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The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 6 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics from 1982 to 2022


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            title:  The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 6 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics from 1982 to 2022
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        abstract:  Version 6 of the Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) is a global, 4 km, sea surface temperature (SST) and related thermal stress metrics dataset for 1982-01-02 to 2021-12-31. The CoRTAD contains weekly-averaged SSTs, SST anomaly (SSTA, weekly SST minus weekly climatological SST), thermal stress anomaly (TSA, weekly SST minus the maximum weekly climatological SST), SSTA Degree Heating Week (SSTA_DHW, sum of previous 12 weeks when SSTA is greater than or equal to 1 degree C), SSTA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that SSTA is greater than or equal to 1 degree C), TSA DHW (TSA_DHW, also known as a Degree Heating Week, sum of previous 12 weeks when TSA is greater than or equal to 1 degree C), and TSA Frequency (number of times over previous 52 weeks that TSA is greater than or equal to 1 degree C). In addition, the CoRTAD includes ancillary sea ice concentration and marine wind speed data. These data are the sixth in the series of CoRTAD datasets originally created in association with Elizabeth Selig (Director, Marine Science, Conservation International) and John Bruno (University of North Carolina; UNC - Chapel Hill). This dataset is based on the Pathfinder V5.3 dataset, and is created with support from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program.
        purpose:  To quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of ocean temperature anomalies related to both coral bleaching and disease.
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                      Anchor:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/institution/details/717 University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS)
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                      Anchor:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/institution/details/1730 US DOC; NOAA; NESDIS; National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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                title:  Casey, Kenneth S.; Selig, Elizabeth R.; Zhang, Dexin; Saha, Korak; Krishnan, Ajay; McMichael, Elizabeth (2015). The Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) Version 5 - Global, 4 km Sea Surface Temperature and Related Thermal Stress Metrics for 1982-2012 (NCEI Accession 0126774). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7289/v5cz3545.
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                    individualName:  Selig, Elizabeth R.
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                      Anchor:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/archive/archive-management-system/OAS/bin/prd/jquery/person/details/4672 Saha, Korak
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                title:  NCEI: AVHRR Pathfinder SST
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        language:
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        characterSet:  (MD_CharacterSetCode) utf8
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) environment
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) oceans
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) economy
        topicCategory:  (MD_TopicCategoryCode) climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere
        extent:  (EX_Extent)
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                    beginPosition:  1982-01-02
                    endPosition:  2022-12-30
        supplementalInformation:  [Text below adapted from: Selig, E.R., K.S. Casey, and J.F. Bruno (2010). New insights into global patterns of ocean temperature anomalies: implications for coral reef health and management, Global Ecology and Biogeography, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00522.x. Hereafter referred to as "SCB2010".] The CoRTAD version 6 was developed using 1982-2022 data from the Pathfinder Version 5.3 collection (Saha et al., 2018) produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). These sea surface temperature data are derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor and are processed to a resolution of approximately 4.6 km at the equator. These data have the highest resolution covering the longest time period of any satellite-based ocean temperature dataset. Daytime and nighttime data were averaged weekly using data with a quality flag of 4 or better. This level is a commonly accepted cutoff for "good" data (Kilpatrick et al., 2001, Casey and Cornillon, 1999). Previous versions of CoRTAD (versions 1-3) also incorporated pixels up to 5 degrees warmer than a course resolution reference SST based on the Reynolds Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (Weekly, 1-degree OISST version 2.0). Since Pathfinder Version 5.3 already uses a finer resolution reference field (25 km Daily OISST) this additional step was not incorporated here in CoRTAD (for later Versions 4-6) (Casey et al., 2012). These processes resulted in a weekly SST dataset that is roughly 80% gap free. To create a gap-free dataset for analysis, 3 x 3 pixel median spatial fill was used. A temporal fill was then performed using the nonlinear least squares data fitting (Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm) in SLATEC Common Mathematical Library (in public domain) to fill the remaining gaps. This conservative approach was chosen because it provided interpolated SSTs that are bounded by the nearest available values in time. It also used data from only a very limited spatial domain, which is an important consideration given the variability of coral reef environments. Using these gap-filled data, we then created site-specific climatologies for each reef grid cell to describe long-term temperature patterns over the 35-year dataset. The climatology was generated using a harmonic analysis procedure that fits annual and semi-annual signals to the time series of weekly SSTs at each grid cell: climSST(t) = A*cos(2pi*t + B) + C*cos(4pi*t + D) + E (1), where t is time, A and B are coefficients representing the annual amplitude and phase, C and D are the semi-annual amplitude and phase, and E is the long-term temperature mean. Others have used similar approaches for generating climatologies because they are more robust than simple averaging techniques, which can be more susceptible to data gaps from periods of cloudiness (Podesta et al., 1991, Mesias et al., 2007). Please note in CoRTAD Versions 4 to 6, a gap exists in the Pathfinder 5.3 dataset from 1994 day 275 to 1995 day 17 since Level 1B GAC data from NOAA-9 is not available from the NOAA archives. For these 3.5 months SST has been interpolated from Pathfinder 5.0 and 0.17K is subtracted to transform the data to the skin temperature basis of Pathfinder Version 5.3. Similar to Version 5, CoRTAD version 6 data are not stored in separate geographic tiles as was the case for version 4 and its predecessors. Instead, each data file contains the entire global coverage for a related grouping of CoRTAD parameters. Following are the version changes at glance: Version 6, 1982-01-02 - 2022-12-30, Global 4320x8640x2139 netCDF-4.2.1.1 Version 5, 1982-01-02 - 2012-12-28, Global 4320x8640x1617 netCDF-4.1.2 Version 4, 1981-10-31 - 2010-12-31, Global 4320x8640, Tile 540x540, netCDF-4 Classic Version 3, 1982-01-01 - 2009-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF5 Version 2, 1982-01-01 - 2008-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF5 Version 1, 1985-01-01 - 2005-12-31, Global 4096x8192, Tile 512x512, HDF4 NCEI Accession Numbers: v5 0126774; v4 0087989; v3 0068999; v2 0054501; v1 0044419
