Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: Dr. Cynthia Hunter, Waikiki Aquarium, principle investigator
      Originator: Ms. Jennifer E. Smith, University of Hawaii
      Originator: Dr. Isabella Abbott, Botany Dept., Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Dr. Celia Smith, Botany Dept., Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Dr. Ernst Reese, Zoology Dept., Univ. of Hawaii

      Originator: Dr. John  Stimson, Zoology Dept., Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Dr. Clifford Morden, Zoology Dept., Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Mr. Ryan Okano, graduate student, Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Randall Kosaki, graduate student, Univ. of Hawaii
      Originator: Eric Conklin, graduate student, Univ. of Hawaii
      Publication_Date: unknown
      Title:
        2000 Hawaii State-wide and 2000-2002 Kaneohe Bay, Oahu
        Marine Alien and/or Invasive Algae Species Surveys
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: None
        Issue_Identification: None
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: unpublished material
        Publisher: unpublished material
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Baseline surveys were conducted at numerous sites around each island,
      including those identified as "hotspots" by the Department of Aquatic
      Resources, around the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu and Kauai.
      A total of 72 sites with 13 in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu alone.
      Alien and/or invasive algal abundance were ranked on a scale of 0 to 10
      (0=0% cover, 10=100% cover) and includes habitat type (e.g.. sand,
      lava bench, coral, rock, artificial substrate) and pertinent environmental
      correlates (e.g. depth, proximity to shore) at each site where invasive
      species are encountered. Sites where alien species presence have been
      documented in the past were resurveyed.
    Purpose:
      Document the present distribution and relative abundance of alien
      and/or invasive algae throughout the main Hawaiian Islands, within
      and outside of fisheries management areas, including Fish
      Replenishment Areas (FRAs).
    Supplemental_Information:
      NOAASupplemental:
      Entry_ID: Unknown
      Sensor_Name: SCUBA, collection bags, refractometer, thermometer
      Project_Campaign: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative
      Originating_Center: Botany Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa
      Storage_Medium: MS Excel and CSV ASCII
      Online_size: 423 Kbytes
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 20000204
        Beginning_Time: 0800
        Ending_Date: 20020124
        Ending_Time: 1700
    Currentness_Reference: Ground conditions
  Status:
    Progress: complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: unconfirmed
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -159.75
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -154.82
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 22.22
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 19.50
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: algal abundance
      Theme_Keyword: invasive algal species
      Theme_Keyword: alien algal species
      Theme_Keyword: habitat type
      Theme_Keyword: coastal studies
      Theme_Keyword: coral reef
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: North Pacific
      Place_Keyword: Hawaii
      Place_Keyword: Kailua Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Honokohau
      Place_Keyword: Keahole
      Place_Keyword: Makalawena
      Place_Keyword: Kiholo
      Place_Keyword: Puako
      Place_Keyword: Mahukona
      Place_Keyword: Onekahakaha
      Place_Keyword: Kapoho
      Place_Keyword: KAUAI SITES
      Place_Keyword: Polihale Beach Park
      Place_Keyword: Oomanu Point
      Place_Keyword: Ikialoa Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Kikialoa-Waimea River Mouth
      Place_Keyword: Haeena
      Place_Keyword: Hanalei Bay
      Place_Keyword: Anini Beach
      Place_Keyword: Kuaehu Point/Anahola
      Place_Keyword: Salt Pond Beach Park
      Place_Keyword: Port Allen Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Poipu-Prince Kuhio Park
      Place_Keyword: Piopu Beach Park
      Place_Keyword: Nawiliwili Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Maui Sites
      Place_Keyword: Kahului Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Kuau
      Place_Keyword: Keane
      Place_Keyword: Wainapanapa State Park
      Place_Keyword: Hana Harbor
      Place_Keyword: La Perouse Bay
      Place_Keyword: Ahihi Bay
      Place_Keyword: Ahihi Tidepools
      Place_Keyword: Wailea Beach Park
      Place_Keyword: Kihei Residential
      Place_Keyword: Kihei Beach Park
      Place_Keyword: Honolua Bay
      Place_Keyword: Honokowai
      Place_Keyword: Lahina
      Place_Keyword: Maalaea
      Place_Keyword: MOLOKAI SITES
      Place_Keyword: Halawa Bay
      Place_Keyword: Kalaekapu
      Place_Keyword: Pohakuloa
      Place_Keyword: Kumimi Bay
      Place_Keyword: Kumimi Point
      Place_Keyword: Palaupi Point
      Place_Keyword: Kupeke Fish Pond
      Place_Keyword: Pukoo Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Hotel Molokai
      Place_Keyword: Papohaku Beach Park-N
      Place_Keyword: Papohaku Beach Park-S
      Place_Keyword: Pu'u Koa'I
      Place_Keyword: Po'olau
      Place_Keyword: Kaunakakai Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Molokai Shores
      Place_Keyword: Oahu Sites
      Place_Keyword: Ala Moana
      Place_Keyword: Nadatorium
      Place_Keyword: Kahala Beach
      Place_Keyword: Hau'ula
      Place_Keyword: Mokuleia
      Place_Keyword: Kahe
      Place_Keyword: Makaha
      Place_Keyword: Kaneohe Bay
    Stratum:
      Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Stratum_Keyword: benthic
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Dr. Cynthia Hunter
        Contact_Organization: Waikiki Aquarium
      Contact_Position: Principle Investigator
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: physical and mailing
        Address: 2777 Kalakaua Avenue
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96815
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808) 923-9741
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: Cindyh@hawaii.edu
  Data_Set_Credit: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: MS Excel spreadsheet Version 2000
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: see Methodology
  Completeness_Report: the surveys were 100% complete
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Ecological Surveys of Alien Algae
        The relevant species of algae that were addressed in this study are
        presented in file /data/table1.txt.  Prior to conducting field surveys,
        the database at the Bishop Museum was accessed and searched in order to
        tabulate preexisting information from voucher specimens of these plants
        collected around the state. This provided an historical record and an essential
        starting point from which to monitor of the distribution and spread of these
        species.

