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Biogeochemical and microbiological measurements in the Cariaco Basin, a truly marine anoxic system in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, from 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14 by the CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program (formerly known as CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) aboard the B/O Hermano Gines (NCEI Accession 0191401)

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Biogeochemical and microbiological variables were measured by Stony Brook University participants (see Author List) in the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program in order to study the microbial cycling of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen occurring at depths where waters transition from oxic to anoxic to sulfidic. Samples were collected by Nikson bottles from 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14 in the Cariaco Basin (southeastern Caribbean Sea off northeastern Venezuelan coast) aboard the B/O Hermano Gines, operated by the Fundacion La Salle, Venezuela.
  • Cite as: Scranton, Mary I.; Taylor, Gordon T.; Suter, Elizabeth A.; Butler, Kristen; Li, Xiaona; Lin, Xueju; Podlaska, Agnieszka; Percy, Dane; Iabichella, Maria; Ho, Tung-Yuan; Hayes, Meredith; Tong, Lan; Cernadas Martin, Sara; Lopez Gasca, Mariela (2019). Biogeochemical and microbiological measurements in the Cariaco Basin, a truly marine anoxic system in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, from 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14 by the CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program (formerly known as CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) aboard the B/O Hermano Gines (NCEI Accession 0191401). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0191401. In Scranton, Mary; Taylor, G. T.; Varela, Ramon; Astor, Yrene; Muller-Karger, Frank; Lorenzoni, Laura; McIntyre, Michelle. CARIACO Ocean Time-Series data collected in the Cariaco Basin since 1995. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/CARIACO. Accessed [date].
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Distributor NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
+1-301-713-3277
ncei.info@noaa.gov
Dataset Point of Contact NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
ncei.info@noaa.gov
Time Period 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14
Spatial Bounding Box Coordinates
West: -64.66
East: -64.66
South: 10.5
North: 10.5
Spatial Coverage Map
General Documentation
Associated Resources
  • CARIACO Ocean Time-Series data collected in the Cariaco Basin since 1995
  • CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program
  • Cline, J. D. (1969). Spectrophotometric Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 14(3), 454–458. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454
  • Doddema, H. J., & Vogels, G. D. (1978). Improved identification of methanogenic bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 36(5), 752–754. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.5.752-754.1978
  • Fuhrman, J. A., & Azam, F. (1982). Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: Evaluation and field results. Marine Biology, 66(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00397184
  • Gilmour, C. C., Leavitt, M. E., & Shiaris, M. P. (1990). Evidence against incorporation of exogenous thymidine by sulfate‐reducing bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography, 35(6), 1401–1409. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1990.35.6.1401
  • Hayes, M. K., Taylor, G. T., Astor, Y., & Scranton, M. I. (2006). Vertical distributions of thiosulfate and sulfite in the Cariaco Basin. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0280
  • Henneke, E., Luther, G. W., De Lange, G. J., & Hoefs, J. (1997). Sulphur speciation in anoxic hypersaline sediments from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(96)00355-9
  • Hobbie, J. E., Daley, R. J., & Jasper, S. (1977). Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33(5), 1225–1228. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.33.5.1225-1228.1977
  • Johnson, K. M., Hughes, J. E., Donaghay, P. L., & Sieburth, J. M. (1990). Bottle-calibration static head space method for the determination of methane dissolved in seawater. Analytical Chemistry, 62(21), 2408–2412. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00220a030
  • Leucine incorporation as a measure of biomass production by heterotrophic bacteria
  • Kirchman, D., Sigda, J., Kapuscinski, R., & Mitchell, R. (1982). Statistical analysis of the direct count method for enumerating bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 44(2), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.44.2.376-382.1982
  • Enumeration of phototrophic picoplankton by autofluorescence microscopy
  • McDonough, R. J., Sanders, R. W., Porter, K. G., & Kirchman, D. L. (1986). Depth Distribution of Bacterial Production in a Stratified Lake with an Anoxic Hypolimnion. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 52(5), 992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.52.5.992-1000.1986
