#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Roger Lukas

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Department of Oceanography
School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawaii at Manoa

#ORIGINATOR:
Dr. Roger Lukas, UH

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
University of Hawaii at Manoa

#TITLE: Hydrographic Data from the Joint Air-Sea Monsoon
Interaction Experiment in the Indian Ocean During 1999
on the R/V Ron Brown Cruise RB-99-03.

#ABSTRACT: 
JASMINE is the first comprehensive study of the coupled ocean-atmosphere
system in the easter Indian Ocean and the southern Bay of Bengal.
Observations made during the field phase of JASMINE sampled both
prolonged break and active phases of the monsoon resulting in an
unprecedented amount of research quality data defining the atmospheric
and oceanic state during intraseasonal transitions of the monsoon.
The design of the JASMINE pilot study was based on the observation
that the intraseasonal variability of the monsoon, as it sways back and 
forth from active to inactive (or break) phases, is an important
component of the monsoon system and one that is poorly sampled
and simulated.

A total of 320 CTD casts were obtained at 317 stations occupied during
Leg 2 of the JASMINE cruise (April 30 - June 8, 1999). The calibrated
data include adjustments to salinity required to meet an accuracy of 
0.005 RMS. Timing and position corrections for each cast were also made. 

Here we provide the final version of the CTD dataset after a thorough
calibration sensor analysis and data quality control. Temperature and
salinity adjustments to obtain this dataset from the second version
were less than 0.002 degrees C and 0.005. Also included are the bottle
salinity data, and near surface temperature and salinity data measured
with a thermosalinograph.

#PURPOSE:  
To better understand the intraseasonal variability of the Indian monsoon.

#FUNDING:
National Science Foundation: ATM-9820531
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Office of Global Programs: NA67RJ0154.

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  12.73
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: S
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  16.57
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE:  77.96
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: E 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 129.74
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: E  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS:
Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Indonesia, Malaysia 

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
See files jas0.sum and jas1.sum with format description
in file format.sum for explicit details on each hydrographic
station.

#BEGIN AND END DATES (YYYYMMDD): 
19990410 - 19990530

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
See comment under #SAMPLING STATIONS:

#PARAMETERS:
CTD:
pressure
temperature
salinity
oxygen
potential temperature

BOTTLE:
salinity
oxygen 
silicate
Nitrate + Nitrite
soluble reactive phosphorous
Reversible thermometer pressure 
Reversible thermometer temperature

#METHODOLOGY:

JASMINE-1 Leg 2 CTD Data Acquisition and Processing
===================================================

November 6, 2000
Fernando Santiago-Mandujano and Roger Lukas
Dept. of Oceanography
University of Hawaii


Data Acquisition
================

The regular CTD operation consisted in deploying the package to 
10-15 dbar and waiting until the CTD pumps started operating. The 
CTD was then raised until the sensors were close to the surface 
to begin the CTD cast. (The time of each cast was corrected for 
drift in the acquisition computer clock. This correction was not 
larger than 27 seconds.) The position of each cast was obtained 
by matching the beginning time of the cast with the time in a 
navigation file obtained at 10-sec intervals.

The CTD data were acquired at a rate of 24 samples per second 
with a Sea-Bird SBE-911plus CTD package with dual temperature and 
conductivity sensors. The CTD was installed in a vertical 
position in the lower part of a 12-place Rosette, with the 
sensor's water intake located at the bottom of the Rosette. Each 
T-C sensor set had independent pump and plumbing installations. 
Between two and six 5-liter Niskin bottles were closed on each 
cast in order to provide salinity samples for calibration purposes.


Preliminary Processing
======================

After the cruise, the CTD pressure transducer was calibrated 
against a laboratory pressure standard. This pressure standard 
has been periodically recalibrated against a primary pressure 
standard at a specialized facility. The CTD pressure transducer 
showed a 1 dbar offset at 0 dbar, a 0-4500 dbar span offset of 
less than 0.5 dbar, and hysteresis of 0.05 dbar. Comparison 
against previous calibrations obtained at 6-month intervals 
indicate that the sensor has remained stable. Therefore the only 
correction applied to the CTD pressures was a constant offset 
determined at the time that the CTD first enters the water during 
each cast.

The temperature sensors used during the cruise were calibrated at 
Sea-Bird before and after the cruise to an accuracy better than 
0.5 mC. These and previous calibrations were analyzed to 
calculate the drift of each sensor. Offset corrections to the 
cruise data due to sensor drift were insignificant (about 0.1 
mC), and thus were not applied.