        Baseline surveys were conducted at numerous sites around each island,
        including those identified as "hotspots" by the Department of Aquatic
        Resources, around the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, Oahu and Kauai.
        Alien and/or invasive algal abundance was ranked on a scale of 0 to 10
        (0=0% cover, 10=100% cover) and includes habitat type (e.g.. sand,
        lava bench, coral, rock, artificial substrate) and pertinent environmental
        correlates (e.g. depth, proximity to shore) at each site where invasive
        species are encountered. Sites where alien species presence have been
        documented in the past were resurveyed.  Surveys were supported by
        photographic documentation and voucher specimens which were collected and
        deposited at the Bishop Museum for future reference.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:

        Bellan-Santini, D., P.M. Arnaud, G. Bellan, and M.Verlaque. 1996.
        The influence of the introduced tropical alga, Caulerpa taxifolia
        on the biodiversity of the Mediterranean marine biota. J Mar Biol
        Ass U.K., 76: 235-237.

        Bolser, R.C., and M.E. Hay. 1996. Are tropical plants better
        defended? Palatability and defenses of temperate vs. tropical
        seaweeds. Ecology, 77(8): 2269-2286.

        Borowitzka, M.A. 1981. Algae and grazing in coral reef ecosystems.
        Endeavour, 5(3): 99-106.

        Brostoff, W. 1989 Avrainvillea amadelpha (Codiales, Chlorophyta)
        from Oahu Hawaii. Pac Sci 43:166-9.

        Carlton, J. T. and J. A. Scanlon. 1985. Progression and dispersal
        of an introduced alga: Codium fragile on the Atlantic coast of
        North America. Bot Mar, 28: 155-165.

        Choat, J.H. 1991. The biology of herbivorous fishes on coral
        reefs. In: P.F. Sale, ed., The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs.
        Academic Press, San Diego.

        Doty, M.S. 1961. Acanthophora, a possible invader of the marine
        flora of Hawaii. Pac Sci, 15:547-52.

        Duffy, J.E. and M.E. Hay. 1990. Seaweed adaptations to herbivory.
        Bioscience, 40(5): 368-375.

        Ferrer, E., A.G. Garreta, M. A, Ribera. 1997. Effect of Caulerpa
        taxifolia on the productivity of two Mediterranian macrophytes.
        Mar Ecol Prog Ser, 149: 279-287.

        Hannisak, M. D. 1980. Codium: An invading seaweed. Maritimes,
        24:10-11.

        Hatcher, B. G. and A.W.D. Larkum. 1983. An experimental analysis
        of the factors controlling the standing crop of the epilithic
        algal community on a coral reef. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 69: 61-84.

        Hay, M.E., Q.E. Kappel, and W. Fenical. 1994. Synergisms in plant
        defenses against herbivores: interactions of chemistry,
        calcification and plant quality. Ecology, 75(6): 1714-1726.

        Hay, M. E. 1997. Calcified seaweeds on coral reefs: complex
        defenses, trophic relationships, and value as habitats. . Proc 8th
        Int Coral Reef Sym, 1: 713-718.

        Hixon, M.A. 1980. Competitive interactions between California reef
        fishes of the genus Ecol. 61:918-931.

        Hodgson, L.M. 1994. Maui algae project final report. Environmental
        planning office.

        Hourigan, T.F. 1986. An experimental removal of a territorial
        pomacentrid: effects on the occurrence and behavior of
        competitors. Env. Biol. Fishes 15(3): 161-169.

        Hunter, C.L. and C.W. Evans. 1995. Coral Reefs in Kaneohe Bay,
        Hawaii: Two centuries of western influence and two decades of
        data. Bull. Mar. Sci. 57(1):501-515.

        Jones, R.S. 1968. Ecological relationships in Hawaiian and
        Johnston Island Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes). Micronesica
        4:309-361.