  • Noble, R., & Fuhrman, J. (1998). Use of SYBR Green I for rapid epifluorescence counts of marine viruses and bacteria. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 14, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame014113
  • Porter, K. G., & Feig, Y. S. (1980). The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora1. Limnology and Oceanography, 25(5), 943–948. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.5.0943
  • Percy, D., Li, X., Taylor, G. T., Astor, Y., & Scranton, M. I. (2008). Controls on iron, manganese and intermediate oxidation state sulfur compounds in the Cariaco Basin. Marine Chemistry, 111(1–2), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2007.02.001
  • Taylor, G., Karl, D., & Pace, M. (1986). Impact of bacteria and zooflagellates on the composition of sinking particles: an in situ experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 29, 141–155. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps029141
  • Taylor, G. T., Iabichella, M., Ho, T.-Y., Scranton, M. I., Thunell, R. C., Muller-Karger, F., & Varela, R. (2001). Chemoautotrophy in the redox transition zone of the Cariaco Basin: A significant midwater source of organic carbon production. Limnology and Oceanography, 46(1), 148–163. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.1.0148
  • Geochemistry of Mn and Fe across both stable and dynamic natural oxic-anoxic transition zones
  • Tuttle, J. H., & Jannasch, H. W. (1973). Sulfide and thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria in anoxic marine basins. Marine Biology, 20(1), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00387676
  • Valravamurthy, A., & Mopper, K. (1990). Determination of sulfite and thiosulfate in aqueous samples including anoxic seawater by liquid chromatography after derivatization with 2,2’-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine). Environmental Science & Technology, 24(3), 333–337. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00073a007
  • Astor, Y. M., & et al. (2013). Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of Oceanographic Parameters at the CARIACO Time-series Station: Cariaco Time Series Study. . Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. https://doi.org/10.25607/obp-1543
    • Parent ID (indicates this dataset is related to other data):
    • gov.noaa.nodc:CARIACO
Publication Dates
  • publication: 2019-08-28
Data Presentation Form Digital table - digital representation of facts or figures systematically displayed, especially in columns
Dataset Progress Status Complete - production of the data has been completed
Historical archive - data has been stored in an offline storage facility
Data Update Frequency As needed
Supplemental Information
The goal of this project was to examine the interrelationship between microbial activity and water column geochemistry in the world’s largest, truly marine anoxic system, the Cariaco Basin. This project focused on microbial cycling of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen occurring at depths where waters transition from oxic to anoxic to sulfidic. Over the 21 year program, the Stony Brook team typically staged cruises semi-annually during upwelling (Mar-May) and non- upwelling (Oct-Nov) periods. These 24-hour cruises were usually within a week of the routine monthly cruises staged by the Fundacion La Salle and University of South Florida team. Most cruises occupied only the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series station. On cruises 108 to 132, additional stations in the western basin and on the sill to the north of the Cariaco station were also sampled. Locations are given in the database.
Purpose This dataset is available to the public for a wide variety of uses including scientific research and analysis.
Use Limitations
  • accessLevel: Public
  • Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives.
Dataset Citation
  • Cite as: Scranton, Mary I.; Taylor, Gordon T.; Suter, Elizabeth A.; Butler, Kristen; Li, Xiaona; Lin, Xueju; Podlaska, Agnieszka; Percy, Dane; Iabichella, Maria; Ho, Tung-Yuan; Hayes, Meredith; Tong, Lan; Cernadas Martin, Sara; Lopez Gasca, Mariela (2019). Biogeochemical and microbiological measurements in the Cariaco Basin, a truly marine anoxic system in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, from 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14 by the CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program (formerly known as CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) aboard the B/O Hermano Gines (NCEI Accession 0191401). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0191401. In Scranton, Mary; Taylor, G. T.; Varela, Ramon; Astor, Yrene; Muller-Karger, Frank; Lorenzoni, Laura; McIntyre, Michelle. CARIACO Ocean Time-Series data collected in the Cariaco Basin since 1995. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/CARIACO. Accessed [date].
Cited Authors
Principal Investigators
Contributors
Resource Providers
Publishers
Acknowledgments
  • Funding Agency: National Science Foundation (NSF)
  • All authors were associated with the School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, at the time of data collection.