The 24 Hz raw CTD data were quality-controlled and screened for 
data spikes. After screening, the correct alignment of 
temperature and conductivity time-series was computed since the 
lag between temperature end conductivity depends on the placement 
of the sensors. Both T-C pairs were also aligned with each other 
by aligning the two temperature sensors. Conductivity was 
corrected for thermal inertia of the glass conductivity cell 
using the recursive filter given by Lueck (1990) and Lueck and 
Picklo (1990). The data were then averaged to half-second values.

Salinity samples were collected at selected depths from each cast 
and measured during the cruise. Samples from a large batch of 
"secondary standard" seawater were frequently measured to detect 
drift in the salinometer, and the secondary standard was 
calibrated against IAPSO standard seawater. The salinity samples 
were used to calibrate the CTD conductivities. After calibration 
the standard deviation of the difference between the CTD and 
sample salinities was less than 0.005.

The 2 Hz CTD data were further screened to eliminate salinity 
spikes which occur when the CTD samples the disturbed water of 
its wake. Samples from the downcast were rejected when the CTD 
was moving upward (due to ship roll) or when its acceleration 
exceeded 0.5 m/s^2 in magnitude.  The data were additionally 
screened by comparing the primary and secondary sensors. These 
differences permitted identification of problems in the sensors.  
Only the data from one pair of sensors, whichever was deemed most 
reliable, are included in the files. The data were then averaged 
to 2-dbar intervals. Only data from the downcast are reported, as 
upcast data are contaminated by wake effects.


Final Processing
================

Details of the final CTD data processing are reported in: "Hydrographic
observations during the Joint Air-Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment
(JASMINE) cruises", distributed to JASMINE investigators and also
available in PDF in the data directory.  This report also includes
sampling and processing procedures for salinity water samples,
thermosalinograph and ADCP data taken during the main JASMINE cruise.
Sampling and processing procedures for the pre-JASMINE CTD and ADCP
data are also included in the report.

#REFERENCES: 
Lukas, R., and P. Hacker, S.DeCarlo, J.Hummon, F.Santiago-Mandujano,
   D.Wright, 2000. Hydrographic Observations during the Joint
   Air-Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment (JASMINE) Pilot Study
   Data Report. School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology,
   University of Hawaii.  SOEST 5319. 251 pp.

Lueck, R. G., 1990: Thermal inertia of conductivity cells:
Theory. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 7, 741-755.

Lueck, R. G. and Picklo, J. J., 1990: Thermal inertia of conductivity 
cells: Observations with a Sea-Bird cell. Journal of Atmospheric and 
Oceanic Technology, 7, 756-768. 

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
Sea-Bird SBE-911plus CTD package with dual temperature and
        conductivity sensors.
Niskin bottles
thermosalinograph

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
ASCII files obtained via ftp

#FILE FORMATS: 

                     JASMINE CTD Data File format
                     ============================


The data files included in subdirectories "ctd/jas0" and "ctd/jas1" are
2-dbar averages of temperature and salinity corresponding to the Leg 1
(pre-JASMINE) and Leg 2 (main JASMINE) cruises, respectively. 

Each station/cast is stored in a separate file. File names start with
"j0*a", indicating the cruise name (j0*, where * is 0 for pre-JASMINE,
and 1 is for main JASMINE), and file version (a), and are followed by
three digits indicating the station number, and one more digit for the
cast number. The files have the extension ".ctd".  For example, file
j01a0082.ctd corresponds to the main JASMINE cruise, station 8, cast 2. 

The first six records of a CTD file contain cast identification:

    Record 1:
       Column  Format	Item
         5-11     a7    Cruise name (JASMINE)
        13-15     i3    Cruise number
           21     i1    Leg number
        31-33     i3	Station number
        40-41     i2	Cast number
        FORTRAN FORMAT  (4x,a7,1x,i3,5x,i1,9x,i3,6x,i2)
              C FORMAT  "%*c%10s%*c%3d %*s %1d %*s %3d %*s %2d"

    Record 2:
         9-10     i2	Month
        11-12     i2	Day
        13-14     i2	Year (last two digits)
        16-17     i2	Hour
        18-19     i2	Minute
        34-37     i4	Number of records
        FORTRAN FORMAT  (8x,3i2,1x,i2,1x,i2,14x,i4)
              C FORMAT  "%*c %*s %2d%2d%2d %2d%*c%2d %*s %*s %d"