        Larson, R.J. 1980. Competition, habitat selection, and the
        bathymetric segregation of two rockfish (Sebastes) species. Ecol.
        Monogr. 50:221-239.

        Littler, m.M. and D.S. Littler. 1984. Models of tropical reef
        biogenesis: the contribution of algae. Prog Phycol Res, 3:
        323-364.

        Maragos, J.E., M.E. Crosby and J.W. McManus. 1996. Coral reefs and
        biodiversity: a critical and threatened relationship.
        Oceanography, 9(1): 83-99.

        McClannahan, T.R. 1997. Primary succession of coral reef algae:
        differing patterns on fished vs. unfished reefs. J Exp Mar Biol
        Ecol, 218: 77-102.

        Meinesz, A., J. de Vaugelas, B. Hesse and X. Mari. 1993. Spread of
        the introduced tropical green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in northern
        Mediterranean waters. J of App Phycol, 5: 141-147.

        Paul, V. J. 1997. Secondary metabolites and calcium carbonate as
        defenses of calcareous algae on coral reefs. . Proc 8th Int Coral
        Reef Sym, 1: 707-712.

        Peyri, Claude. 1999. Pers. Comm.

        Randall, J.S. 1961. A contribution to the biology of the convict
        surgeonfish of the Hawaiian Islands, Acanthurus triostegus
        sandvicensis. Pac. Sci. 15:215-272.

        Ribera, M.A. 1995. Introduced marine plants, with special
        reference to macroalgae: mechanisms and impact. Prog Phycol Res,
        11:187-268.

        Rodgers, S. K. and E.F. Cox. In Press. The distributions of the
        introduced rhodophytes Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappaphycus striatum
        and Gracilaria salicornia in relation to various physical and
        biological factors in Kane?ohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Pac Sci.

        Russell, D.J. 1987. Introductions and establishment of alien
        marine algae. Bull Mar Sci, 42: 641-642.

        Russell, D. J. 1992. The ecological invasion of Hawaiian reefs by
        two marine red algae, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea
        musciformis, and their association with two native species,
        Laurencia nidifica and Hypnea cervicornis. ICES Mar Sci Symp,
        194:110-125.

        Schenkman, R.F. 1989. Hypnea musciformis: ecological influence on
        growth. J Phycol, 25: 192-196.

        Smith, J. E. 1998. Determination for baseline conditions for
        introduced marine species in nearshore waters on the island of
        Kaho?olawe, Hawaii. Bishop Museum Technical Report 14.

        Smith, J. E. In Prog. The marine algae of Molokini Shoal, Hawaii.
        Pac Sci.

        Smith, S.V., W.J. Kimmerer, E.A. Laws, R.E. Brock, and T.W. Walsh.
        1981. Kaneohe sewage diversion experiment: perspectives on
        ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation. Pac Sci, 35(4):
        279-395.

        Steneck, R.S. 1997. Crustose corallines, other algal functional
        groups, herbivores and sediments: complex interactions along reef
        productivity gradients. Proc 8th Int Coral Reef Sym, 1: 695-700.

        Steven, A. And A.W.D. Larkum 1993. ENCORE: The effects of nutrient
        enrichment on coral reefs. Search, 24(8): 216-220.

        Stimson, J., S. Larned and K. McDermid. 1996. Seasonal growth of
        the coral reef macroalga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa and the effects
        of nutrient availability, temperature and herbivory on growth
        rate. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 196: 53-77.

        Tissot, B.N. and L.E. Hallacher. In Prog. Coral reef monitoring in
        Hawai'i and the role of ecology in adaptive management strategies.

        Trowbridge, C. D. 1995. The establishment of the green alga Codium
        fragile on New Zealand rocky shores: current distribution and
        invertebrate grazers. J of Ecol, 83:949-965.
      Process_Date: Unknown
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Ms. Jennifer E. Smith
            Contact_Organization:
              Botany Department
              University of Hawaii at Manoa
          Contact_Position: graduate student
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: physical and mailing
            Address: 3190 Maile Way, St. John 614
            City: Honolulu
            State_or_Province: Hawaii
            Postal_Code: 96822
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-6947
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jesmith@hawaii.edu
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Files:                                                 contents
      summary_allalienstate_kaneohe2000_2002.xls*            Original Excel file
      summary_allalienstate_kaneohe2000_2002_abrev.csv*      CSV dump Abbreviations
      summary_allalienstate_kaneohe2000_2002_kbay_data.csv*  Kaneohe Bay Data
      summary_allalienstate_kaneohe2000_2002_kbay_info.csv*  Kaneohe Bay metadata
      summary_allalienstate_kaneohe2000_2002_statewide.csv*  Statewide Data/metadata
      table1.txt                                             List of known alien species
      references.txt                                         Pertinent literature

      MS Excel spreadsheet with self-explanatory columns.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
        City: Stennis Space Center
        State_or_Province: MS
        Postal_Code: 39529
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
  Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030501
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
      Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
        Address: Dept. of Oceanography
        Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
      Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
      Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