Theme keywords NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS WMO_CategoryCode
  • oceanography
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords Provider Keywords
  • Acetate
  • Ciliated Protists
  • Dark carbon fixation rate
  • Dissolved Iron
  • Dissolved Manganese
  • Flagellated Protists
  • Heterotrophic Bacterial Production
  • Incorporation_Acetate Uptake rate constant
  • Methanogenic Archaea
  • Particulate Elemental Sulfur
  • Prokaryotes Total
  • Propionate
  • Respiration_Acetate Uptake rate constant
  • Total zero valent Sulfur
  • Total_Acetate uptake rate constant
  • Viral-Like Particles (VLP)
Data Center keywords NODC COLLECTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
Platform keywords NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS ICES/SeaDataNet Ship Codes
Instrument keywords NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Instrument Keywords
Place keywords NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords Provider Place Names
  • Cariaco Basin off northeast Venezuela
  • Southeastern Caribbean Sea
Project keywords NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Provider Project Names
  • Fondo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (FONACIT)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
  • National Science Foundation (NSF)
Keywords NCEI ACCESSION NUMBER
Keywords Send2NCEI Submission Package ID
  • G45YGN
Use Constraints
  • Cite as: Scranton, Mary I.; Taylor, Gordon T.; Suter, Elizabeth A.; Butler, Kristen; Li, Xiaona; Lin, Xueju; Podlaska, Agnieszka; Percy, Dane; Iabichella, Maria; Ho, Tung-Yuan; Hayes, Meredith; Tong, Lan; Cernadas Martin, Sara; Lopez Gasca, Mariela (2019). Biogeochemical and microbiological measurements in the Cariaco Basin, a truly marine anoxic system in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, from 1995-11-13 to 2015-11-14 by the CARIACO Ocean Time Series Program (formerly known as CArbon Retention In A Colored Ocean) aboard the B/O Hermano Gines (NCEI Accession 0191401). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/0191401. In Scranton, Mary; Taylor, G. T.; Varela, Ramon; Astor, Yrene; Muller-Karger, Frank; Lorenzoni, Laura; McIntyre, Michelle. CARIACO Ocean Time-Series data collected in the Cariaco Basin since 1995. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/accession/CARIACO. Accessed [date].
Access Constraints
  • Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose.
Fees
  • In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
Lineage information for: dataset
Processing Steps
  • 2019-08-28T22:17:22Z - NCEI Accession 0191401 v1.1 was published.
Output Datasets
Lineage information for: dataset
Processing Steps
  • Parameter or Variable: LATITUDE (measured); Units: degrees north; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Ship's bridge log.
  • Parameter or Variable: LONGITUDE (measured); Units: degrees west; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: GPS; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Ship's bridge log.
  • Parameter or Variable: DEPTH - OBSERVATION (measured); Units: meter; Observation Category: in situ; Sampling Instrument: CTD; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Seabird data output; Data Quality Method: Sampling depths were either from depths at which rosette remained stationary for at least 2 minutes or were read off Seabird bottle files.
  • Parameter or Variable: DISSOLVED OXYGEN (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Winkler; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: NITRATE (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Nitrate concentrations were analyzed at the University of South Florida by Kent Fanning’s on frozen samples using the method of Fanning et al (2011). Detection limit was 0.04 micromoles per liter. Samples for cruises 216 and 224 were performed by Kristen Buck’s lab using the same method and the detection limit was 0.06 micromoles per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: NITRITE (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Nitrite concentrations were analyzed at the University of South Florida by Kent Fanning’s lab on frozen samples using the method of Fanning et al (2011). Detection limit was 0.01 micromoles per liter. Samples for cruises 216 and 224 were performed by Kristen Buck’s lab using the same method and the detection limit was 0.01 micromoles per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: AMMONIUM (NH4) (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Ammonium concentrations were analyzed at the University of South Florida by Kent Fanning’s lab on frozen samples using the method of Fanning et al (2011). Detection limit was 0.1 micromoles per liter. Samples for cruises 216 and 224 were performed by Kristen Buck’s lab using the same method and the detection limit was 0.05 micromoles per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: phosphate (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Phosphate concentrations were analysed at the University of South Florida by Kent Fanning’s lab on frozen samples using the method of Fanning et al (2011). Detection limit was 0.02 micromoles per liter. Samples for cruises 216 and 224 were performed by Kristen Buck’s lab using the same method and the detection limit was 0.02 micromoles per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Seawater samples