APPENDIX B

Annotated Bibliography of Literature for Honolulu Harbor,
Keehi Lagoon, Kewalo Basin, Ala Wai Yacht Harbor 
and Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor

HONOLULU HARBOR

AECOS (1979). Oahu Coral Reef Inventory. Part A, Atlas, and Part B, Sectional Map 
Descriptions. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu.
	
Basic descriptive resource for Honolulu Harbor and all Oahu nearshore marine environments, 
containing extensive annotated references.

AECOS (1982). Marine environmental baseline study in support of the development plan and 
environmental impact statement for Piers 12 to 15 in Honolulu Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. 
Austin, Tsutsumi & Assoc. Inc., Honolulu. 
	
Literature search and surveys for evaluating the potential impact of dock construction at Piers 12-
15.  Measurements made of water turbidity and observation of dominant benthic and fish 
organisms made in Nov. 1982.

AECOS (1988). Biological reconnaissance survey and environmental assessment for Pier 1 
modifications, Honolulu Harbor, Hawaii, Honolulu. 
	
Brief environmental survey made for alteration of docks at Pier 1, describes most apparent 
benthic and fish organisms in area, along basalt boulders at Fort  Armstrong entrance to harbor.

AECOS (1992). Water quality survey for the Marine Education and Training Center at Sand 
Island. Wilson Okimoto & Assoc., Honolulu. 
	
Review of water quality and sediment pollutant information for Honolulu Harbor in general and 
METC site on the west end of Sand Island near the bascule bridge.

Agassiz, A. (1889). The coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. 17(17): 
122-170. 
	
Early description of Honolulu Harbor entrance as a channel kept open by Nuuanu River flow and 
muddy character of the bottom and channel.

Allardt, C. E. (1890). Special report on the dredging of the Honolulu Bar. , Honolulu.
	
Proposal for dredging sandbar at entrance to Honolulu Harbor from a minimum low tide depth of 
20 feet to a uniform 30 feet deep.  Channel to be 200 feet wide and require removal of 
approximately 60,000 cu. yds.  Mentioned that about 61,000 cu. yds. of mud were removed from 
the harbor in 1884-85 and deposited on the shore near the New Market  vicinity of Alakea St.  
Map shows harbor configuration and depths in 1890.

Aloha, T. M. C. I. (1980). A proposal from the Aloha Maritime Center to the estate of James 
Campbell for sponsorship of a maritime museum at Aloha Tower, Honolulu Harbor, 
Hawaii. James Campbell Estate, Honolulu. 

Description of planned changes in the Aloha Tower complex to make it the focus of downtown 
development.

Aloha Tower Associates (1990). The plan for the new harbor. The Associates, Honolulu.
	
Brochure describing planned changes in the Aloha Tower complex from 1990 to 1995


Amicus (1854). Untitled. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Jan. 21.
	
Anonymous letter to the newspaper criticizing the proposed dredging and filling of Honolulu 
waterfront  and selling to highest bidders, and questioning the estimated total cost of the project.

Anon. (1826). The South Eastern Part of the Town of Hanarura at Oahu. BPBM CP2199, 
CP29158.
	
View of grass houses on Honolulu Harbor shoreline looking toward Diamond Head and Palace of 
Kamehameha

Anon. (1843). Map of Honolulu City. Honolulu, Existing Urban Resources of Honolulu (1939), p. 
341.
	
Map showing Honolulu and its waterfront with principal buildings.

Anon. (1854). Proposed improvement of government property. The Polynesian. Honolulu: Jan. 
14.
	
Description of proposed project to dredge and fill waterfront area in front of Honolulu Fort to 
accommodate berths for shipping and sell property created by filling to highest bidders.

Anon. (1854). The water lots. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Jan. 28.
	
Rebuttal to criticism by "Amicus" of proposed dredging and filling of Honolulu shoreline to create 
additional wharfage and reclaimed land to be sold to highest bidder, the primary purpose of the 
project to provide needed docking area for the business of the port.

Anon. (1856). Untitled. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Oct. 18.
	
Description of progress of dredging of Honolulu Harbor waterfront between Market and Custom 
House wharves, where depth had been increased an average of five feet.

Anon. (1856). Untitled. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Nov. 20.
	
Description of progress of dredging of Honolulu Harbor waterfront at Robinson's wharf, where 
depth had been increased to 23 feet.

Anon. (1857). Untitled. The Polynesian. Honolulu, June 17.
	
Description of driving of piles along Robinson's Wharf, and beginning of transfer of coral blocks 
from the Honolulu Fort to be used in constructing the harbor retaining walls, while dredged harbor 
mud supplying the landfill  material.  "What a revolution among the animacules!"

Anon. (1862). Plan of Honolulu:
	
Map showing Honolulu waterfront with principal buildings and shoreline of landfilled esplanade.

Anon. (1878). Discovery of Honolulu Harbor. Hawaiian Almanac Annual for 1878, Thrum and Oat. 
4: 24. 
	
Brief description of discovery of Honolulu Harbor by Capt. Brown, commanding English ship HMS 
Butterworth and its tender Jackall in 1794, who called the harbor Fairhaven.  Honolulu Harbor first 
entered by the Jackall and the Prince Le Boo on Nov. 21, 1794.


Anon. (1883). The marine railway finished and in good working order. Pacific Commercial 
Advertiser. Honolulu, Jan. 2, p. 2. 
	
Description of first use of newly completed marine railway at Pier 2, constructed at cost of 
$100,000 to Hawaiian government and leased to Samuel Wilder for $5000/year.

Anon. (1884). Shipping notes. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, June 17, p. 2.
	
Note of dredging activity at Likelike wharf.

Anon. (1891). Map of Honolulu City, Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, Hawaiian Annual:
	
Map showing Honolulu waterfront with principal buildings.

Anon. (1891). Harbor dredging. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Nov. 12, p. 3.
	
Notice of dredging to begin in Jan. 1892 in Honolulu Harbor, first on channel bar, then interior.  All 
areas to be dredged to 30 feet depth.

Anon. (1892). Honolulu Harbor improvements. Hawaiian Almanac Annual for 1893, Press 
Publishing. 19: 77-81.
	
Brief description of discovery of Honolulu Harbor  by Capt. Brown of the English ship SS 
Butterworth and its tender Jackall in 1794, who called the harbor Fairhaven. First survey of harbor 
by Capt. Broughton in 1796, later surveys by Kotzebue in 1816 and Malden  in 1825.  Article 
describes dredging of harbor entrance channel for a distance of 1100 feet long by 200 feet wide, 
work beginning in June 1892.  67,000 cu yds of dredge material  removed and place on shoreline 
east of harbor entrance

Anon. (1892). The dredger narrowly escapes destruction last evening. Pacific Commercial 
Advertiser. Honolulu, May 4, p.  3.
	
Description of near loss of  dredger while anchored on Waikiki side of  Honolulu Harbor entrance 
for dredging entrance sand bar.  Dredger platform barge slipped anchors and came to rest on 
Ewa  side of channel on reef.

Anon. (1892). Work on the bar. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu Sep. 20, p. 3.
	
Note of completion of dredging the sand bar at entrance of Honolulu Harbor to 30 feet depth.

Anon. (1892). Dredging the Honolulu Harbor bar. Scientific American. Issue 875; 244-225.
	
Full description of Honolulu Harbor project for dredging entrance and harbor to 30 feet, removing 
an estimated 60,000 cu. yds from entrance and 640,000 from harbor basin.  Work on entrance 
bar commenced on Apr. 7, 1892 and was essentially complete by end of August, with minor 
additional dredging to be completed in September to bring entrance depth to an unobstructed 30 
feet.

Anon. (1892). The harbor bar.  The Scientific American writes an article about it. Pacific 
Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Oct. 20, p.  4. 
	
Reprint of Oct. 8, 1892 Scientific American article about dredging of Honolulu Harbor entrance 
channel and basin.

Anon. (1892). The hydraulic dredger. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Oct. 30. 
	
Description and diagram of the dredger built by Risdon Iron Works of San Francisco for dredging 
the Honolulu Harbor entrance bar and basin.