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                fees:  In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free. However, fees may apply for custom orders, data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.
                orderingInstructions:  Contact NCEI for other distribution options and instructions.
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                description:  NCEI Accession 0209310 v1.1 was published.
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                  DateTime:  2020-03-16T05:36:58Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0209317 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2020-03-17T22:01:04Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0209327 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2020-03-19T20:17:08Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0229121 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-13T16:54:54Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0229490 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-15T09:15:25Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0229664 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-17T08:26:53Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0229789 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-19T12:44:11Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0229852 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-21T06:42:59Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0230332 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-23T11:19:00Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0231184 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-25T16:15:58Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0231661 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2021-04-27T13:06:53Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253610 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-05-27T12:17:28Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253613 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-05-29T06:45:36Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253621 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-05-31T11:07:40Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253645 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-06-01T21:17:32Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253711 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-06-07T17:46:37Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253781 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-06-09T15:35:14Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0253894 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-06-13T11:46:24Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0254007 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2022-06-15T07:04:04Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0277991 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-09T14:12:44Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278054 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-11T08:04:42Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278155 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-13T10:28:55Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278265 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-15T16:29:57Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278477 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-19T09:02:27Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278579 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-21T14:07:55Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278645 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-23T12:29:37Z
            processStep:  (LE_ProcessStep)
                description:  NCEI Accession 0278739 v1.1 was published.
                dateTime:
                  DateTime:  2023-05-25T07:21:44Z
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    metadataMaintenance:  (MD_MaintenanceInformation)
        maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency:  (MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode) asNeeded
        maintenanceNote:  Metadata are developed, maintained and distributed by NCEI. Updates are performed as needed to maintain currentness.
        contact:  (CI_ResponsibleParty)
            organisationName:  NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
            role:  (CI_RoleCode) custodian
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    acquisitionInformation:  (MI_AcquisitionInformation)
        instrument:  (MI_Instrument)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  AVHRR-2
            type:  AVHRR-2
            description:  Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-2 The AVHRR-2 is a multi purpose imaging instrument used for global measurement of cloud cover, sea surface temperature, ice, snow and vegetation cover and characteristics. This instrument was initially carried on NOAA-7 (launched June 1981) and was last flown on NOAA-14 which was decommissioned in 2005. This 5-channel radiometer covering 2 visible and 3 thermal infrared between 0.63 and 12.0 micrometers, has an instantaneous footprint of 1.1 km at the sub satellite point. Additional Information: https://nwpsaf.eu/deliverables/aapp/avhrr_2.html
        instrument:  (MI_Instrument)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  AVHRR-3
            type:  AVHRR-3
            description:  Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer-3 The AVHRR-3 is a six channel scanning radiometer providing 3 solar channels in the visible-near infrared region and 3 thermal infrared channels. The AVHRR-3 has two one-micrometer wide channels between 10.3 and 12.5 micrometers. This latest version of AVHRR was first carried on NOAA-15 launched in May 1998 and subsequently in all current NOAA and MetOp platforms. Measuring the same view, this array of diverse wavelengths, after processing, permits multi spectral analysis for more precisely defining hydrologic, oceanographic, and meteorological parameters. Comparison of data from two channels is often used to observe features or measure various environmental parameters. The three channels operating entirely within the infrared band are used to detect the heat radiation from and hence, the temperature of land, water, sea surfaces, and the clouds above them. Additional Information: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pod-guide/ncdc/docs/klm/html/c3/sec3-1.htm
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-11
            description: https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/333 Instruments: AVHRR/2 et al
            instrument:  #inst_be0e
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-14
            description: https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/336 Instruments: AVHRR/2 et al
            instrument:  #inst_be0e
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-16
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-16 from United States. Name NOAA-16 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2000 Decommissioned Date 2014 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched September 2000. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information Source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/338 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17.