for hydrogen sulfide were collected without bubbles by placing the tip of a gas-tight syringe below the surface of water flowing upward through a 60 ml plastic syringe barrel which had been attached to the Niskin bottle by a 60 cm length of Tygon tubing. Samples were injected into vials containing 0.5 ml Zn-acetate (50 mM). Samples were chilled on the ship and stored refrigerated in the dark until analysis. Upon return to the laboratory, the ZnS was dissolved and was analyzed spectrophotometrically by modification of the method of Cline (1969) as modified by Hayes et al (2006) and described by Li and Astor (2011). For CAR 180, samples were measured both at Stony Brook and Edimar. Following CAR191 sulfide was measured in Venezuela. Sulfide samples from both our geochemistry cruise and the CARIACO time series cruise are reported for CAR 180. Detection limit for sulfide was about 0.6 micromole per liter. In the tables, precisions for samples with concentrations greater than 2 micromoles per liter which were better than +10% are uncolored, precisions between +10-20% are lightest blue and precisions worse than +20% are darker blue. For CAR 1 to 175, sulfide analyses were performed in Stony Brook University. Concentrations were calculated assuming a linear fit of the plot of concentration vs absorbance, although in fact the line is slightly curved. This results in slight overestimates of sulfide concentration near the detection limit and at very high concentrations but differences with polynomial fit are likely within the measurement error.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Methane (CH4) (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Methane samples were collected into 50 ml crimp seal vials with overflow of several volumes. Single samples were run through CAR 78, following which samples were taken in duplicate. Samples were poisoned by addition of 0.25ml of 10N NaOH solution to each vial and were sealed with a Teflon lined butyl rubber seal and an aluminum crimp. Care was taken to minimize trapping of an air bubble. CH4 was assayed by gas chromatography using the vial equilibration technique of Johnson et al. (1990) and an HP 5890IIA GC. The GC was calibrated for each run using one or more standard gas mixtures of methane in nitrogen. For CAR 1 - 145 one standard was used, for 157 to 186 two standards were used and for CAR 191 through CAR 224 three standards were used. The detection limit was approximately 0.01 to 0.02 micromoles methane per liter. Precision was typically better than +5% for concentrations above 0.05 nanomoles per liter. In the tables, precisions for samples with concentrations greater than 0.05 nanomoles per liter which were better than +10% are uncolored, precisions between +10-20% are lightest blue and precisions worse than 20% are darker blue.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to known standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Acetate (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Low molecular weight fatty acids: Volatile fatty acids are measured using the technique developed by Yang (1991), Yang et al. (1993) and Wu and Scranton (1994). Detection limits are about 1 micromoles per liter for acetate. However, in some cases, deep water values are lower than 1 micromolar for acetate, in which case we would take an upper limit of the blank from the lowest value measured. Data are not blank corrected except for CAR 42 (see below). Samples are poisoned with 1 ml 10N KOH per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Propionate (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Low molecular weight fatty acids: Volatile fatty acids are measured using the technique developed by Yang (1991), Yang et al. (1993) and Wu and Scranton (1994). Samples are poisoned with 1 ml 10N KOH per liter. Detection limits were not well determined for propionate but are about 200-300 nanomole per liter. Data are not blank corrected; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Incorporation_Acetate Uptake rate constant (measured); Units: day-1; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Acetate uptake rate constants are determined using radiolabeled tracers as described by Wu and Scranton (1994) and Ho et al. (2002). Incubations are done anoxically in the dark in screw-top septum vials. Uptake includes both conversion of isotope to CO2 (respiration) and to biomass, which can be filtered onto a 0.2 m Nuclepore filter (incorporation). Uptake is calculated as measured concentration times rate constant.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with killed controls and replicates lying outside 2 standard deviations are considered suspect..
  • Parameter or Variable: Respiration_Acetate Uptake rate constant (measured); Units: day-1; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Acetate uptake rate constants are determined using radiolabeled tracers as described by Wu and Scranton (1994) and Ho et al. (2002). Incubations are done anoxically in the dark in screw-top septum vials. Uptake includes both conversion of isotope to CO2 (respiration) and to biomass, which can be filtered onto a 0.2 m Nuclepore filter (incorporation). Uptake is calculated as measured concentration times rate constant.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with killed controls and replicates lying outside 2 standard deviations are considered suspect..
