Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Dr. Franklyn Tan Te
        Department of Zoology
        University of Hawaii at Manoa

      Originator:
        Dr. Paul Jokiel
        Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Originator:
        Dr. Evelyn F. Cox
        Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Publication_Date: Unknown
      Title:
        Sediment Processes on the Coral Reefs of
        Kahoolawe: A Rapid Field Assessment in 1993
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: None
        Issue_Identification: None
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: unpublished material
        Publisher: unpublished material
  Description:
    Abstract:
      The nearshore coral ecosystems of Kahoolawe were rapidly assessed
      in 1993.  Surveys were made of the coral coverage, fish
      communities, and sediment types from 19 locations.  This
      data has been published in a technical report (Jokiel et. al,
      1995) and a PhD Dissertation (Te, 2000)
    Purpose:
      Assess the status of the coral ecosystems and the
      extent to which anthropogenic factors such
      as soil runoff has affected the marine environment.
    Supplemental_Information:
      NOAASupplemental:
      Entry_ID: Unknown
      Sensor_Name: SCUBA, visual census
      Sensor_Name: PVC core samplers
      Sensor_Name: USA Standard Testing Sieve: A.S.T.M.E.-11 specifications with opening diameters of 500 um and 63 um)
      Project_Campaign: NOAA Cooperative Agreement # NA 270M0327
      Originating_Center: Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Storage_Medium: MS Word and ASCII
      Online_size: 1550 Kbytes
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19930322
        Beginning_Time: 0800
        Ending_Date: 19930529
        Ending_Time: 1500
    Currentness_Reference: ground conditions
  Status:
    Progress: complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: no updates planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.71
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.53
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.60
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.51
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: benthic
      Theme_Keyword: sediment
      Theme_Keyword: coral
      Theme_Keyword: coral reef ecosystem
      Theme_Keyword: fish
      Theme_Keyword: grain size of sediments
      Theme_Keyword: mineralogy of sediments
      Theme_Keyword: coral coverage
      Theme_Keyword: coral diversity
      Theme_Keyword: mean diameter of coral colonies
      Theme_Keyword: number of coral species
      Theme_Keyword: fish diversity
      Theme_Keyword: species richness
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: North Pacific
      Place_Keyword: Hawaii
      Place_Keyword: Kahoolawe
      Place_Keyword: Kamo'hio (west side)
      Place_Keyword: Wai Kahalulu (east)
      Place_Keyword: Wai Kahalulu (west)
      Place_Keyword: Keoneuli (Beck Cove)
      Place_Keyword: Papakanui
      Place_Keyword: Hakioawa (south)
      Place_Keyword: Ku'heia (west)
      Place_Keyword: Hana Kanaia (Smuggler's Cove)
      Place_Keyword: Twin Sands (east)
      Place_Keyword: Maka'alae
      Place_Keyword: Ahupu (east)
      Place_Keyword: O awa palua
      Place_Keyword: Sailor's Hat
      Place_Keyword: Honokoa (east)
      Place_Keyword: Kaukamoku (east)
      Place_Keyword: Kaukamoku (into beach)
      Place_Keyword: Ahupu
      Place_Keyword: east of Wa'aiki
      Place_Keyword: Papakaiki
      Place_Keyword: Black Rock
      Place_Keyword: Lae Paki (east)
      Place_Keyword: North Kanapou
      Place_Keyword: Lae o Halona
      Place_Keyword: O awa wahie
    Stratum:
      Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Stratum_Keyword: benthic
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: dataset credit required
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Dr. Evelyn Cox
        Contact_Organization: Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Contact_Position: Data manager and researcher
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: PO Box 1346
        City: Kaneohe
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96744
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-236-7440
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fcox@hawaii.edu
  Data_Set_Credit:
    NOAA Cooperative agreement # NA 270M0327
    Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology
    Department of Zoology
    University of Hawaii
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: MS Word
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: see methodology
  Completeness_Report: none
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Sediment Sample collection and preparation Bulk Samples.
        Sediments were collected at 19 sites around the island at the same sites
        where coral community composition was measured.   When possible, sediment
        samples were collected from two depths (3m and 10m).  A hand-held plastic
        scoop was used to collect samples in areas along the transect lines that
        had sediment accumulation. These transect lines were also used in the fish
        and coral surveys (Cox et al., 1993).   About four scoops (roughly 40-100
        grams) of unconsolidated surface sediment were taken at each station and
        placed into plastic bags  (Whirlpak brand).   These plastic bags were
        then sealed and stored in wet condition for later analysis by wet sieving
        (McManus, 1988).

