MAMALA BAY STUDY (MB-7)
SECOND AND THIRD QUARTERLY STATUS REPORT

I.    Project Title:  Characterization of the 
Microbiological Quality of Water in 				      
Mamala Bay

II.   Principal Investigator:  Roger S. Fujioka

III.  Reporting Period:	  11/1/93 - 6/30/94

IV.  Previous Report:	Our previous report entitled, 
First Quarterly Status Report, covered the period from 
10/25/93 - 10/29/93	 and focused on the results of the first 
quarterly field sampling results obtained by the Hawaii team 
of MB-7.

V.   Present Report:  This report covers the period from 
November of 1993 through June of 1994 and covers the results 
obtained by the Hawaii team of MB-7.  The results covers the 
following subjects:

	1.  MB-7 second quarterly field samples (February 14-
18, 1994).
	2.  MB-7 third quarterly field samples (June 20-24, 
1994).
	3.  Monthly samples in cooperation with Dr. Gerbas 
team.
	4.  Special study focused on indicator concentrations 
in water and sediment of 		     select nonpoint 
sources.
	5.  Special study to support Kinnetic Laboratory Study 
to assess pollution loading 		     by Ala Wai Canal. 

VI.  Sample Sites: Over the course of the study the numbers 
of sampling sites analyzed exclusively by the Fujioka team 
has increased.  The reasons for this increase include the 
examination of possible nonpoint sources into Mamala Bay 
such as harbors, streams and the Ala Wai Canal.  In addition 
we have supported and will continue to support other 
sections within the Mamala Bay Study, which include Kinnetic 
Lab and HydroQual.  Table 1 shows all the current sample 
sites with Figure 1 showing sample sites for the 3rd 
quarterly sample.

VII.  Results of Second Quarterly Field Samples (February 14 
- 18, 1994)
	Sampling Conditions:  Wet Weather	

	A total of 15 sample sites with a total of 23 samples 
were assessed for levels of indicator bacteria (enterococci, 
Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, Clostridium perfringens 
and Bacillus spores), bacteriophage (Cabelli, Havelaar) and 
specific physical parameters and nutrients.  Results are 
listed in Tables 2 and 3.  The highest levels of bacteria 
were recovered in Ala Wai Canal (AW1) with 8,100 enterococci 
CFU/100ml, Manoa Stream (MS1) with  2,800 enterococci 
CFU/100ml and at the Sand Island Outfall sample site (D2M) 
with 520 enterococci CFU/100ml.  Though high levels of phage 
were also observed at the outfall site (308 PFU/100ml) 
higher levels were recovered at the site further out from 
the outfall (D3S) with 2,869 PFU/100ml (Cabelli).  Of the 
beach sites sampled (W1, Q1, AM1, HB1), Ala Moana Beach 
(AM1) was the only site to exceed the Federal marine water 
quality standard of 35 enterococci/100ml with 49 
enterococci/100ml.  However all beach sites exceeded the 
Hawaii State marine water quality standard of 7 enterococci 
CFU/100ml.  A substantial amount of rain fell during this 
sampling week which could add to the levels of bacteria due 
to runoff.  Higher levels of nutrients were also observed in 
Manoa Stream, Ala Wai Canal and Pearl Harbor.  The 
relatively higher levels of silicate in Pearl Harbor have 
been previously attributed to ground water intrusion.  
Similar to the water analysis, the sediment analysis 
revealed higher levels of indicator bacteria at the Ala Wai 
Canal, Manoa Stream and at the Sand Island Outfall.

VIII.  Results of the Third Quarterly Field Samples (June 20 
- 24, 1994)
	Sampling Conditions:  Dry Weather

	During the third quarterly field sample a total of 23 
sites were sampled with a total of 55 samples.  Table 4, 5 
and 6 lists the results.  This increase in samples compared 
to the earlier quarterly field samples is due to the request 
by HydroQual for more sample depths, sample sites and the 
need to take ebb and flow samples at the beach sites.  In 
general the indicator levels during this sampling week were 
lower than the previous quarterly field samples, though 
again the higher levels were observed at the Ala Wai Canal 
(AW1), Manoa Stream (MS1) and at the Outfall (D2B), with 
enterococci levels of 560,  4,600 and 272 CFU/100ml, 
respectively.  All 10 beach samples would pass the Federal 
marine water quality standard of 35 enterococci/100m, while 
of the 10 samples taken at beach sites only two would not 
pass the state standard of 7 enterococci/100ml.  These sites 
were Ala Moana Beach (AM1) taken in the morning with 28 
CFU/100ml and Waikiki Beach (W1) taken in the morning with 8 
CFU/100ml.  Phage levels were lower in this sampling period 
compared to the previous quarterly sample, as only 5 of 39 
samples contained phage (Cabelli). These 5 samples were 
sewage effluent (S1), Manoa Stream (MS1), Ala Wai Canal 
(AW1), Sand Island Outfall (D2B) and Waikiki Beach (W1), 
with phage levels (Cabelli) of 2.04 x 105, 133, 45, 3 and 1 
PFU/100ml, respectively.  Sediment levels were highest at 
Ala Wai Canal (AW1), Manoa Stream (MS1), Keehi Lagoon (D0) 
and Pearl Harbor (C1).  