  • Parameter or Variable: Total_Acetate uptake rate constant (measured); Units: day-1; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Acetate uptake rate constants are determined using radiolabeled tracers as described by Wu and Scranton (1994) and Ho et al. (2002). Incubations are done anoxically in the dark in screw-top septum vials. Uptake includes both conversion of isotope to CO2 (respiration) and to biomass, which can be filtered onto a 0.2 m Nuclepore filter (incorporation). Uptake is calculated as measured concentration times rate constant.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with killed controls and replicates lying outside 2 standard deviations are considered suspect..
  • Parameter or Variable: Sulfite (SO3 2-) (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Descriptions of the methods for sulfite and thiosulfate also can be found in Hayes et al. (2006) and Percy et al. (2008). Seawater samples for thiosulfate and sulfite analyses were collected as for sulfide in triplicate without bubbles by placing the tip of a gas-tight syringe below the surface of water flowing upward through a 60 ml plastic syringe barrel which had been attached to the Niskin bottle by a 60 cm length of Tygon tubing. Samples were analyzed using the method of Vairavamurthy and Mopper (1990) as modified by Hayes et al. (2006). Ten-milliliter water samples were collected from Niskin bottles as described above and were transferred within seconds into a glass serum vial containing 0.5 ml 0.2 moles/ liter sodium acetate buffer (. All reaction vials were prepared in advance at the shore-based laboratory by adding buffer, flushing with argon and crimp sealing for transport to the field. To minimize oxidation, the derivatizing agent (5 mM 2,2’dithiobis(5-nitro) pyridine in acetonitrile) was added within seconds of dispensing seawater into serum vials. Derivatization was allowed to proceed for 5 min, after which water was passed through preconditioned Waters SepPak tC18 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges. Cartridges were preconditioned immediately before use with 5 ml methanol, 5 ml distilled water, and 5 ml of a mixture of 20 mM sodium acetate and 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAHS). Samples on cartridges were kept in a cooler on deck until the cast was completed and then were frozen. Upon returning to the local laboratory, cartridges were thawed, purged with argon and refrozen until analysis. Frozen samples are typically thawed for about 10 minutes prior to elution. Upon return of the samples to Stony Brook, thiosulfate and sulfite derivatives were eluted from cartridges with methanol and analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC consisting of a SCL 10A-VP system controller, two LC-10AT pumps, an SPD-10AV/VP ultraviolet detector, and a SIL-10A auto-injector. Mobile phases for analysis were (A) 100% acetonitrile and (B) a solution of 0.05 M sodium acetate and 7.5 mM TBAHS adjusted to pH 3.5 ± 0.03. The gradient for this method was 1 min with 10% B followed by a gradient to 34% B at 9 min, to 55% B at 23 min, to 100% B at 28 min, continued elution with 100% B for 2 min, then a gradient back to 10% B at 32 min and to 0% B at 40 min. Absorbance of the derivatives was measured at 320 nm. The analytical detection limit (6x the standard deviation of five laboratory blanks) was 0.3 micromoles per liter for sulfite and 0.6 micromoles per liter for thiosulfate (Percy et al 2008). Field blanks were assumed to be lower than the lowest measured sample in a given cast. Upper estimates of the true blanks which are the lowest thiosulfate and sulfite value which were measured during a particular cruise were 0.8 micromoles per liter and 0.6 micromoles per liter, respectively in Percy et al (2008) and 0.6-0.8 and 1.5 to 2.2 micromoles per liter for Hayes et al. (2006). The precision of analysis (relative standard deviation of 5 replicates of a 10 micromoles per liter standard) for thiosulfate and sulfite was ± 2.2% and ± 1.6% respectively, although precision of replicates at lower concentrations typical of the Cariaco Basin are worse. The database includes standard deviations for triplicate or quadruplicate samples.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Thiosulfate (S2O3 2-) (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Descriptions of the methods for sulfite and thiosulfate also can be found in Hayes et al. (2006) and Percy et al. (2008). Seawater samples for thiosulfate and sulfite analyses were collected as for sulfide in triplicate without bubbles by placing the tip of a gas-tight syringe below the surface of water flowing upward through a 60 ml plastic syringe barrel which had been attached to the Niskin bottle by a 60 cm length of Tygon tubing. Samples were analyzed using the method of Vairavamurthy and Mopper (1990) as modified by Hayes et al. (2006). Ten-milliliter water samples were collected from Niskin bottles as described above and were transferred within seconds into a glass serum vial containing 0.5 ml 0.2 moles/ liter sodium acetate buffer (. All reaction vials were prepared in advance at the shore-based laboratory by adding buffer, flushing with argon and crimp sealing for transport to the field. To minimize oxidation, the