        Core Samples.
        Core samples were taken from 5 randomly chosen sites along the northern
        coastline of Kahoolawe.  Observations from the first site visit in March 1993,
        suggested that the northern coast was heavily sedimented and an in-depth
        investigation of sediment loads impacting these areas was undertaken.
        Core samples were obtained in replicates of two at 50 m intervals, starting
        at the water line on the beach and moving seaward through the central part
        of each bay.  Polyvinylchloride  (PVC) pipes of 18 mm in diameter and 300 mm
        length were used as sampling devices at each station.  The PVC core samplers
        were manually pushed into the sediment and both ends capped tightly in the
        water before being brought up to the surface.   All the core samples were
        kept frozen prior to analysis.

        A modified core extraction method was used due to the small diameter
        of the cores (18 mm).  Briefly, the core samples were allowed to thaw
        and then extracted from the PVC samplers by opening the lower end cap
        first and then slowly opening the top cap.  The sediment cores came out
        slowly from the tubes after the top cap was removed.  In a few cases when
        the cores were too sticky, a small glass-tip plunger was used to slowly
        push air through the PVC sampler and extrude the remaining sediment core.
        The length of the extracted cores was then measured, and the number and
        size of layers per core were noted.  The type, texture and the color of
        each layer per core were also noted.

        Sample analysis Size Fraction Determination
        Sediment samples were wet sieved through standard brass sieves (USA
        Standard Testing Sieve: A.S.T.M.E.-11 specifications with opening
        diameters of 500 um and 63 um) and categorized into 3 size
        fractions: silt (<63\264m), fine sand (>63 um but <500 um) and coarse
        sand (>500 um).  The wet samples were individually shaken and manually
        mixed while still in the plastic bags.  The homogeneous mixture was then
        sub sampled (range 30-60 grams) for sieving.   The sub samples were washed
        through the 500-um sieve into the 63 um sieve with filtered fresh water.
        Washings were done with a hand-held wash bottle and all the washings through
        the 63-um sieve were collected onto a brass pan.  The sediment fraction
        remaining on each sieve was then washed through pre-weighed filter paper
        (Whatman # 114) and air-dried for about a week.   These filtered samples were
        then weighed and the total weight of the sample per station from each
        transect site was determined.  The percent by weight of each fraction was
        then determined by calculating the ratio of the different size fractions to
        the total sample weight (McManus, 1988).

        Size fraction determinations were also performed on the core samples.
        Cores with noticeable stratigraphic layers were cross-sectioned at
        the demarcation point and sub samples from each layer (ranging from
        20-50 grams) were taken for wet sieving.

        Chemical Composition Determination
        Mineral composition of the sediment samples was determined by X-ray
        diffraction analysis (XRD) as described by Hardy and Tucker  (1988).
        The analysis was performed by Mr. Clark Sherman of the University of
        Hawaii's School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology  (SOEST).  Samples
        were ground up using a mortar and pestle and the powdered sediment was
        then placed on smear slides.  These slides were then loaded into an
        automatic sample loader and fed to the Scintag Pad V X-ray diffractometer
        connected to a solid-state Germanium  (Ge) detector tuned to Copper (Cu)
        K  radiation.  Two runs per sample were performed.  First, a general scan
        was done to determine the overall mineralogy of the sediments. This run
        was performed with the machine set at a range of 2 deg 2f to 70 deg 2f with
        a rate of 5 deg 2f per minute.  The second run was performed at a much
        narrower range of 22 deg 2f to 32 deg 2f with a rate of 1 deg 2f
        per minute to quantitatively determine the carbonate mineralogy of the
        sediments.  Aragonites to calcite ratios were determined using the methods of
        Sabine (1991) and the mole % Magnesium  (Mg) content of the calcite fraction
        was determined using the procedures established by Bischoff et al. (1983).
        The possible sources of calcite in each sample can be ascertained based on
        the mole % Mg content of the calcite fraction.   Specifically, the mole % Mg
        is the amount of Mg atoms substituting the calcium (Ca) atoms at the Ca
        binding sites in the crystal structure of CaCO3.  Calcareous organisms have
        distinctive ratios of Mg to Ca substitutions in the calcite produced.
        Representative groups of organisms and their respective mole % Mg content
        were based on Table 5.2 of Morse and Mackenzie (1990).
        A subset of the total sediment samples collected from Kahoolawe was analyzed
        by x-ray diffraction.   These samples were selected from sites that best
        represented the different and unique regions along the coast.