	In addition to the 55 samples taken with our study, 18 
other water samples were analyzed for indicator bacteria to 
support two other Mamala Bay researchers in MB-9.  These 
results are shown in Table 7.

IX.  Results of Monthly Samples

	Six selected sites from the quarterly sample sites were 
sampled on a monthly basis.  These sites include Ala Wai 
Canal (AW1), Ala Moana Beach (AM1), Waikiki Beach (W1), 
Queens Surf Beach (Q1), Hanauma Bay (HB1) and Sand Island 
Treatment Plant effluent (S1). Levels of indicator bacteria, 
phage, parameters and nutrients were assessed by Fujiokas 
group in conjunction with parasite and virus analysis by 
Gerbas group and Salmonella analysis by Peppers group.  
During the February PI Meeting it was determined that AW1, 
AM1, Q1, and W1 should be sampled on the same day.  This was 
not possible for pathogens as the sampling at each station 
can take up to 2 hours at the site and another 3-4 hours at 
the lab.  However indicator processing time is substantially 
less.  Thus, since February, those four sites have been 
analyzed for indicator bacteria on any day when any one of 
those sites is sampled for pathogens. Tables 8 and 9 lists 
the results of the monthly samples.

	Sewage effluent contained a range of enterococci from 
1.12 x 106 - 2.52 x 106 CFU/100ml.  In general the Ala Wai 
Canal (AW1) contained the highest levels of indicator 
bacteria in the environmental samples with a range of 13 - 
1680 enterococci CFU/100ml for all monthly samples.  Ala 
Moana Beach (AM1) was the next highest with an enterococci 
range of 0 - 160 CFU/100ml. Waikiki Beach (W1) contained the 
next highest levels followed by Queens Beach (Q1) with 
enterococci ranges of 0 - 27 CFU/100ml and 0 - 10 CFU/100ml, 
respectively.

X.  Results From the Nonpoint Source Assessment

	Table 10 lists the bacterial indicators for water and 
sediment as well as phage results for 11 possible nonpoint 
sources into Mamala Bay.  Kalihi Stream (KAL), which winds 
through industrial, commercial and residential areas was 
found to have relatively the highest levels bacteria with 
5,200 fecal coliform CFU/100ml, 3,360 E. coli CFU/100ml, 
1,520 enterococci CFU/100ml and 400 C. perfringens 
CFU/100ml.  Phage levels were highest at the Kewalo Basin 
(KW2) with 100 (Cabelli) PFU/100ml.  Kalihi Stream sediment 
was also found to contain higher levels of 2 of the 3 
bacteria types tested for with 93,000 C. perfringens MPN 
Index/100ml and 2,300 fecal coliform MPN Index/100ml.  Ala 
Wai (AW1) was comparably found to contain the highest fecal 
streptococci with 46,000 MPN Index/100ml.

XI.  Results of Ala Wai Loading: Support of Kinnetic 
Laboratory

	Tables 11 and 12 show the bacteria and phage results 
from two 24 hour sampling studies done at the Ala Wai Canal 
in cooperation with Marty Stevenson at Kinnetic Laboratory.  

XII.  Summary

	During this reporting period (November, 1993 - June, 
1994), Fujiokas team has participated in two quarterly 
samples with the other groups in the MB-7 section.  The team 
has also taken monthly samples at selected monthly sample 
sites in cooperation with Dr. Gerbas and Dr. Peppers 
teams.  In addition possible nonpoint sources into Mamala 
Bay were examined.  

	In general higher levels of bacteria and phage were 
recovered from Ala Wai Canal and Manoa Stream compared to 
other sites located in Mamala Bay.  However, as expected, 
higher levels of bacteria and phage were found at the Sand 
Island Outfall site compared to other sites in the bay.  No 
obvious impact of the Sand Island effluent on the water 
quality throughout the rest of the bay was observed.  Though 
higher levels in many of the samples were higher during the 
2nd quarterly sampling compared to the 3rd quarterly 
sampling week, most likely due to the higher volume of rain 
during the 2nd quarterly.

	In the upcoming months we have the next quarterly 
sample with MB-7 scheduled for November 14-18.  Also monthly 
samples will also begin to include bay samples at Diamond 
Head (E4), Pearl Harbor (C3) and Barbers Point (BP1).   

	