Anon. (1894). Honolulu. North Pacific Coast Ports, J. D. Spreckels & Bros.: 68-76.
	
Instructions and information for shipmasters entering Honolulu Harbor.

Anon. (1895). Our golden gate. Paradise of the Pacific. 8: 19.
	
Brief description of Honolulu Harbor, and mention that 315 foreign vessels utilized harbor in 1893.

Anon. (1897). Public works and improvements. Hawaiian Almanac Annual for 1897, Press 
Publishing. 23: 126.
	
Description of changing course of Nuuanu stream course at harbor entrance and deepening of 
harbor at eastern end of the esplanade.

Anon. (1897). On the water front. Paradise of the Pacific. 10: 115.
	
Photo of Honolulu Harbor dock facing mountains.

Anon. (1898). Public works and improvements. Hawaiian Almanac Annual for 1898, Press 
Publishing. 24: 158. 
	
Progress report on changing course of Nuuanu stream course at harbor entrance and deepening 
of harbor at eastern end of the esplanade.

Anon. (1898). Honolulu Harbor-Crossroads of the Pacific. Paradise of the Pacific. 11: 17-18.
	
Description of harbor channel dimensions, dredging date and material removed and shoreline 
before building of the Esplanade.  First ocean steamer to utilize new harbor channel after 
dredging was the Oceanic in May, 1893

Anon. (1899). Wharf and wave. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Aug. 18, p.  8.
	
Note of deployment of hydraulic dredger at foot of Richards St. for excavation of new slips, 
dredged spoils to be deposited on land Waikiki of the public market.

Anon. (1899). The new harbor.  Official description of the boundaries. Pacific Commercial 
Advertiser. Honolulu. Aug. 26, p. 7.
	
Detailed verbal description of Honolulu Harbor boundaries as shown on recently issued map from 
the War Department.

Anon. (1900). Public  improvements. Hawaiian Almanac Annual for 1900, Press Publishing. 26: 
161-62.
	
Progress report on deepening of harbor and wharf extension, and project proposed to link harbor 
with Kalihi.

Anon. (1900). Extension of the harbor. Paradise of the Pacific. 13: 3.
	
Proposal that Honolulu Harbor expansion should be done by extending of the Nuuanu stream 
rather than by dredging shallow areas of the harbor basin


Anon. (1902). Honolulu Harbor map. Honolulu, Paradise of the Pacific. 15: 12.
	
Map of Honolulu Harbor at turn of the century

Anon. (1903). Honolulu Harbor. Paradise of the Pacific. 16: 10-11.
	
Descriptions of locations of ship docking areas for various companies and plans to increase 
wharfage in six months.

Anon. (1904). Plans for a new Alakea dock. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Jul. 6, p 7.
	
Description of new docks and slip to be built at base of Alakea St. for Pacific Mail and other 
steamers.  Construction to include widening of adjacent street, building or modification of two 
wharves and dredging basin to 34 feet.

Anon. (1905). First steps in improvement of harbor started. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, May 16, p. 
1.
	
Description of plans for widening Honolulu Harbor entrance channel 150 feet and moving of 
entrance lighthouse 400 feet seaward.

Anon. (1905). Work commences on Alakea Dock. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Jul. 8, p. 1.
	
Description of equipment and dredging operations for construction of Alakea dock and slips for 
docking large ocean liners.

Anon. (1905). Dredger Pacific hard at work. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Nov. 14, p. 5.
	
Description of progress of dredging of Alakea St. slip and deposition of dredge spoils inside the 
naval sea wall makai of the Immigration Station, which had been raised two feet by this 
deposition.

Anon. (1906). Honolulu marine railway. Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu, Jul. 2, p. 69.
	
Brief history of the development of the Honolulu marine railway built in 1882 and its early lessees 
and operators.

Anon. (1906). Harbor dredging finished. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Aug.7, p. 8.
	
Note of completion of harbor dredging and filling in of some of Quarantine Island.

Anon. (1907). Shipping sugar. Paradise of the Pacific. 20: 16-17.
	
Picture of docking area for Oahu Land and Railway.

Anon. (1907). Honolulu's harbor light. Paradise of the Pacific. 20: 12-13.
	
Picture and description of Honolulu Harbor's old lighthouse, which stood at the Ewa side of the 
entrance channel.

Anon. (1907). Alakea wharf.  Ready for delivery next week with a prospect of pilikia. Hawaiian 
Star. Honolulu, Nov. 12, p. 8.
	
Notice of completion of construction of Alakea St. wharf, to be used for docking large ocean 
liners.


Anon. (1907). Alakea  wharf accepted today. Hawaiian Star. Honolulu, Dec. 11, p. 1.
	
Completion and transfer of Alakea St. wharf to Hawaiian Territory, built at cost of $91,000 and 
eight months to construct.

Anon. (1911). No title. Hawaiian Almanac Annual, Press Publishing. 35:
	
Minimum depth at Honolulu Harbor channel entrance given as 33 feet and general depth in 
harbor as 35 feet.

Anon. (1914). Honolulu Harbor extension plans. Hawaiian Almanac Annual, Press Publishing. 39: 
110-120. 
	
Description of proposed dredging of the of a 600 foot long 400 foot wide channel from Kalihi 
Basin to Palama Basin to increase harbor area above the existing 97 acres.

Anon. (1920).  Harbor Extension. Hawaiian Almanac Annual, Press Publishing. 44: 149.
	
Description of proposed harbor plan, which would add ten additional large piers on the west side 
of the harbor which would provide wharfage for a total of 52 vessels.  However, project was 
turned down.

Anon. (1922). Health Board wants fishing sampans moved. Hawaiian Star Bulletin. Honolulu, 
Feb. 21, p. 2.
	
Request by Board of Health to move fishing boats to not yet completed Kewalo Basin due to 
concern that polluted water from Nuuanu Stream (characterized as "simply an open sewer") 
would contaminate fish catches when used for washing down boat decks and compartments.

Anon. (1922). Harbor board would develop Kewalo Basin. Hawaiian Star Bulletin. Honolulu, Dec. 
21, p. 1.
	
Description of planned acquisition of land and budgeting of $300,000 of public funds to dredge 
and construct Kewalo basin for docking of fishing sampans and lumber cargoes, which then 
required wharfage in Honolulu Harbor.

Anon. (1923). Untitled  Photo. Paradise of the Pacific. 36: 92.
	
Aerial view of Honolulu Harbor before Kalihi entrance channel was dredged

Anon. (1924).  Harbor Extension. Hawaiian Almanac Annual, Press Publishing. 48: 161.
	
Bids received at the end of 1922 for 800 foot wide, 35 foot deep Kalihi channel extension.  When 
completed this project would give an extended wharfage of over 1000 feet.

Anon. (1924). Untitled Photo. Paradise of the Pacific. 37: 120.
	
View toward Sand Island with HECO's Honolulu Generating Station in foreground and a four 
masted ship at Pier 1 area.

Anon. (1925). Untitled Photos. Paradise of the Pacific. 38: 5.
	
Aerial view of harbor entrance channel before it was increased by dredge spoils from Kalihi 
channel, and a view of the harbor from a ship leaving the main channel.


Anon. (1927). Untitled Photos. Paradise of the Pacific. 40: 8-9.
	
Photo of  Honolulu Harbor looking toward railway docks, and view along docks showing sailing 
ships as they appeared in 1900.

Anon. (1927). Untitled Photo. Paradise of the Pacific. 40: 9.
	
Aerial view toward Sand Island showing entire harbor before dredging of Kalihi Channel and 
enlargement of Sand Island.

Anon. (1927). Untitled Photos. Paradise of the Pacific. 40: 74.
	
Aerial view of Honolulu Harbor looking toward mountain, and similar view from the water.

Anon. (1928).  Kalihi Basin entered. Hawaiian Almanac Annual, Press Publishing. 52: 129.
	
First large craft entered new Kalihi Basin on June 27, 1927

Anon. (1929). King Kalakaua's famous boathouse in Honolulu Harbor. Paradise of the Pacific. 42: 
26.
	
Photo of boathouse taken in Nov. 1885 with view toward mountains.

Anon. (1933). Untitled Photo. Paradise of the Pacific. 46: 49.
	