        Coral Reef Sampling Methods
        At each site, visual inspections of the entire area by skin diving
        were first conducted.  Stations for quantitative surveys were selected
        as areas with typical coral reef structure.  Most sites included two
        stations, one at 10 m and one at 3 m depth.  Coral cover was estimated
        in 5 contiguous 1 m2 quadrats haphazardly taken along a 25 m transect
        line at 3m and 10 m isobaths at each site (Jokiel and Maragos, 1978;
        Maragos and Jokiel, 1986; Jokiel and Tyler, 1992).  One observer recorded
        visual estimates of percent cover of each species within the quadrat
        and notations of additional species observed outside of the sampled
        area were recorded.  Species identifications were based on Maragos (1977).
        Visual estimates are more reproducible and more accurate than random-point
        sampling for this type of rapid assessment work (Dethier et al., 1993).
        At several stations (Honokoa, Kaukamoku, Papakaiki, and Waaiki), data
        on the size distribution of small colonies located on vertical faces at
        the base of the reef structure were collected.  At some sites, colony size
        was directly measured in bands 1 m by 0.5 m up from the bottom of the
        reef.  At other sites, photographs of the quadrat frame were taken and
        subsequently analyzed.  Colony sizes were estimated using the 10 cm grid
        of the quadrat frame for scale.
        An index of relative water motion and potential for impacts from
        major storm conditions was developed using summarized data on typical
        current patterns, wind speed records and wave patterns (Environmental
        Impact Study Corp., 1979; University of Hawaii, Geography Department, 1983).

        Data Analysis
        Coral community diversity was calculated using the modified (Loya, 1972)
        Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H?c = - ? pi ln pi) of the mean percent
        cover each species on the transect lines.  Similarity of communities from
        the 33 sites sampled was assessed using a modified Sorensen Similarity index,
        after transformation of the data (angular transformation of percent data
        and square root transformation of average counts):
        Iab = ? 2Ma (Ma + Mb)-1;
        where Iab is the index for two sites (a and b) for each species
        (i = 1, 2, ...S); Ma is the lower cover or density for the ith species
        in the two site pair and Mb is the higher cover or density for that species.
        Cluster analysis was performed on the resulting matrix of similarity
        values using SAS procedures (SAS 1988).
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        Bischoff, W.D., F. Bishop, and F.T. Mackenzie. 1983. Biogenically produced
        magnesium  calcite in homogeneities in chemical and physical properties:
        Comparison with synthetic  phases.  Am. Mineral. 68: 1183-1188.

        Cox, E.F., Jokiel, P.L. Te, F.T. and Stanton, F. 1993. Coral reefs of
        Kahoolawe, Hawaii I: Community structure of corals and reef fish.
        Final Report for the Cooperative agreement # NA 270M0327.

        Dethier, M. N., E. S. Graham, S. Cohen, and L. M. Tear.  1993.  Visual
        versus random-point percent cover estimations: 'objective' is not
        always better.  Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 96:93-100.

        Jokiel, P.L.; Maragos, J.E. and Franzisket, L. 1978. Coral growth:
        buoyant weight technique. In: Stoddart, D.R. and Johannes, R.E.
        (eds.) Coral reefs: Research methods. UNESCO Monographs on
        Oceanographic Methodology. pp. 529-542.