derivatizing agent (5 mM 2,2’dithiobis(5-nitro) pyridine in acetonitrile) was added within seconds of dispensing seawater into serum vials. Derivatization was allowed to proceed for 5 min, after which water was passed through preconditioned Waters SepPak tC18 Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges. Cartridges were preconditioned immediately before use with 5 ml methanol, 5 ml distilled water, and 5 ml of a mixture of 20 mM sodium acetate and 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAHS). Samples on cartridges were kept in a cooler on deck until the cast was completed and then were frozen. Upon returning to the local laboratory, cartridges were thawed, purged with argon and refrozen until analysis. Frozen samples are typically thawed for about 10 minutes prior to elution. Upon return of the samples to Stony Brook, thiosulfate and sulfite derivatives were eluted from cartridges with methanol and analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC consisting of a SCL 10A-VP system controller, two LC-10AT pumps, an SPD-10AV/VP ultraviolet detector, and a SIL-10A auto-injector. Mobile phases for analysis were (A) 100% acetonitrile and (B) a solution of 0.05 M sodium acetate and 7.5 mM TBAHS adjusted to pH 3.5 ± 0.03. The gradient for this method was 1 min with 10% B followed by a gradient to 34% B at 9 min, to 55% B at 23 min, to 100% B at 28 min, continued elution with 100% B for 2 min, then a gradient back to 10% B at 32 min and to 0% B at 40 min. Absorbance of the derivatives was measured at 320 nm. The analytical detection limit (6x the standard deviation of five laboratory blanks) was 0.3 micromoles per liter for sulfite and 0.6 micromoles per liter for thiosulfate (Percy et al 2008). Field blanks were assumed to be lower than the lowest measured sample in a given cast. Upper estimates of the true blanks which are the lowest thiosulfate and sulfite value which were measured during a particular cruise were 0.8 micromoles per liter and 0.6 micromoles per liter, respectively in Percy et al (2008) and 0.6-0.8 and 1.5 to 2.2 micromoles per liter for Hayes et al. (2006). The precision of analysis (relative standard deviation of 5 replicates of a 10 micromoles per liter standard) for thiosulfate and sulfite was ± 2.2% and ± 1.6% respectively, although precision of replicates at lower concentrations typical of the Cariaco Basin are worse. The database includes standard deviations for triplicate or quadruplicate samples.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Particulate Elemental Sulfur (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Duplicate particulate elemental sulfur samples were acquired by gravity filtering directly from the Niskin bottles as described by Trouwborst (2005) and were analyzed by a modification of the method of Henneke et al. (1997). Filter holders, loaded with 0.2 μm polycarbonate filters, were attached to the Niskin bottle by Tygon tubing. Filtrate was collected for each filter in a graduated cylinder to determine the filtered volume. The filters were dried by passing argon gas through the filters and stored in 15 ml centrifuge tubes at -20 °C. After return to Stony Brook University, 6 ml methanol was added to each centrifuge tube to extract elemental sulfur from the filter. The centrifuge tubes were shaken for 2.5 hours on a mechanical shaker and the S0 concentration of each sample was analyzed on a Shimadzu HPLC consisting of a SCL 10A-VP system controller, two LC-10AT pumps, an SPD-10AV/VP ultraviolet detector, and a SIL-10A auto-injector. We used a ODS hypersil C18 reverse phase, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column (Supelco Co.) at room temperature. Twenty µl samples were injected into the chromatograph and eluted with 98% methanol/2% water at a pump speed of 1 ml/min. Retention time of the elemental sulfur peak was typically about 2.2 min. Elemental sulfur was detected at 226 nm except for CAR 216 and 224 when detection was at 264 nm. (Experiments showed that no difference in concentration was obtained in using the two wavelengths). The detection limit of about 0.1 micromoles per liter in a 200 ml seawater sample. Standard solutions, made by dissolving sulfur powder in methanol and serially diluting, are linear in the range of 1–100 µmol L-1. The variability of replicates (triplicates) is given as standard error in the database.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Total zero valent Sulfur (measured); Units: micromole/liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (40 ml) were obtained with a 60 ml plastic syringe from flowing seawater as described for the thiosulfate and sulfite samples. The sample then was added to a 50 ml centrifuge tube containing 2 ml of 2% (w/v) Zn-acetate. Samples were well shaken and then frozen. On return to Stony Brook, samples were warmed to room temperature. One ml chloroform was added to each tube to extract elemental sulfur and the tube was vortexed for 1 min. Then the tube was allowed to sit for 10 mins. The chloroform is denser than the seawater, so the chloroform will be at the bottom and there is an obvious layer differentiation between chloroform and seawater. Using a Pasteur pipette, the chloroform layer was transferred to a 1.5 ml HPLC