Aerial view of west section of the harbor showing tip of Sand Island and new Kalihi Channel.

Anon. (1936). The old Honolulu Fort. Paradise of the Pacific. 48: 43-49.
	
Description of the building of the Honolulu Fort in 1816, its history until its destruction in 1857 and 
use of its material for filling in the waterfront and making seawalls.

Anon. (1938). Plan of Honolulu Harbor, 1818. Paradise of the Pacific. 50: 8.
	
Copy of earliest existing chart of Honolulu Harbor, made by Tabulevitch of the Russian sloop 
Kamschtaka  in 1818, showing harbor entrance and various identified buildings and docks.

Anon. (1938). The "Broughton" survey of Honolulu Harbor, 1796. Paradise of the Pacific. 50: 14.
	
Short description of the first survey of Honolulu Harbor  by Capt. Broughton of the HMS 
Providence in Feb. 1796, and its subsequent loss, probably in a  shipwreck off Formosa in 1797.

Anon. (1950). The ports of Hawaii. Propeller Club of the U. S., Honolulu.
	
Brief description of events for Honolulu Harbor from its discovery in the 1890s to 1950

Anon. (1967). The ports of Oahu. Honolulu Propeller Club, Honolulu.
	
Condensed history and description of Honolulu Harbor in 1967.

Anon. (1978). A study to determine the feasibility of providing shore protection to portions of Sand 
Island, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu. 
	
Description and anticipated environmental impacts of repairing and maintaining seawall to 
prevent further erosion along 2615 ft length of shoreline along Sand Island Park on east side of 
Sand Island.

Anon. (1985). Honolulu Harbor educational resource packet. Univ. Hawaii Sea Grant Extension 
Serv., Honolulu. 
	
Concise history of Honolulu Harbor (duplication of 1967 Ports of Honolulu article for the Propeller 
Club)

Baker, R. J. (1950). Sketches and Maps of Old Honolulu. Honolulu, R. J. Baker.
	
Collection of copies of artists sketches and maps of Honolulu, including harbor area from pre-20th 
century.

Beechert, E. D. (1991). Honolulu, Crossroads of the Pacific. Columbia, S. C., Univ. South 
Carolina Press. 
	
Detailed history of events and uses of Honolulu Harbor and its central importance in the economy 
of Hawaii.

Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors (1926). The port of Honolulu, Hawaii. The ports of the 
territory of Hawaii. Washington, D. C., U. S. War Department: 5-79.
	
Detailed description, regulations and practical information for mariners concerning Honolulu 
Harbor in 1926.

Brock, R. E. (1991). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
and Kahului Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, 
Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1991 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Brock, R. E. (1992). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
and Kahului Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, 
Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1992 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Brock, R. E. (1993). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1993 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Brock, R. E. (1994). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1994 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Brock, R. E. (1995). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1995 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Brock, R. E. (1997). An analysis of benthic communities in the zone of mixing for the Honolulu 
Electrical Generation Facility. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Results of 1997 biological monitoring surveys in the discharge basin of the Honolulu Power 
Station and along the east shore of Sand Island.

Burgess, G. H. (1857). Port of Honolulu: BPBM CP21209 and CP76782.
	
View of Honolulu waterfront looking mauka at approx. Nuuanu St.

Buske, N. and J. C. McCain (1972). A preliminary survey of the marine environmental impact oof 
the Honolulu Power Plant. Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Temperature and salinity measurements in the vicinity of the Honolulu Generating Station in 
Honolulu Harbor.

Cartwright, B. (1923). The first discovery of Honolulu Harbor. Hawaii Historical Society, Honolulu.
	
Detailed account of the discovery of Honolulu Harbor in  December 1786 by Mr. Hayward of the 
the King George under command of Captain Nathaniel Portlock, or of an alternative opinion by 
Professor Alexander, the historian, of its first entry by a foreign vessel in February, 1794 by 
Captain Brown in the schooner Jackal and Captain Gordon in the sloop Prince Lee Boo.  They 
called the harbor "Fair Haven", which may be a rough translation of the Hawaiian name 
Honoonoono.

Cartwright, B. (1925). Honolulu in 1809-10. Paradise of the Pacific. 38: 59-66.
	
Description of early Honolulu, known as Kou, and its earliest European inhabitants who came 
around or before 1795.  Drawing of shoreline showing beach and Nuuanu Stream mouth with 
grass huts and palm trees in background.  Mentions first survey of harbor in 1796 by Captain 
Broughton of British Navy.

Cartwright, B. (1937). Punia-iki -- A legend of Honolulu. Paradise of the Pacific. 49: 25-27.
	
Hawaiian Legends associated with district of Kou, print showing Honolulu Harbor near fishpond 
and Nuuanu Stream  from anchorage in 1828 and map of harbor made by Duperrey in 1819.

Cartwright, B. (1938). Old Honolulu. Paradise of the Pacific. 50: 33-34.
	
Description of earliest European visitors to Honolulu (Fairhaven) and Honolulu Harbor and the 
earliest charts made.

Choris, L. (1822). Vue du port hanarourou:
	
View of Honololu Harbor showing Old Fort and grass housed to right

Choris, L. (1822). Port d'hanorourou:
	
View of grass houses on Honolulu Harbor shoreline looking toward harbor entrance

Cox, D. and G. Gordon, Jr. (1970). Estuarine pollution in the State of Hawaii.  Vol. 1. Statewide 
survey. Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. 

General description of Honolulu Harbor water resources, stream  flow and pollution sources in 
early 1970's.  Median coliform counts at that time were only 6 MPN/100 for six years of sampling 
at harbor entrance, but soared to 125,000 MPN/100 in the Sand Island Channel, and to 20 million 
MPN/100 in the Kapalama Canal.  Fish kills affecting up to 100,000 fish had occurred in the 
Kapalama Canal in May, 1963, July, 1965, and September, 1966.

Department of Accounting and General Services (1972). Draft  environmental impact statement 
for Marine Expeditionary Center, Snug Harbor, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii.

Description of  the development proposed for the Marine Expeditionary Center to be located at 
Piers 43-46 in Honolulu Harbor and very brief coverage of the anticipated environmental effects 
of the proposed development

Emmert, P. (1862). Honolulu Harbor:
	
Lithograph of view of Honolulu waterfront looking mauka at approx. Fort St. and showing west 
end of esplanade.

Environmental Consultants Inc. and Hawaiian Electric Company Inc. (1974). The marine 
biological impact of the Honolulu Power Plant.  A summary of the 1974 investigations. 
Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 
	
Description of third and final year of monitoring of marine environmental effects of discharge from 
Honolulu Power Plant.   Provides data for water temperatures, biomass of zooplankton, 
phytoplankton species composition, and species composition and growth of resident fish species.

Fitzpatrick, G. L. (1947). The Early Mapping of Hawai'i. Volume I. Palpal'aina. Honolulu, Editions 
Limited. 
	
Compilation of all of early maps of Honolulu Harbor and annotations, beginning with original 1816 
chart of the harbor by Otto von Kotzebue.  Also, description of first use of  the harbor and its 
probable discovery by William Brown and Captain Gordon of the  ships Jackal and Prince Lee 
Boo in  November, 1793, at its probable first survey by William Broughton in 1796.  However, 
survey results have never been located.

Harbors Division, H. D. (1986). 2010 Master plan for Honolulu Harbor. Hawaii State Dep. 
Transportation and Maritime Affairs Committee, Hawaii Chamber of Commerce, 
Honolulu. 
	
Descriptions of changes in Honolulu Harbor from 1995 plan that had been completed to date, and 
recommendation for changes to be enacted in the future.

Honolulu, City and. County (1914). Extension of Honolulu Harbor to Kapalama Basin. U. S. Board 
of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, Honolulu. 
	
Statement in support of developing Honolulu Harbor  to meet increases in shipping traffic 
expected from opening of Panama Canal.

Judd, W. F. (1975). Palaces and Forts of  the Hawaiian Kingdom. Palo Alto, Pacific Books.
	
Detailed description of the construction, structure, use  and removal of the Honolulu Fort which 
existed from 1816 to 1857.

