A. Station Locations and Descriptions

Locations of station sampled are shown in Figures 10-12, and details for sampling dates and coordinates in 
Latitude-Longitude (WGS84 Datum) are given in Table 1.

Station 1. (Latitude 21? 18 13.6N, Longitude 157? 51 49.8W)
Concrete pier walls and pilings and basin bottom along Pier 3, Ala Moana Boulevard and Pier 4 used as a 
landing for Coast Guard shuttle boats.  Walls and pilings support abundant red algae Galaxaura acuminata, 
a few corals and some bryozoans, primarily Schizoporella sp. A.  The bottom depth along the walls is about 
3 m, deepening in the center of the basin to 10 m (33 ft) maximum, with numerous trash such as tires, pipes 
sheet plastic and bottles along the piers.  Going deeper, the bottom is coarse white sand, coral rubble and 
pebbles, with some hard coral substratum from the middle to the end of Pier 4.

Station 2. (Latitude 21? 18 18.1N, Longitude 157? 51 52.4W)
This area is a rectangular basin about 40 m (132 ft) x 100 m (330 ft) between Piers 5 and 6, which receives 
the thermal discharge from the Hawaiian Electric Honolulu Generating Station.  The perimeters of the 
basin are concrete walls about 3 m deep constructed on top of fringing reef that has been dredged to about 
10 m (33 ft) depth.  The wall along Pier 5 that is directly in the path of the thermal discharge has abundant 
oysters and limpets, and many fish were observed in the discharge plume which increases turbidity in this 
part of the discharge basin.  Reef corals are very abundant along the Ala Moana Boulevard wall, where 
occurs a large colony of Pocillopora eydouxi with a diameter of ca. 1 m, the largest of this species that has 
been reported in Hawaii.  The west side of the basin is a dock which juts out from Pier 6 and is supported 
by concrete pilings, and addition hard surface is formed by two concrete abutments in the middle of the 
basin which formerly support a parking lot road.  These abutments formerly supported an abundant growth 
(Thomas 1979) of the introduced octocoral Carijoa (=Telesto) riisei, but only a few colonies were found at 
the time of our survey.  The bottom of the basin is primarily soft silt and fine sand ranging down to 10 m 
(33 ft) except along the sides in depths of 4-6 m (13-20 ft) where pieces of coral rubble range up to boulder 
size.

Station 3. (Latitude 21? 18 21.6N, Longitude 157? 51 53.9W)
This basin is the location of the intake for the Hawaiian Electric power station cooling water along
 the Ala Moana Boulevard wall, where a concrete wall extends to 2.5 m (8 ft) depth to the top of the 
dredged reef.  Reef corals are abundant along this wall, similar to the Ala Moana side of Station 2. The east 
side of the basin at Pier 7 and the west side at Pier 8 are wooden piers supported by concrete pilings which 
were been constructed with the development of the Hawaii Maritime Center Museum and the Aloha 
Tower Market Place within the last ten years.  Pier 7, which is also the mooring place for the museum ship 
Falls of Clyde, was formerly a parking lot with concrete walls that supported abundant corals (McCain and 
Coles 1973; McCain et al 1975), but corals are now scare because of the decks shading of the pier walls.  
The pillars now have an abundant fouling community of suspension feeders.  Also, the iron hull of the 
Falls of Clyde, which is moored at Pier 7, provides additional surface for benthic organisms and was the 
only location in Honolulu Harbor where the pearl oyster Pinctada margaretifera was found.  The depth of 
the basin away from the walls is about 10 m (33 ft) and is composed of loose fine silt with intermittent 
coral rubble and a fine coating of algae.

Station 4. (Latitude 21? 18 32.9N, Longitude 157? 51 52.2W)
This site is the basin located between Pier 11 and the former Pier 12, which was the location of 
the first pier that was made in Honolulu Harbor in 1825 by sinking a ships hull at the foot of 
Nuuanu Avenue and building a dock around the hull (Rush 1957).  When the Honolulu Fort was 
torn down in 1857 and its materials were used in filling the nearshore reef and subtidal area 
which make up the present Aloha Tower area, formerly known as the Esplanade (Anon. 1936; 
Judd 1975).  Pier 12 was built in 1907 (Wilson, Okamoto & Assoc. 1968) and is no longer 
present, but a small area used for docking small boats exists at the former Pier 12 site.  The 
perimeter of this area is made of cut coral blocks, stated in Oceanit (1990) to be taken from the 
Honolulu Fort, but this is unverified.  The blocks extend down to about 6 m (20 ft) depth in a 
mixed silt-rubble bottom which has abundant trash such as wire, old appliances and fishing lines.  
Despite generally poor water clarity in this area, live reef corals are abundant along the pier, 
especially Porites lobata and Montipora capitata (=verrucosa) at the edge of the dredged reef.  
The zoanthid Zoanthus pacificus  and the coral Pocillopora damicornis  are also abundant on the 
coral blocks right up to the pilings which support Nimitz Highway.  These pilings stand in front 
storm drainage culverts and have a rich coverage of oysters, bryozoans, hydrozoans and a few 
corals.  The Pier 11 side of the basin is a pier that extends about 10 m (33 ft) from the shore and 
is supported by concrete pilings that have an abundant fouling community.  Depth in the basin 
ranges up to 10 m (33 ft), with a bottom of soft muddy sediments and abundant trash.