        Jokiel, P. L. and W. A. Tyler III.  1992.  Distribution of stony corals
        in Johnston Atoll lagoon.  Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2:683-692.

        Loya, Y.  1972.  Community structure and species diversity of hermatypic
        corals at Eilat, Red Sea.  Mar.  Biol. 13:100-123.

        Maragos, J. E. and P. L. Jokiel.  1986.  Reef corals of Johnston Atoll:
        one of the world's most isolated reefs.  Coral Reefs 4:141-150.

        Maragos, J. E.  1977.  Order Scleractinia.  In: D. M. Devaney and L. G.
        Eldredge.  Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section I: Protozoa through
        Ctenophora.  B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 64.  Bishop
        Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii.

        McManus, J. 1988. Grain size determination  and  interpretation.
        pp.  63-85. IN M. Tucker  ed., Techniques  in  Sedimentology.
        Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, England.

        Morse, J.W. and F.T. Mackenzie. 1990. Geochemistry of Sedimentary
        Carbonates. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam,
        Netherlands. 707 pages.

        Sabine, C.L.  1991.  Geochemistry  of  particulate  and  dissolved
        inorganic carbon in the central north Pacific. Ph.D.  dissertation.
        Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.249 pages

        SAS Institute Inc.  1988.  SAS/STAT Users Guide.  Release 6.03 edition.
        SAS Institute, Cary, NC.  Sato, M. 1985. Mortality and Growth of
        Juvenile Coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus). Coral Reefs 4: 27-33.

        Te, F.T., 2000. Responses of Hawaiian Scleractinian corals to different
        levels of terrestrial and carbonate sediment. Ph.D.  dissertation.
        Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.
      Process_Date: unknown
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Dr. Evelyn Cox
            Contact_Organization: Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing
            Address: PO Box 1346
            City: Kaneohe
            State_or_Province: Hawaii
            Postal_Code: 96744
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-236-7440
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: fcox@hawaii.edu
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Files provided as MS WORD documents from references,
      see above : 1) Te, F.T ,2000 and 2) Cox et. al., 1995.

      Redundant copies of the MS WORD tables were placed
      in directory data/txt.  Below, only the root name
      without the extention is given.

      List of files     Contents
      Table1_2          Sites visited on Kahoolawe during 1993.  Data collected
      include quantitative coral (C) and fish (F) transects, bulk
      sediment samples from transects (B), beach profiles (P),
      and core sediment samples from transects perpendicular
      to the beach (S).
      Table2_1          Grain size distribution of sediment samples from Kahoolawe.
      Sediment fractions are categorized as silt (< 63 um);
      fine sand (>63 um but < 500 um) and coarse sand (> 500 um).
      NA indicates no data
      Table2_2          Grain size analysis of core samples from Kahoolawe. Size
      fractions are categorized as silt (< 63 um); fine sand
      (> 63 um but < 500 um) and coarse sand (> 500 um). Numbers
      after site name indicate area of sampling with 1 nearest
      beach and 5 farthest away. Letters indicate two layers
      (subsurface and surface) of cores.
      Table2_3          Mineralogy of Kahoolawe sediments using X-ray diffraction. X
      indicates presence while (*) indicates trace amounts.
      Table2_4          Possible sources of calcite found in Kahoolawe sediments
      using X-ray diffraction analysis based on  mole % Mg content.
      Table2_5          Coral coverage (% of substratum), diversity, and number of
      species and fish diversity and species richness.
      Table2_7          Mean diameter of coral colonies at the bottom of reef
      structures at Honokoa, Kaukamoku, Papakaiki and Wa'aiki
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
      Cox, E.F., Jokiel, P.L. Te, F.T. and Stanton, F. 1993. Coral reefs of
      Kahoolawe, Hawaii I: Community structure of corals and reef fish.
      Final Report for the Cooperative agreement # NA 270M0327.

      Te, F.T., 2000. Responses of Hawaiian Scleractinian corals to different
      levels of terrestrial and carbonate sediment. Ph.D.  dissertation.
      Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
        City: Stennis Space Center
        State_or_Province: MS
        Postal_Code: 39529
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
  Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030122
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
      Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
        Address: Dept. of Oceanography
        Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
      Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
      Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