Lacayo Planning Inc. (1993). Pier 38  Master Plan. Hawaii State Dep. Bus., Econ. Dev. and 
Tourism, Honolulu. 
	
Master plan of redevelopment of Pier 38 area for utilization as University  marine research 
complex and docking facilities.


Larrison, G. K. (1941). Background and data on activities pertaining to the development of 
Honolulu Harbor. Maritime Affairs Committee of Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, 
Honolulu. 
	
Brief history of dredging activities from 1898 to 1941, ownership of piers in 1914 and subsequent 
construction, and dredging activities authorized by the Board of Engineers for 1941 and following.

Llewellyn, A. D. (1947). Honolulu Harbor. The Military Engineer. 39: 51-55.
	
Detailed account of dredging and filling operations in Honolulu Harbor from first widening of 
entrance channel in 1889 to seaplane runways in Keehi Lagoon during WW II.

McCain, J. C. and J. M. J. Peck (1972). The marine biological impact of the Honolulu Power 
Plant.  A summary of the 1972 investigations. Hawaiian Electric Environmental 
Department, Honolulu. 
	
Description of first years monitoring of marine environmental effects of discharge from Honolulu 
Power Plant.   Conclusions not specific but provides data for  water temperatures, biomass of 
zooplankton, benthic fouling and fish species found and tissue residues of heavy metals.

McCain, J. C. and S. L. Coles (1973). The marine biological impact of the Honolulu Power Plant. 
Hawaiian Electric Environmental Department, Honolulu. 

Description of second years monitoring of marine environmental effects of discharge from 
Honolulu Power Plant.  Provides substantial data for water temperatures, biomass of 
zooplankton, phytoplankton species composition, coral abundance and size distributions in intake 
and discharge basins, fish species and growth rates and tissue residues of heavy metals.

McCain, J. C., S. L. Coles, et al. (1975). The marine biological impact of the Honolulu Power 
Plant. Univ. Hawaii Sea Grant, Honolulu. 
	
Duplication of 1973 HECO report describing second years monitoring of marine environmental 
effects of discharge from Honolulu Power Plant.

Mellen, G. W. (1938). Ships come in. The Sales Builder 11(6): 2-15.
	
Rambling account of Hawaii's maritime history, with excerpts on first arrivals in Honolulu Harbor 
of various type of craft, marine related businesses and changes in Harbor itself. 

Metcalf, T. (1847). Land Grants and Awards. Honolulu
	
Map showing Honolulu and its waterfront with ownership of buildings and property.

Oceanit Laboratories Inc. (1990). Marine environmental assessment for the waterfront at Aloha 
Tower. Hawaii State Aloha Tower Development Corp., Honolulu. 
	
Marine environmental survey results and assessment of impact for redevelopment of Aloha tower 
waterfront complex  (Piers 5-14).  Additional data given for Kapalama and Kalihi Channels.  
Stated  "Water quality results indicated that the harbor is in relatively good condition and falls with 
State DOH water quality standards.... Results from marine and benthic habitat investigations 
show that marine life is neither abundant nor diverse in most areas of Honolulu Harbor.  There 
are no rare, endangered or threatened species identified within or near the project area.... A 
major area of abundant sea life is the sea wall extending from the base of Pier 8 to Pier 7 (electric 
plant inlet) and around the rock revetment of Piers 5 and 6 (electric plant outlet).


Perkins, R. W. (1917). Six mile view of Honolulu from busy harbor to Diamond Head. Honolulu, 
Paradise of the Pacific. 30: 16-17. 
	
Early picture of Honolulu Harbor's waterfront

Pitzer, P. (1980). New life for Aloha Tower. Honolulu: 43-48.
	
Description of Hawaii Maritime Museum originally located in the Aloha Tower but later moved to 
Pier 7.

Pollack, J. B. (1928). Fringing and fossil coral reefs of Oahu. B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 55: 1-56.
	
Description of process of Honolulu Harbor formation and of dredged and filled areas for  Sand 
Island and Kalihi Basin that existed to date.

Rockwood, P. (1957). Honolulu in 1810. Bishop Museum Press, Honoulu.
	
Detailed map and notes indicating sites of residences and structures in Honolulu and along its 
waterfront in 1810.

Rush, B. F. (1957). History of construction and development of Honolulu Harbor. Board of Harbor 
commissioners, Honolulu. 

Detailed history of Honolulu Harbor and Kewalo Basin, with extensive information on dates of 
dock and pier development and filling operations.

Sabin, W. F. (1902). Rotten Row. Paradise of the Pacific 15(12): 58-59.
	
Description of final resting place (location unspecified) in Honolulu Harbor for derelict ships and 
some of their descriptions.

Sakai, K. T. (1968). Investigation of Harbor Disturbances in Honolulu Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Civil 
Engineering. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii: 

Analysis of factors responsible for disturbances of moored ships at Piers 1, 2, (most severe) and 
Piers 8, 9 and 10.  Possible causes were southern swells with periods of 14 to 22 sec. and Kona 
storms generating long period waves.

Scott, E. B. (1968). A wife poisoner swung from the gallows.  A Saga of the Sandwich Islands, 
Sierra Tahoe Publishing

Drawing showing walls of Honolulu Fort looking seaward, and narrative describing its building in 
1816 and history, including its use as site for Hawaii's first hanging, and its demolition in 1857.

Shell Oil Co. (1972). Final environmental statement administrative action for Project A-61002 
Pipeline-Honolulu Harbor to International Airport Storage Terminal-Sand island Access 
Road. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Evaluation of the environmental impact of Shell Oil  storage site at Sand Island Access Road and 
approximately 2.8 miles of pipeline easements between Honolulu Harbor and Honolulu 
International Airport.

Simpson, A. (1843). Map of the city of Honolulu. Honolulu, The Saga of the Sandwich Islands:
	
Map published on August 25, 1843 showing listing of business houses, residences and Honolulu 
Fort.

Stangenwald, H. (1854). Tower, cupola and bell. Honolulu, The Saga of the Sandwich Islands:
	
Earliest known photo of Honolulu taken in 1854 from the tower of Kawaihao Church and looking 
Ewa, showing Oahu Charity School, Sumners Island and the western tip of Quarantine Island in 
Honolulu Harbor.

Stewart, C. H. (1936). Honolulu Harbor. Military engineer 28(157): 22-28.

Detailed history of  Honolulu Harbor and its development with information of dredging dates and 
quantities.

Stroup, E. (1959). The ports of Oahu. Honolulu Propeller Club, Honolulu.
	
Brief history and detailed description of Honolulu Harbor, especially Piers 39-40, at time of 
statehood.

Thomas, W. J. (1979). Aspects of the micro-community associated with Telesteo riisei, an 
introduced alcyonarian Species. Masters Thesis, Dep. of Zoology. Honolulu, Univ. of 
Hawaii: 88 pp. 
	
A three year study of the introduced shallow-water octocoral Telesteo riisei and its associated 
micro-community in Honolulu Harbor revealed a fairly stable community, in terms of biomass, for 
the first two and a half years, with seasonal fluctuations of species composition and numbers of 
species and individuals in this community.

Towill, R. M. (1982). Revised environmental impact statement for commercial fishing berthing 
area pier 16, Honolulu Harbor, Oahu. Hawaii Department of Transportation, Honolulu.
	
EIS prepared for extension of Piers 16 and 17 for additional fishing boat docking.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1958). General design for modification of Honolulu harbor. U. S. 
Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Honolulu. 
	
Design memorandum describing dredging to be done to complete the Kalihi Channel to Kapalam 
Basin originally began pre-WW II but  discontinued toward the end of the war.  Renewed project 
provided for an entrance channel 40 ft deep 500 ft wide and 400 ft long

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1963). Review report on survey of Honolulu Harbor and Barbers 
Point Harbor for navigation, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, 
Honolulu. 
	
Statement authorizing the modification of Honolulu Harbor to deepen entrance channel and 
interior areas by 5 feet and to widen interior connecting channel  by 60 feet, and to construct 
supplementary deep draft harbor at Barbers Point.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. (1976). Final environmental impact statement, Honolulu Harbor. 
U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Honolulu. 
	