Station 5. (Latitude 21? 18 38.9N, Longitude 157? 51 54.4W)
Located along Pier 14, this site is one of the two closest to the mouth of Nuuanu Stream and its freshwater 
runoff.  The pier extends 10 m  (33 ft) from the shore and is supported on pilings that have an abundant 
coverage of fouling organisms such as fanworms, tunicates and the coral Montipora capitata (=verrucosa).  
The depth along the pier is 8 m (26 ft), with a bottom of fine muddy sediments

Station 6. (Latitude 21? 18 38.2N, Longitude 157? 52 2.2W)
This site is at Pier 20, which is the docking area for numerous harbor and interisland tugs, and is just 
outside of the mooring areas for commercial fishing vessels at Piers 16-18.  It is also the area most directly 
exposed to runoff from Nuuanu Stream which discharges into the harbor about 91 m (300 ft) northeast of 
the site.  The dock is supported by concrete piers extending up to 10 m (33 ft) out from the shoreline in 
dredged coral substratum, and depths along the shore and outside the dock range 2-10.5 m (6.6-35 ft).  
Fouling is abundant on the dock pilings and the fine sediments are composed mostly of terrigenous 
material.


Station 7. (Latitude 21? 18 33.2N, Longitude 157? 52 10.6W)
This station lies at the end of Pier 27, which is the approximate location of the northwest edge of the 
original Honolulu Harbor that existed before the Honolulu Basin was enlarged and the Kapalama Channel 
dredged in the early part of this century.  All characteristics of this site are otherwise similar to those at 
Station 6.

Station 8. (Latitude 21? 18 39.4N, Longitude 157? 52 24.3W)
This site lies between Piers 29 and 30 along the Kapalama channel, and it represents a relatively natural 
environment compared to other areas this far into the harbor.  Although the area was formed from dredging 
the channel through a former reef flat, it has the appearance of reef slope outside of a narrow fringing reef 
which extends about 5 m (16.5 ft) from the shoreline.  Although this 1-2 m flat area is quite barren, the 
slope outside the reef has a variety of coral species with moderate coverage and numerous fishes, which are 
probably attracted to the rugose habitat provided by the numerous small holes and ledges on the slope. The 
reef extends to nearly 10 m (33 ft) depth where the bottom levels off to a fine silt substratum.  Just 
southeast of this site at Pier 29, the concrete pilings of the pier and the reef substratum below have heavy 
fouling and abundant sponges with a heavy coating of silt.

Station 9. (Latitude 21? 19 0.4N, Longitude 157? 52 37.2W)
This site is in the most interior section of the harbor at Pier 36, across from the mooring area where the 
Clean Island Council docks its vessels used for rapid oil spill response.  Pier 39 itself is used for docking 
large fishing boats.  The area is at the end of a basin that has been dredged from fossil reef and is quite 
isolated from the more open parts of the harbor, suggesting relatively stagnant conditions.  The pier 
supports of concrete pilings extend to 8.5 m (28 ft) depth along Pier 39 to a shallow area at the head of the 
basin about 1 m 3.3 ft) deep.  The pilings are heavily fouled with suspension feeders, while the algae 
Acanthophora spicifera and Galaxaura acuminata are abundant in the shallows.  A school of tilapia 
(Oreochromis mossambicus) was observed along the Nimitz Highway end of the basin, the only place this 
fish was observed to be abundant in the harbor.

Station 10. (Latitude 21? 19 0.5N, Longitude 157? 52 50.4W)
Located at the end of Pier 39, where the pier is a grooved concrete wall extending down 9 m (30 ft) to a 
deep soft silt bottom.  Fouling on the pier wall was relatively sparse, and surfaces were heavily sedimented, 
probably from runoff from Kapalama Canal, which reaches the harbor at the head of this basin about 400 m 
(1320 ft) landward of this site.  The bottom depth is about 9.5 m (31 ft) with a substratum of fine muddy 
silt.

