
role: (inapplicable)
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dataQualityInfo: (DQ_DataQuality)
scope: (DQ_Scope)
level: (MD_ScopeCode) repository
levelDescription: (MD_ScopeDescription)
other: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
lineage: (LI_Lineage)
processStep: (LE_ProcessStep)
description: NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), and National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), including the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015.
dateTime:
DateTime: 2015-04-22T00:00:00
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metadataMaintenance: (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency: (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
maintenanceNote: Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
maintenanceNote: NCEI Accession 0000817 was revised and a new version of the archival package was published. Updates to existing archival packages may provide additional files or replace obsolete files. The latest version contains the most complete and up-to-date representation of this archival information package. All of the files received prior to this update are available in the preceding version of this accession. Please see journal.txt in the /about directory for additional details on changes made.
contact: (CI_ResponsibleParty)
organisationName: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
role: (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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acquisitionInformation: (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: bucket
type: bucket
description: bucket
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: hydrometer
type: hydrometer
description: a device for measuring seawater density
instrument: (MI_Instrument)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: thermometer
type: thermometer
description: generic thermometer or reversing thermometer use thermometer when temperature is a data type, but the exact instrument used to measure temperature is unknown
platform: (MI_Platform)
identifier: (MD_Identifier)
code: FIXED PLATFORM OF UNITED STATES
description: FIXED PLATFORM OF UNITED STATES
instrument: (missing)