Environmental impact statement describing the plan and estimated impacts of dredging main 
entrance channel of Honolulu Harbor to 45 ft, dredging basins and Kapalama Channel to 40 ft, , 
and widening Kapalama channel by 60 ft for a distance of 3100 ft.  Dredged material of about 1.3 
million cu. yds. to be disposed of at deep ocean disposal site.


U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1976). Honolulu Harbor Phase I general design memorandum 
plan formulation. U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Honolulu. 
	
Presents the results of the Phase I post-authorization studies for modification of Honolulu Harbor, 
including dredging main entrance channel of Honolulu Harbor to 45 ft, dredging basins and 
Kapalama Channel to 40 ft, and widening Kapalama channel by 60 ft for a distance of 3100 ft.  
Dredged material of about 1.3 million cu. yds. to be disposed of at deep ocean disposal site.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1977). Honolulu Harbor  Design memorandum No. 1.  Phase II 
project design. U. S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu, Honolulu.
	
Provides details of the plan of improvement presented in the plan formulation study and 
summarized in the Phase I post-authorization studies for modification of Honolulu Harbor, 
including dredging main entrance channel of Honolulu Harbor to 45 ft, dredging basins and 
Kapalama Channel to 40 ft, and widening Kapalama channel by 60 ft for a distance of 3100 ft.  
Dredged material of about 1.3 million cu. yds. to be disposed of at deep ocean disposal site.

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1978). Sand Island shore protection,  Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army 
Engineer District, Honolulu, Honolulu. 
	
Environmental assessment of effects of constructing a revetment along Honolulu Harbor side of 
Sand Island.  Limited information on marine biota.

Ultramar Laboratory. (1968). Water quality study Honolulu Harbor, Keehi Lagoon and nearshore 
waters from Kewalo Basin to Ahua Point. Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu. 

Results of water quality sampling in vicinity of Honolulu Harbor prior to removal of Sand Island 
sewage outfall offshore.

United States Foreign trade Board (1974). Final environmental impact statement. U. S. Dep. 
Commerce, Washington, D. C. 

Description of proposed development and environmental impacts of Hawaii Independent Refinery 
trans-shipment terminal in Honolulu Harbor on Sand Island Access Road.

Waldman, A. (1982). Honolulu, port of perpetual change. Honolulu: 62-65.
	
Brief historical excerpts for Honolulu Harbor from pre-European contact to 1982.

Walsh, W. (1898). Honolulu Harbor. Paradise of the Pacific. 11: 17-18.
	
Description of harbor with details on area (73 acres) and channel dimensions (1200 ft long, 200 ft 
wide, 30 ft deep) at that time.  First ship to enter after  the dredging of the deep channel was the 
Oceanic, which entered on May 9, 1893.  Description of the Esplanade, built by filling sand 
behind the walls of the former fort, which was torn down in the 1850s and the walls used to build 
a retaining wall at the edge of the harbor.  Further work to expand wharfage mentioned.

Waterfront, D. C. (1976). A waterfront design concept for Honolulu Harbor. Downtown 
Improvment Association, Honolulu. 
	
Description of planned changes in the Aloha Tower complex to make it the focus of downtown 
development.


Watson, L. J. (1933). A comprehensive survey of the harbor system of Honolulu. Special 
Committee on Honolulu Harbor Development, Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, 
Honolulu. 
	
List and details of eight projects proposed to develop Honolulu Harbor as of 1933, including 
increasing main channel width and depth, dredging direct channel from Kapalama Basin to the 
sea, enlarging Kapalama Basin, filling areas of Kapalama, Sand Island and Fort Armstrong and 
improving Kewalo Basin entrance.

Webster, W. (1854). Untitled. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Mar. 28.
	
Letter of rebuttal by the designing engineer of the project to dredge and fill the Honolulu 
waterfront to the anonymous critic "Amicus", regarding estimated costs of construction and 
completion of the project.

Webster, W. (1854). The water lots again. The Polynesian. Honolulu, Feb. 4.
	
Description by the designing engineer of the project to dredge and fill the Honolulu waterfront  
detailing dimensions of property to be created by filling and an itemized estimates of the costs of 
the project, based on the availability of 1500 cu. yds. of coral blocks from the to be dismantled 
Honolulu Fort.

Wendt, D. (1989). Teachers resource book for Honolulu Harbor and shoreline cruises. Univ. 
Hawaii SeaGrant, Honolulu. 
	
Map copies and descriptions of Honolulu's waterfront development from 1840 to 1957.

Wilson Okimoto & Assoc. (1969). Honolulu Harbor 1968.  A planning and engineering guide for 
the development of the Honolulu waterfront. Harbors Division, State of Hawaii Dep. 
Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Detailed history of pier development and ownership, maps indicating topography, locations and 
ownership of piers in 1968.

Wilson Okimoto & Assoc. (1991). EIS and preparation notice for the Marine Education and 
Training Center and public boat launch facility, Sand Island, Oahu. Honolulu Waterfront 
Project, State of Hawaii Dep. Bus. Econ. Dev. and Tourism. Honolulu. 
	
Description and anticipated environmental impacts of development of Marine Education and 
Training Center and public boat launch facility at west end of Sand Island.


KEEHI LAGOON

AECOS (1995). Final report: water quality for the Sand Island Marine Education and Training 
Center and Public Launch Facility, Ke'ehi Lagoon. Hawaii State Dep. Bus. Econ. Devel. 
and Tour. Honolulu Waterfront  Project, Honolulu.
	
Water quality parameters monitored at six stations in vicinity of proposed METC , at NW end of 
Sand Island, in waters of Ke'ehi lagoon and seaplane runway "D".  Area was well mixed vertically 
and horizontally, and no impacts from METC construction activities were apparent.

Anon. (1945). Army activities resulting in benefits to the Territory of Hawaii. U. S. Army Forces 
Middle Pacific, Honolulu. 
	
Information on material removed and costs for dredging seaplane runways in Keehi Lagoon 
before and during WW II.

Anon. (1972). Honolulu's Reef Runway. Airport World. October 1972:
	
Bathen, K. H. (1970). The circulation in Keehi Lagoon, Oahu, Hawaii, during July and August, 
1968.  Haw. Inst. Mar. Biol., Honolulu. 
	
The surface circulation was found to be strongly dependent upon the prevailing winds. A 
westward flow of surface water occurred in most areas of the lagoon except during periods of 
weak winds.  The subsurface flow was strongly dependent on bathymetry.  This flow was either to 
or from the lagoon whether a flooding or ebbing tide was in process.  However, on the eastern 
side of the lagoon, the incoming transport was greater than the outgoing transport, particularly in 
a dredged ship channel that crossed the lagoon entrance reef.  In contrast, the outgoing transport 
was greater than the incoming transport on the western side of the lagoon.  These conditions 
result in a limited amount of daily flushing of the lagoon from the west to the east.

Chapman, G. A. (1979). Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway post construction 
environmental impact report.  Vol. 1. Executive Summary. Hawaii State Dep. 
Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Summary of environmental impact studies on water circulation, water quality, benthos and fish, 
noise and birds post construction of reef runway.  Overall, all were substantially improved or 
unaffected by the runway construction.  Flushing of Keehi Lagoon was increased 25-35% by the 
channels dredged for the runway, and water quality improved by the increased flushing that 
resulted, as well as by removal offshore of the Sand Island sewage outfall.  Dredged areas 
showed quick recovery of infaunal organisms and fish, and rapid habitation of new circulation 
channels and borrow pits formed by dredging.  Although there was an irretrievable loss  of over 
500 ha of shallow reef by dredging and filling for the runway, the steep walls of the channels and 
barrow pits and the increased circulation permitted the establishment of complex marine 
communities in areas where stagnant conditions and low relief  supported minimal populations of 
marine organisms.

Cox, D. and G. Gordon, Jr. (1970). Estuarine pollution in the State of Hawaii.  Vol. 1. Statewide 
survey. Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. 
	