Station 11. (Latitude 21? 19 2.4N, Longitude 157? 52 57.7W)
Sampling for this station was done from the surface of the main dry-dock operating in Honolulu Harbor, 
located at the end of Pier 41.  The dry-dock is on jack-up legs standing in 11 m (36 ft) of water on a fine 
sediment bottom.  The dry-dock is heavily fouled with tunicates and hydrozoans.


Station 12. (Latitude 21? 18 55.5N, Longitude 157? 53 12.3W)
This site is just outside of the Snug Harbor mooring area for ships operated by the University of Hawaii. 
The water at the site is shallow, ranging 2-5 m (6.6-16.5) and the shoreline has a row of wooden piers that 
are the main hard surface at the site.  The sediment has a greater component of calcareous material than 
occurs further into the harbor, but biotic coverage on the available surface is relatively sparse.

Station 13. (Latitude 21? 18 24.7N, Longitude 157? 52 19.5W)
Located at the east end of the Coast Guard Station Docking area.  Concrete pilings extend to 9.5 m (31 ft) 
depth in a turbid area with numerous coils of cable, tires, rope and other trash next to the dock.  Fouling 
was moderate, with virtually no corals and few fish present.

Station 14. (Latitude 21? 18 8.0N, Longitude 157? 52 9.4W)
Located at the border of Anuenue Fisheries Center and Sand Island Park near the beginning of the harbor 
entrance channel.  Substratum is a steep slope dredge from the reef and small boulders from 1-2 m (3.3-6.6 
ft) to the fine sediment harbor bottom at 9 m depth.  Corals and associated invertebrates were moderately 
abundant and a variety of fish species were present.

Station 15. (Latitude 21? 18 50.7N, Longitude 157? 53 9.5W)
Located west of the Sea Land Pier and adjacent to the entrance of the Kalihi entrance channel.  Substratum 
is a rock seawall made of large basalt boulders on top of the reef, which has been dredged to 11 m (36 ft) 
depth.  Boulder and trash are abundant on the silt bottom.  Corals were common and reef fish were 
abundant.

Station 16. (Latitude 21? 17 58.6N, Longitude 157? 54 2.2W)
This site is the most exposed to open ocean conditions of any in the study, being located on a reef along the 
west side of the Kalihi Channel, approximately 1.75 km the entrance, in 2-3 m (6.6-10 ft) depth.  The 
substratum is consolidated reef with numerous sand channels and large pieces of the iron hull of a wrecked 
boat or barge.  Abundant filamentous algae and macroalgae dominate the benthos.

Station 17. (Latitude 21? 18 42.2N, Longitude 157? 55 9.3W)
The site is the docking area for the Department of Transportation Fire Rescue boat hanger located at the 
Reef Runway end of the seaplane runway that runs along Lagoon Drive.  This dock was constructed as part 
of the completion of the Reef Runway in 1972-1975 and therefore can be utilized as a dated surface no 
more than 25 years old.  The sites surfaces are concrete pilings in 3 m (10 ft) of water which have an 
abundant fouling community, and the bottom substratum is primarily medium to fine grained calcareous 
sediments.

Station 18. (Latitude 21? 19 11.0N, Longitude 157? 53 39.8W)
Keehi Lagoon Marina floating docks located midway between Honolulu Harbors Kalihi Channel and 
mouths of Kalihi and Moanalua Streams.  The dock surfaces are very heavily fouled and are anchored in 3 
m (10 ft) of turbid water over a muddy sediment bottom.

Station 19. (Latitude 21? 19 5.2N, Longitude 157? 54 26.8W)
Located midway along the reef side of the Lagoon Drive seaplane runway, the site was an iron barge hull 
stranded on the reef edge.  The barge has since been removed.  Depth on the runway side of the barge was 
4.5 m (15 ft) and decreased to 1 m (3.3 ft) on the reef side of the barge.  The hull had only moderate fouling 
with a heavy sediment coating, and the bottom substratum was fine sand to silt.

Station 20. (Latitude 21? 19 54.6N, Longitude 157? 53 35.2W)
The site was at the mouth of Moanalua Stream where abundant red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) roots 
provide the only solid substratum in the muddy bottom.  Samples were taken from the roots at 0-0.5 m (0-
1.7 ft) depth.