vial. The extraction was then repeated a second time with another 1 ml chloroform which is added to the same HPLC vial. This increases extraction efficiency of sulfur standards to >90%. The pooled extraction was diluted 1:3 with methanol to optimize chromatography. We used a ODS hypersil C18 reverse phase, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column (Supelco Co.) at room temperature. The HPLC mobile phase was the same as that used for elemental S, but the flow rate was reduced to 0.5 ml/min. The retention time of total zero valent sulfur was around 5.5 minutes. For TZVS for CAR 214 and 224, the column used was a Zorbax ODS C18 4.6 x 250 mm, 0.5 micrometer reverse phase HPLC column (samples run in November 2016) or a Zorbax Eclipse C18 4.6 x 150 mm, 0.5 um reverse phase HPLC column (samples run in April 2017). Samples run in November 2016 used a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and peaks had a retention time of ~14 minutes. Samples run in April 2017 were run at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, also yielding a retention time ~ 14 minutes. For both CAR-216 and CAR-224, samples, standards were not diluted with methanol, only chloroform. Standard range was 0-30 micromole/L. Total zero-valent sulfur data for CAR 180 seem questionable as values were high and relatively constant across the oxic-anoxic interface. We have no explanation for this but have included the data here. Samples for CAR 224 were shaken for 60 minutes while all other TZVS samples were shaken for one minute. The detection limit for TZVS was about 0.14 micromoles per liter.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Prokaryotes Total (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Subsamples (10-20 ml) were either stained with acridine orange or DAPI and captured on 0.2 µm polycarbonate membranes (Hobbie et al. 1977; Porter & Feig 1980). Ten or more microscopic fields were counted at 100x magnification on each filter to achieve a total census of cells exceeding 300 (Taylor et al., 2001). Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±9% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: CYANOBACTERIA (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Subsamples (10-20 ml) were captured on 0.2 µm polycarbonate membranes and not stained. Cyanobacterial cells were observed to autofluoresce using Zeiss’ standard Rhodamine excitation/emission filter set. (MacIsaac & Stockner 1993). Ten or more microscopic fields were counted at 100x magnification on each filter to achieve a total census of cells exceeding 300. Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±8% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: Methanogenic Archaea (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Subsamples (10-20 ml) were captured on 0.2 µm polycarbonate membranes and not stained. Methanogenic cells were observed to autofluoresce using Zeiss’ custom F420 excitation/emission filter set. F420 is a coenzyme that participates in methanogenesis (Doddema & Vogels 1978). Ten or more microscopic fields were counted at 100x magnification on each filter to achieve a total census of cells exceeding 300 Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±7% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: Flagellated Protists (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Subsamples (20-50 ml) were stained with acridine orange captured on 0.8 µm polycarbonate membranes (Hobbie et al. 1977). Twenty or more microscopic fields at 63x magnification were counted on each filter to achieve a total census of cells exceeding 200. Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±16% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: Ciliated Protists (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Subsamples (150 ml) were stained with acridine orange captured on 2.0 µm polycarbonate membranes. Twenty or more microscopic fields at 40x magnification were counted on each filter to achieve a total census of cells exceeding 150. Based on size and gross morphological features, ciliates were enumerated separately to the class or sub-order taxonomic levels. (Taylor et al. 2006). Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±13% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: Viral-Like Particles (VLP) (measured); Units: cells per liter; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Samples (200-225 ml) were preserved shipboard with 2% borate-buffered formaldehyde in 250 ml polyethylene bottles and refrigerated until analyzed. Viral-like particles in 0.3 to 2 ml subsamples were captured on 0.02 μm Anodisk 25 mm membranes (Whatman) were stained for 15 min under darkness with SYBR Green fluorochrome (Molecular Probes) (Noble & Fuhrman, 1998; Taylor et al. 2003). Ten or more microscopic grids were counted at 100x magnification on each filter to achieve a total VLP census exceeding 300. Mean relative standard error for this assay was ±16% over the entire time-series.; Data Quality Method: No authentic standards available. Data were corrected with reagent blank membranes. Samples exhibiting anomalous results relative to temporal and vertical trends were resampled, i.e., complete sample preparation was repeated to support or refute validity of results..