General description of Keehi Lagoon stream  flow and pollution sources in early 1970's, before 
completion of the Honolulu Reef Runway.  Tidal transport was to the westward, water entering 
through Kalihi Ship Channel and leaving past Ahua Point.  Major pollution sources were Moana 
lua and Kalihi Streams and localized sources in vicinity of seaplane runway.  Coliform analyses in 
1960's showed elevated concentrations in stream mouths, Kalihi Channel, and in reef runway 
areas up to 1 million MPN/100ml.  Keehi Lagoon was second largest producer of baitfish in 1965, 
but subject to fish kills.  A kill of ca. 100 fish occurred in the Lagoon in May 1966, and two more 
kills occurred at drainage canal entrances on the shore between Keehi Lagoon and Pearl Harbor 
in Oct. 1960 and January 1964.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1977). Post construction water quality, benthic habitat and 
epifaunal survey for the reef runway, Honolulu International Airport. Ralph M. Parsons C., 
Honolulu. 
	
Interim report for post construction surveys of impacts of reef runway construction on marine 
biota of Keehi Lagoon.  Stations located in lagoon proper, outside of runway and in Hickam 
Harbor basin.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1978). Marine environmental survey for the Ke'ehi Lagoon 
unauthorized landfill. U. S. Army Engineer Division , Pacific Ocean, Honolulu. 
	
Measurements of soluble petrochemical concentrations (expressed as naphthalene and "asphalt" 
aromatic hydrocarbons and infaunal densities in sediments of northeast Keehi Lagoon in vicinity 
of Kalihi and Moanalua Stream mouths to beginning of seaplane runway.  Result showed 
substantial oil contamination of sediments tha may have been leaching form the landfill but also 
suggested other sources such as drainage ditches.  Sediments in northeast basin were almost 
entirely terrigenous, with a substantial portion of asphalt fragments worn form the shoreline.  
Predominant benthic habitat  was mud bottom dominated by small oligochaetes and polychaetes 
by number, an alpheids and large polychaetes by biomass.  Few attached invertebrates found 
along the shoreline of the landfill dominated by a single sponge species.

Environmental Consultants Inc. (1979). Post construction water quality, benthic habitat and 
epifaunal survey for the reef runway, Honolulu International Airport.  Final Report.  Water 
Quality. Ralph M. Parsons Co., Honolulu. 
	
Final report for post construction surveys of impacts of reef runway construction on water quality 
of Keehi Lagoon.  Stations located in lagoon proper, outside of runway and in Hickam Harbor 
basin.  Water quality in most areas surrounding the Reef Runway found to improve over 
conditions prior to construction, primarily due to increased flushing efficiencies resulting from 
reconfiguration of Keehi Lagoon and Hickam Harbor.  Increased water transport thorough 
Honolulu Harbor had improved conditions in contiguous areas.  This reflected by decreased 
turbidity, nutrient levels and chlorophyll concentrations throughout Keehi Lagoon.

Guinther, E. (1988). Biological reconnaissance surveys of selected areas in Ke'ehi Lagoon, 
O'ahu, Hawai'i. OI Consultants, Inc., Honolulu. 
	
Survey of site at outer end of N-S Seaplane Runway "D" extending off Kalihi Channel.  Scattered 
corals, abundant macroalgae and macroinvertebrates, few fish.  Coral and fish abundances 
increase immediately west of the channel

Harvey, G. W. (1970). Keehi Lagoon Ecological Survey. June to September, 1970. Oceanic 
Institute, Makapu'u Oceanic Center, Waimanalo. 

	Brief report on benthic flora and fauna  inside and outside of Keehi Lagoon pre-reef 
runway construction.  Organism reports limited to micromolluscs and macroalgae.

Harvey, G. W., R. Q. Palmer, et al. (1971). Plan to enhance water quality in Keehi Lagoon and 
ponds makai of proposed reef runway. Ralph M. Parsons Company, Honolulu. 
	
Current studies and analysis for design of circulation channels to enhance water circulation and 
quality with the construction of the reef runway.


Hawaii Office of Environmental Quality Control (1971). Report on Keehi Lagoon and Waikiki 
Beach water quality. Honolulu. 
	
Measurements of coliform bacteria, pathogens and toxic chemicals in waters of Keehi Lagoon 
and Waikiki.

Noda, E. K. a. A. (1978). Post construction circulation study for the reef runway at Honolulu 
International Airport. Ralph M. Parsons Co., Honolulu. 

	
Current studies and calculations to estimate flushing of Keehi Lagoon following construction of 
the Reef Runway and compare with pre-construction conditions.  Flushing estimated to increase 
by 255 for tradewind conditions and 32% for light and variable winds.  Ironically, flushing under 
light-variable winds exceeded tradewind flushing by about 50%.  Flushing was much larger than 
the volume of a tidal prism, 31/2 to 51/2 times as much water than would be expected from a 
simple tidal prism transfer.  Major portion of the water transferred in a flushing was between 
Keehi lagoon and Honolulu Harbor.  In portions of Keehi Lagoon isolated from the main lagoon by 
runway construction, flushing was still high.  Water exchanged between Hickam Harbor and the 
marine pond was about 14% on a tidal cycle.  Between Hickam Harbor and the open ocean, 
about 26% of the total volume, or 2.24 times the tidal prism volume, was exchanged through the 
circulation channel.

Noda, E. K. and Assoc. (1989). Ke'ehi Lagoon recreation plan. Hawaii State Dep. Transportation, 
Honolulu. 
	
Plan and environmental impacts for development of  recreation opportunities in Ke'ehi Lagoon, 
including recreational and commercial boating, canoe and yacht racing, water skiiing, waterfront 
parks, ocean education, research facilities and commercial-industrial developments.

OI Consultants Inc. (1986). Survey of the water quality, benthic habitat and infaunal populations 
for Keehi Lagoon, Hickam Harbor and marine pond, Honolulu International Airport. KFC 
Airport, Inc., Honolulu. 
	
Follow-up study to 1979 post construction environmental assessments of effects of reef runway 
construction on circulation, water quality and biota of Keehi Lagoon.  Water quality conditions 
were not different, with a few exceptions, from the 1978-78 post construction results.  Any 
differences detected were not indicative of any pattern of degradation in overall water quality.  
Biotic communities were similar to previous conditions, with development of attached 
macrofauna, esp. sponges and the coral Pocillopora damicornis, which had become moderately 
common in 1986.  Total results suggested an overall stability of the biotic community through 
time.

Palmer, R. Q. and J. R. Walker (1971). Hydraulic model investigation: proposed development of 
Anuenue and Keehi Lagoon areas. Univ. Hawaii Look Lab, Honolulu. 
	
Hydraulic model used to predict effects of storm waves, tsunami and water circulation associated 
with development of the Reef Runway.  Model suggested maximum wave height would be 
approximately two feet during unusually large or infrequent waves, not significantly higher than 
previous conditions.

Parsons, R. M. I. (1975). Environmental impact statement for the proposed disposal of solid 
waste bales in Keehi Lagoon and the coast waters of Oahu. Honolulu Dep. Pub. Works, 
Honolulu. 
	
EIS for disposal of solid waste bales in Keehi lagoon marine pond, within area enclosed by 
proposed Reef Runway and offshore of Hickam Golf Course.

Richardson, R. C. (1945). Army activities resulting in benefits to the Territory of Hawaii. Series A. 
Subject 1. Keehi seaplane harbor. U. S. Army Forces, Middle Pacific, Honolulu. 
	
Dredging of three 10 feet deep seaplane runways 2-3 miles long and one 400 by 800 foot 
mooring basin in Keehi Lagoon, with removal of over 17 million cu. yds of dredged material used 
for fill along the shoreline.


KEWALO BASIN AND ALA WAI YACHT HARBOR

Beach, K. S., R. Harris, et al. (1995). Net phytoplankton of the Ala Wai Canal, O'ahu, Hawai'i. 
Pac. Sci. 49(4): 332-340.
	
Phytoplankton includes a minimum of 20 diatom genera, four dinoflagellaate genera and one 
cyanophyt genus.  Dinoflagellates dominate between head of the Ala Wai Canal and the Manoa-
Palolo Stream mouth because of physical conditions of stagnation and low oxygen.  Lyngbya  
(Cyanophyta) occurs throughout th canal at low densities.  Distribution of the dominant diatom 
Skeletonema costatum and similarity of phytoplankton population across sites indicates the 
migration of plankton is tidally controlled.