Station 21. (Latitude 21? 17 36.4N, Longitude 157? 51 30.1W)
Located in Kewalo Basin, along Honolulu Marine Dock on north side of the basin just inside the entrance.  
Along with vessel repair activities conducted by Honolulu Marine this area is used for docking tourist 
ferries that conduct daily tours of Waikiki, Honolulu Harbor and Pearl Harbor.  Depths along the dock 
range down to 6 m, and the fouling community on hard surfaces is dominated by macroalgae.  The fine 
sand bottom has a great deal of litter and trash, especially old tires.

Station 22. (Latitude 21? 17 29.5N, Longitude 157? 51 56.9W)
This is the docking area for small boats at the southwest corner of Kewalo Basin, across the road from the 
offices and training pools of the Hawaii Marine Mammal Center.  The area is shallow, ranging down to 
only 3 m (20 ft), and both the hard surfaces on the docks and the sandy bottom are dominated by a heavy 
growth of the algal-like bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum.

Station 23. (Latitude 21? 17 38.9N, Longitude 157? 51 26.6W)
Docking area for large fishing boats along Fishermans Wharf at the northwest corner of Kewalo basin.  
The docks extend about 10 m (33 ft) from the share on cement piers that extend down to a maximum of 4 
m (13 ft) over a mixed sand/silt/shell bottom.  The area can receive storm water runoff from drainage 
culverts located along Ala Moana Boulevard, which runs along the north side of Kewalo Basin. 

Station 24. (Latitude 21? 17 34.7N, Longitude 157? 51 19.5W)
Small boat docks near site of former McWaynes Marine Center at the northeast corner of Kewalo Basin.  
Sampling site was a concrete wall along the shoreline extending down to 3 m (10 ft) and a fine sand-shell 
bottom.

Station 25. (Latitude 21? 17 15.6N, Longitude 157? 50 26.8W)
Ala Wai Canal Bridge where the canal empties into the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor.  Samples were taken only 
from the concrete base of the a bridge abutment in the intertidal zone at 0-0.5 m (0-1.7 ft) depth

Station 26. (Latitude 21? 17 16.3N, Longitude 157? 50 30.8W)
Located along the wall in front of the Waikiki Yacht Club on the northwest side of the Ala Wai Yacht 
Harbor and by on adjacent cement pilings and floating docks.  Depth is shallow, maximum 2 m (6.6 ft) 
over a muddy, soft silt bottom.

Station 27. (Latitude 21? 17 6.5N, Longitude 157? 50 26.8W)
Floating docks in Ala Wai Yacht Harbors most shoreward  channel, in front of end of Hobron Lane.  
Depth was 3.5 m (12 ft) over a muddy bottom with abundant trash, water was very turbid with a surface oil 
sheen.

Station 28. (Latitude 21? 17 5.6N, Longitude 157? 50 36.8W)
Along the Texaco fueling area at the end of the most seaward dock in the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor, adjacent 
to the harbor entrance.  Substratum was cement pilings, floating docks and walls along the front of the 
fueling area.  The fine sand bottom is up to 6 m (20 ft) deep along the sloping coral rubble side of the basin.

Station 29. (Latitude 21? 16 58.2N, Longitude 157? 50 7.4W)
Southeast interior of the Ala Wai Yacht Harbor adjacent to the Hilton Lagoon, which discharges effluent 
circulated from the lagoon to this site.  Depth ranges down to 4 m (13 ft) to a bottom of coarse shells in fine 
sand.

Station 30. (Latitude 21? 19 18.5N, Longitude 158? 7 11.2W)
Located at the principal cargo area along the south side of the Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor, which 
presently is used primarily for unloading coal transported by a conveyor belt from docked bulk carriers.  
Concrete pilings, many almost completely covered with the nonindgenous bryozoan Amathia distans, stand 
along the dock front in about 10 m (33 ft) depth over a silt-mud bottom.

Station 31. (Latitude 21? 19 18.9N, Longitude 158? 7 14.9W)
This site is a floating dry-dock, which is moored about 10 from the shore on the west side of Barbers Point 
Deep Draft Harbor in 11.5 (38 ft) m water.  All fouling samples were taken from the dry-docks hull, which 
was in approximately 9.5 m (31 ft) deep along the ships bottom.

Station 32. (Latitude 21? 19 19.8N, Longitude 157? 7 16.7W)
Barge Pier along south side of the Barbers Point Deep Draft Harbor channel, near the entrance.  The hard 
substratum was a concrete wall extending to 7 m (23 ft) depth on a mixed pebble-sand bottom with 
abundant twisted metal and wrecked car debris along the wall.