  • Parameter or Variable: Heterotrophic Bacterial Production (measured); Units: microgram Carbon per liter per day; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Bacterial heterotrophic production, often called “Bacterial Net Production (BNP)” was measured using 3H-leucine incorporation into cellular protein as described by Kirchman (1993). Triplicate samples were incubated for 10-12 h in gas-tight screw-top septa vials to minimize alteration of the redox potential. Time course experiments confirmed that uptake is linear for at least 15 h. Due to the fact that some important anaerobic bacteria appear to not take up exogenous thymidine under anoxic conditions (McDonough et al. 1986; Gilmour et al. 1990), the more common method of Fuhrman and Azam (1982) is inappropriate for this system.; Data Quality Method: Detection limits of this assay as employed were 0.01 µg C L-1 d-1 and assay accuracy cannot be determined as there is no independent standard for calibration. As an indicator of precision, the mean relative standard error for this assay was ±19% over the entire time-series..
  • Parameter or Variable: Dark carbon fixation rate (measured); Units: microgram Carbon per liter per day; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Chemoautotrophic assimilation of inorganic carbon was measured by 14C-bicarbonate incorporation into particles (Taylor et al. 2001). For cruises CAR 13 through CAR 29 samples were incubated in Pierce septa vials with Teflon lined butyl rubber septa. Due to concern about oxygen transfer across the septa, for CAR 25 and CAR-29 we compared rates using Pierce vials and ground glass stoppered vials across the redoxcline and found little difference, but following CAR 29 all samples were incubated in ground glass stoppered vials. After dispensing samples into 40-ml bottles, 200 ml of chilled N2-purged 14C-bicarbonate in an alkaline brine (pH 9.5; S = 60 on the practical salinity scale) was injected into the bottom before sealing (Tuttle and Jannasch 1973a. Samples were incubated underwater at approximately ambient temperature in the dark for 14–20 h. Time-course experiments showed rates were linear up to 30 h. Particles were collected on 0.22 mm cellulosic membranes (Osmonics), which were then rinsed twice with 5 ml of filtered seawater. Filters were purged of unassimilated inorganic 14C in a saturated HCl atmosphere for more than 1 hour, then were dried and suspended in Hionic-Fluor scintillation cocktail and radioassayed. Data were corrected for isotopic fractionation (multiplied by 1.06) and for nonbiological sorption by use of samples processed immediately after introduction of the radiotracer. Rates of dark 14C-assimilation were normalized to micromoles carbon per day by use of values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from pH, temperature, and alkalinity measurements from the time series cruises.; Data Quality Method: Detection limits of this assay as employed were 0.01 µg C L-1 d-1 and assay accuracy cannot be determined as there is no independent standard for calibration. As an indicator of precision, mean relative standard error for this assay was ±27% over the entire time-series..
  • Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Manganese (measured); Units: nmol/L; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Dissolved iron was determined as described by Percy et al. (2008). Analytical detection limit 2nM, field detection limit at least 10 nM. Because of the strong likelihood of contamination on the B/O Hermano Gines, we only consider values from below the appearance of sulfide as detectable. Data should be used with caution. Analytical Precision was about ±4.7%; field precision ±8%.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
  • Parameter or Variable: Dissolved Iron (measured); Units: nmol/L; Observation Category: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Niskin bottle; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Dissolved iron was determined as described by Percy et al. (2008). Analytical detection limit was about 2nM, and the field detection limit was about 50-100 nM. Because of the strong likelihood of contamination on the B/O Hermano Gines, we only consider values from below the appearance of sulfide as detectable although all data are included in the database. Analytical Precision was ±5.4% and field precision (based on duplicate samples) was ±32%.; Data Quality Method: Comparison to laboratory prepared standards and historical data..
Acquisition Information (collection)
Instrument
  • CTD
  • GPS
  • Niskin bottle
Platform
  • B/O HERMANO GINES
Last Modified: 2025-02-11T13:08:48Z
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