Brasfeild, C. W. and C. E. Chatham (1967). Magic Island complex, including Kewalo basin and 
Ala Wai boat harbor, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army Engineers Waterways 
Experiment Station, Honolulu. 
	
Hydraulic model for testing effect of filling shoreline between Ala Wai and Kewalo Basin to create 
beaches adjacent to Ala Moana Park and Magic island.  Model indicated sufficient circulation to 
prevent stagnation of inner lagoon, but aggravation of unfavorable wave conditions existing in 
Kewalo Basin.

Calderone, P. A. (1971). A descriptive study of  boat dwellers at the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, 
Hawaii. Ph. D. Thesis University of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: 

Narrative and socological analysis of lifestyles and views of residents of Ala Wai Yacht Harbor.

Cox, D. and G. Gordon, Jr. (1970). Estuarine pollution in the State of Hawaii.  Vol. 1. Statewide 
survey. Water Resources Research Center Tec Rep 31, Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu. 
	

Description of formation of Ala Wai Canal, Yacht Harbor and Kewalo Basin by dredging in 1920s. 
Ala Wai Canal was dredge to drain marsh lands for mosquito control, and Yacht Harbor also 
constructed, but Ala Wai Channel was originally not dredged through the reef.  Instead, channel 
was dredged along the Ala Moana shoreline to the Kewalo Basin and Channel, which were 
dredged at about the same time.  The Ala Wai channel was later dredged in the 1950s and the 
shoreline channel filled at both ends.

Analyses performed in the 1960s indicated coliform concentrations ranging up to 70,000 
MPN/100 in the Ala Wai canal and and median of 2400 MPN/100ml in the yacht harbor.  Kewalo 
Basin showed a median MPN of 2400/100ml and an upper value of 7000/100ml.  However, 
cannery wastes that were disposed of into the Basin at that time were rerouted to the munipal 
sewer system by the 1970s.

De Carlo, E. H. and K. Spencer (1995). Record of lead and other heavy metal inputs to sediments 
of the Ala Wai Canal, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 49(4): 471-491. 
	
Sediment cores from the Ala Wai representing 60 years of sedimentation indicate a spike of 
elevated Pb concentrations ranging from < 10 ppm in the oldest samples up to 750 ppm during 
the mid-1970s and decreasing to 100-300 ppm in recent deposits, indicating the influence of 
vehicle emissions and restriction of PB from gasoline.  Other metals (CD, Cu, Zn) also showed 
increasing concentrations with time, but no mid 70s spike, indicating a continued and gradual 
increased input of the metals from the watershed associated with increasing anthropogenic 
activity.  Co and Ni occurred in concentrations consistent with natural sediments.


Department of the Army. (1974). Draft environmental impact statement: Ala Wai Boat Harbor, 
Oahu, Hawaii. Pavific Ocean Division, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu. 
	
Desciption of planned expansion of Ala Wai Harbor by 78 berths and its anticipated impact.  
Limited biological information given.

Giles, M. L. (1975). Wave and current conditions for various modifications of Kewalo Basin, 
Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army Engineering Division, Pacific Ocean, Honolulu. 
	
A 1:75 scale physical model was used to test several palns of improvement proposed to eliminate 
crosscurrents and breaking waves in the channel and undesirable wave action in Kewalo Basin.  
Determined that addition of a wave absorber along the sides of the entrance channel was the 
most effective means of reducing wave heights in the basin.

Glenn, C. R. and G. M. McMurtry (1995). Scientific studies and history of the Ala Wai Canal. and 
artificial tropical estuary in Honolulu. Pac. Sci. 49(4): 307-318. 
	
The Ala Wai Canal is an artificial estuary created in the 1920s to drain coastal wetlands borderin 
the present tourist are of Waikiki.  Today it is polluted and hypereutrophic and receives high 
levels of nutrients that sustains primary production rates rivaling the highest in the world.The 
canal traps sediments from Manoa and Plalolo streams that have formed two large sills that 
restrict seawater exchange.  This restricted flow and high input of organic matter from streams 
has resulted in severe oxygen depletion behind the sills.

Glenn, C. R., S. Rajan, et al. (1995). Geochemistry, minerology and stable isotopic results from 
Ala Wai estuarine sediments: record of hypereutrophication and abiotic  whitings. Pac. 
Sci. 49(4): 367-399. 
	
High abundance of organic carbon and carbonate in Ala Wai sediments indicates biologically 
induced precipitation of carbonate from the water column.  Ths is the first known report of this 
precipitation process (whiting) in an estuarine system, although it has previously  ben described 
in the ocean and in lakes.The canal has undergone episodes of progressive eutrophication at 
least twice since 1935, indicating increasing primary productivity and water stratification through 
time.

Gonzales, F. I. J. (1971). A descriptive study of the physical oceanography of the Ala Wai Canal. 
Hawaii Inst. Geophysics Tech Rep 71-7, Honolulu. 
	
Circulation and the temperature-salinity structure of the Ala Wai Canal were measured  Mar.-Dec. 
1969.  Heavy siltation has altered the original bathymetry of the canal into a channel, sill and 
basin region.  Average silting rate on the sill was 20 cm/yr , renewal of water in the basin was 
infrequent, and anoxic conditions prevailed in the bottom meter of the average 2 m depth.   Water 
had a minimum average residence time below the sill of at least four days.  The Manoa-Palolo 
drainage was the principal source of high bacterial counts in the canal, although bacterial 
pollution from vessels in the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor was also a locally significant source.

HarborsDepartment (1984). Environmental assessment, Kewalo Basin improvements, Honolulu, 
Hawaii. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Description of project to increase berthing capacity of Kewalo Basin from 122 to 191 berths by 
2000. Very little information provided concerning existing environment or anticipated impacts.


Harris, C. L. (1972). Primary production in a small tropical estuary. Hawaii Inst. Geophysics Rep 
75-7, Honolulu. 
	
Measurement of physical parameters, turbidity, particulate matter, chlorophyll and planktonic 
primary production at three stations in the Ala Wai Canal over 13 months in 1970-71 and 
occasionally at one station in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor.  High production rates, high chlorophyll and 
particulate concentrations and turbidity decreased with approach to Yacht Harbor.  Production 
primarily light limited except at Yacht  Harbor.  Percentage of suspended particulate matter that 
was living  increased from 8% near Yacht Harbor to 30% at head of the canal.

Kusao, T. T. I. (1986). Environmental assessment report, Kewalo Basin landside improvements. 
Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Description of land based activities associated with project to increase berthing capacity of 
Kewalo Basin from 122 to 191 berths by 2000.  Virtually no information provided concerning 
existing environment or anticipated impacts.

Laws, E. A., D. Doliente, et al. (1993). Hypereutrophication of the Ala Wai Canal, Oahu, Hawaii: 
prospects for cleanup. Pac. Sci. 47(1): 59-75. 

Gross photosynthetic rates in the Ala Wai are about 5.5 g C /sq. m daily, and increase by a factor 
of three from the mouth to the head of the estuary.  Photosynthesis appears to be limited only by 
light availability and phytoplankton concentrations.  Allocthonous imports of organic carbon 
exceed photosynthetic rates by about 60%.  Respiration consumes about 70% of total carbon 
input, 18% accumulates in sediments and 12% is flushed out the canal's mouth.  Sedimentation 
occurs at about 7-8 cu. m per year and has greatly altered the canal's bathymetry.  
Concentrations of particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen and chlorophyll a are comparable to 
values measured in the early 1970s.  Surface waters are supersaturated with oxygen during the 
day and undersaturated at night, and subsurface waters undergo even greater diurnal fluctuations 
due to poor oxygen exchange with the atmosphere.

Luoma, S. N. (1974). Aspects of the Dynamics of Mercury Cycling in a Small Hawaiian Estuary. 
Ph. D. Thesis, University of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: 
	
Three indicator species, Nereis succinea, Palaemon dibilis (deposit feeders) and Thalamita 
crenata (predator) used to study the environmental dynamics of mercury in the Ala Wai  Canal.  
The deposit feeders concentrated mercury 160-310 times above its concentrations in seawater.  
However, the predator 's muscle tissue concentration of mercury never exceeded 26% of its 
concentration in food, indicating no food chain magnification of mecury at this trophic level.  
Sediments in Ala Wai showed no obvious pattern of temporal vaiation, however there was an 
obvious decrease in total mercury in the two detritus feeders btween the rainy and the dry 
season.