            instrument:  #inst_be0f
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-17
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-17 from United States. Name NOAA-17 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2002 Decommissioned Date 2013 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched June 2002. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/339 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17.
            instrument:  #inst_be0f
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-18
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-18 from United States. Name NOAA-18 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2005 Decommissioned Date 2016 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched May 2005 as NOAA-N. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Pathfinder project. Instruments: AVHRR/3 et al Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/340 Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17.
            instrument:  #inst_be0f
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-19
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-15 from United States. Name NOAA-19 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Native Name Synonyms Call Sign MMSI IMO Pennant Title Commissioned Date 2009 Decommissioned Date 2016 Notes Polar-orbiting environmental satellite launched February 2009 as NOAA-N Prime. The NODC has archived AVHRR SST data collected from this platform as part of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) Project. Additional information: Main body: 4.2m (13.75 ft) long, 1.88m (6.2 ft) diameter Solar array: 2.73m (8.96 ft) by 6.14m (20.16 ft) Weight at Liftoff: 1419.8 kg (3130 pounds) including 4.1 kg of gaseous nitrogen Launch Vehicle: Delta-II 7320-10 Space Launch Vehicle Launch Date: February 06, 2009 Vandenburg Air Force Base, CA Orbital information: Type: sun synchronous Altitude: 870 km Period: 102.14 minutes Inclination: 98.730 degrees Sensors: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/3) Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/4) Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral radiometer (SBUV/2) Space Environment Monitor (SEM/2) Search and Rescue (SAR) Repeater and Processor Advance Data Collection System (ADCS) Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/341 http://noaasis.noaa.gov/NOAASIS/ml/genlsatl.html Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-07-17.
            instrument:  #inst_be0f
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-7
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-7 from UNITED STATES. Name NOAA-7 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Commissioned Date 1981-06-23 Decommissioned Date 1986-06-07 Notes Selected global data available from NOAA. Significant contribution to Space weather and operational meteorology. Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/329 All known Instruments flying on NOAA-7 Acronym - Full name Argos - Argos Data Collection System AVHRR/2 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer / 2 HIRS/2 - High-resolution Infra Red Sounder / 2 MSU - Microwave Sounding Unit SSU - Stratospheric Sounding Unit SEM/MEPED - SEM / Medium energy proton detector SEM/TED - SEM / Total Energy Detector Submitted to ICES on 2018-07-17. Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08.
            instrument:  #inst_be0e
        platform:  (MI_Platform)
            identifier:  (MD_Identifier)
                code:  NOAA-9
            description:  Updated information from ICES for the platform NOAA-9 from UNITED STATES. Name NOAA-9 Country(s) US: UNITED STATES Platform Class 65: Orbiting satellite Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08. Commissioned Date 1984-12-12 Decommissioned Date 1998-02-13 Notes Selected global operational meteorology data available from NOAA. Significant contribution to Atmospheric chemistry and Space weather. All known Instruments flying on NOAA-9 Acronym - Full name Argos - Argos Data Collection System AVHRR/2 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer / 2 ERBE - Earth Radiation Budget Experiment HIRS/2 - High-resolution Infra Red Sounder / 2 MSU - Microwave Sounding Unit S&RSAT - Search & Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System SBUV/2 - Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet / 2 SSU - Stratospheric Sounding Unit SEM/MEPED - SEM / Medium energy proton detector SEM/TED - SEM / Total Energy Detector Information source (URL) https://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satellites/view/331 Submitted to ICES on 2018-07-17. Confirmed by NOAA on 2018-08-08.
            instrument:  #inst_be0e