McMurtry, G. M., A. Snidvongs, et al. (1995). Modeling sediment accumulation and soil erosion 
with 137Cs and 210 Pb in the Ala Wai Canal and central Honolulu watershed, Hawai'i. 
Pac. Sci. 49(4): 412-451. 
	
Analyses indicate Ala Wai collects sediment at a mean rate of 3100 tons per year, with about 
80% of the sediment composed of detrital clays and 20% of marine authigenic and biogenous 
phases.  This equates to a physical annual denudation rate for the central O'ahu of six mg per 
cm. sq. , at the low end of previous estimates.  At this rate the average time to fill the canal would 
be 60 years if  little sediment escapes.  The fill time for the central section receiving Manoa-Palolo 
Stream runoff would only be 40 years.

Miller, J. M. (1975). Ecological studies of the biota of the Ala Wai Canal. Hawaii Inst. Mar. 
Biol.Tech. Rep. 32, Honolulu. 
	
A detailed description of the physical chemical parameters of temperature, oxygen, and salinity 
with regard to their horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions in the waters of the Ala Wai 
Canal.  These parameters are in turn used to evaluate the distributions and species compositions 
of various marine organisms of recreation value and their associated food species.

Raine, L. M., B. Z. Siegel, et al. (1995). Mercury accumulation in sediments of the Ala Wai Canal 
and in soils and stream sediments of the central Honolulu watershed. Pac. Sci. 49(4): 
511-525. 
	
Highest Hg concentrations in Ala Wai Canal sediments were at the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor (0.054-
2.81 ug/g) and decreased exponentially to the most distal part of the canal (0.009-0.237ug/g), 
suggesting tidal transport of Hg from the Yacht Harbor into the canal.  Chronological analysis 
showed a Hg peak in sediments in the late 1950s, corresponding to the use of antifouling paints, 
which ended in the 1970s.  A minor Hg spike occurred in 1986 coincident with the lasdt year of 
the intense Pu'u O'o eruption at Kilauea.

Raymond, L. P. (1972). The environmental impacts of proposed construction (Phase I) for the Ala 
Wai Boat harbor. Hawaii State Dep. Transportation, Honolulu. 
	
Analyses of environmental effects of expansion of  Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, measurements of water 
circulation and water quality in the harbor in July-Aug. 1972.  Data presented for temperature-
salinity, water circulation, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, primary productivity, coliform 
concentrations and boat activity.

Resig, J. M., K. Ming, et al. (1995). Foraminiferal ecology, Ala Wai Canal, Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 
49(4): 341-366. 
	
Foraminifera of the Ala Wai Canal are controlled by the canal's shallow location, marine salinity, 
sedimentation form runoff and phytoplankton productivity.  Pollutants may have produced up to 
7% abnormalities in test growth, but high food availability in the back basin have produced the 
highest foram abundances of up to 140 tests per gram of sediment.  Five foram species have 
dominated the assemblage for at least the last 50 years.  These are widespread geographically 
but generally found together in areas with normal to hypersaline conditions.  Maximum numbers 
of species of forams occurred near the Ala Wai entrance and diversity decreased with distance 
into the canal.

Shultz, C. D. (1971). Some chlorinated pesticides in the water, sediment and selected biota in the 
Ala Wai Canal, a tropical estuary on Oahu, Hawaii. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol. Tech. Rep. 28, 
Honolulu. 
	
Measurement of pesticide contamination in the Ala Wai Canal and its accumulation in tissues of 
the the fishes Elops hawaiensis and Chanos chanos.  Average concentrations for both species 
was below FDA limits, although individual fish did exceed these limits.  Major source of 
contamination appeared to the Manor-Palolo Drainage Canal, with Manoa Stream the larger 
contributor.  DDEE, DDD, DDT and dieldrin were the diominant pesticides throughout the Ala 
Wai.

Spencer, K., E. H. De Carlo, et al. (1995). Isotopic clues to sources of natural and anthropogenic 
lead in sediments and soils from O'ahu, Hawai'i. Pac. Sci. 49(4): 492-510. 
	
Sediment cores from the Ala Wai representing 60 years of sedimentation indicate a spike of 
elevated Pb concentrations ranging  during the mid-1970s.  The timing of the Pb concentration 
peak and the simultanoues rise in ZN and Cd, two elements used in tire vulcanization, strongly 
suggest the the primary source of Pb was tetraethyl Pb used in gasoline.  Elevated 
concentrations of Pb continue to deposti in the Ala Wai from Manoa Stream, which has 
uncontaminated sediments at its headwaters, suggesting local anthropogenic souces along the 
stream's watershed, as well as natural souces of  Pb from rock weathering and aerosols.

Walker, J. R. (1973). Surfing assessment, Ala Wai Small Boat Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. James K. K. 
Look Lab. Tech Rep. 7, Honolulu. 
	
Effects of sea wall construction  along shoreline at Ala Wai Yacht Harbor analyzed for impact on 
surfing by  wave refraction and reflection.  Both estimated to be increased by 10% and 
considered to be insignificant impacts.

Wolbrink, D. and Assoc.. (1969). Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii. Hawaii State Dep. 
Transportation, Honolullu. 
	
Plan for expansion and upgrading of Ala Wai harbor for a net increase of 359 slips, to be done by 
construction of one new mole and the extension.


BARBERS POINT DEEP DRAFT HARBOR

AECOS, I. (1986). Water quality monitoring study, Barbers Point Deep-Draft  Harbor, Oahu, 
Hawaii. U. S. Armey Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Honolulu.
	
Bienfang, P. K. and R. E. Brock (1980). Predevelopment reconnaisssance of the water quality 
and macrobiota conditions affronting  West Beach coastline, Oahu, Hawaii. 
Environmental Communications, Inc., Honolulu. 
	
Environment Consultants Inc. (1975). Marine Environmental Assessment, Barbers Point Barge 
Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. U. S. Army  Engineering Division, Pacific Ocean, Honolulu. 

	Description and assessment of impact of the Barber's Point Barge Harbor on the 
nearshore marine environment prior to construction of the Deep Draft Harbor.  Two stations taken 
inside the harbor provide the only description of biota inside the harbor prior to the present study.

Mink & Yuen, I. (1993). Hydrogeological impacts, proposed expansion of the Barbers Point 
Harbor. Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Honolulu.
	
M_&_E_Pacific (1978). Revised environmental impact statement for the Barbers Point Deep-Draft 
Harbor on Oahu. Hawaii Department of Transportation, Honolulu. 

	Final EIS for proposed expansion of Barbers Point Barge Harbor to Deep Draft Harbor 
involving removal of 10.6 million cu. yd. for 92 acre landlocked basin 45 feet deep, connected 
with ocean by entrance channel 4280 feet long by 450 feet wide.  Three fish reported present in 
barge harbor (Pomacentrus jenkinsi, Thallosoma duperryi  and Stethojulis balteata)

OI_Consultants (1987). Baseline suvey of water qulity and benthic resources in the nearshore 
marine environment off West Beach, Oahui. West Beach Estates, Honolulu. 
	
OI_Consultants (1990). Post-Construction survey of nearshore marine water quality at  West 
Beach, Oahu, Part I. West Beach Estates, Honolulu. 
	
Parsons, B., Quade & Douglas (1995). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. 
Hawaii Department of Transportation, Honolulu. 

Environmental impacts of basin and tug pier expansion, future pier and storage yard 
improvements at Barbers Point Harbor.

U. S Army Corps of Engineers (1976). Barbers Point Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii: Final Environmental 
Statement. Hawaii Department  of Transportation, Honolulu. 

Plans and potential impacts of construction of Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor.

U. S Army Corps of Engineers (1991). Barbers Point Harbor modification study, island of Oahu, 
Hawaii. Hawaii Department  of Transportation, Honolulu. 

Description and justification of expansion of Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor.


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