    Record 3:
        10-11     i2    Latitude (degrees)
        13-17    f5.2   Latitude (minutes)
           19     a1    Latitude hemisphere (N: north, S: south)
        29-31     i3    Longitude (degrees)
        33-37    f5.2   Longitude (minutes)
           39     a1    Longitude hemisphere (E: east, W: west)
        FORTRAN FORMAT  (9x,i2,1x,f5.2,1x,a1,9x,i3,1x,f5.2,1x,a1)
              C FORMAT  "%*c %*s %d %f %c %*s %d %f %c"

    Record 4:
        Headers for data columns (variable labels).
        
    Record 5:
        Unit header for data columns.
        
    Record 6:
        Quality byte designators.  All columns requiring a quality
        byte are underscored by seven asterisks.

     The remaining records contain CTD data. The order of variables in a
record are as follows: pressure, temperature, salinity, number of
observations and quality.  Missing values are flagged with -99.0.

   Data Record Format:

        Column	Format	Item
	 1-8	f8.1 	Pressure (Decibars)
	 9-16	f8.4 	Temperature (Degrees Celsius,
                           International Temperature Scale of 1990)
	17-25	f9.4	Salinity (1978 International Practical Salinity Scale)
	26-33	 i8     Number of observations averaged at this pressure level
	34-38	 i5     Quality (defined by investigator) **
	FORTRAN FORMAT  (f8.1, f8.4, f9.4, i8, i5)
	      C FORMAT  "%f %f %f %d %d"


**  The quality word is the left-to-right concatenation of required
quality bytes for the variables measured.  They are defined as
follows:

 byte value  Definition
     1       Not calibrated with water samples.
     2       Acceptable measurement.
     3       Questionable measurement.
     4       Bad measurement.
     5       Not reported.
     6       Interpolated value.
     7       Not assigned for CTD data
     8       Not assigned for CTD data
     9       Not sampled

Sample File: (First and last few records)

%   JASMINE-001 LEG 2 STATION 001 CAST 01
% DATE: 050399 05:12 NO. RECORDS=  526
% LAT:    5 47.55 S   LON:  101 31.62 E
% CTDPRS  CTDTMP   CTDSAL  NUMBER QUALT
%   DBAR  ITS-90   PSS-78    OBS.
%******* *******  *******
     0.0 28.8705  33.6568       0  666
     2.0 28.8705  33.6568     516  222
     4.0 28.8717  33.6568      84  222
     6.0 28.8729  33.6569     120  222
     8.0 28.8731  33.6570      96  222
    10.0 28.8743  33.6566      84  222

  1040.0  5.6006  34.7559      36  222
  1042.0  5.5942  34.7561      72  222
  1044.0  5.5883  34.7552      48  222
  1046.0  5.5825  34.7544      48  222
  1048.0  5.5731  34.7531      36  222
  1050.0  5.5678  34.7538     744  222

                    JASMINE Water Data File format
                    ==============================

Water sample data from JASMINE cruises are written according to the
*.sea files specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office. One
file is written for each JASMINE cruise in subdirectory /water
(jas0.sea contains the data from pre-JASMINE, and jas1.sea contains
data from the main JASMINE cruise).

Formats for these files are detailed in the WHP Office Report WHPO
90-1, available from Steve Diggs, WHPO Data Manager, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
92093-0214.

The files are self-explanatory, one column is written for each measured
parameter. Missing data are filled with -9. A 5-record heading labels
each column (STNNBR: Station Number, CASTNO: Cast number, SAMPNO:
Sample number, BTLNBR: Bottle number, CTDRAW: Marked raw pressure at
the sampling time, CTDPRS: Pressure averaged around sampling time,
CTDTMP: CTD temperature averaged around sampling time, CTDSAL:  CTD
salinity averaged around sampling time, CTDOXY: CTD oxygen averaged
around sampling time, THETA: CTD potential temperature, SALNTY: Bottle
salinity, OXYGEN: Bottle oxygen, SILICAT: Bottle silicate, NO2+NO3:
Bottle Nitrate + Nitrite, PHOSPT: Bottle soluble reactive phosphorous,
REVSPRS:  Reversible thermometer pressure, REVTMP: Reversible
thermometer temperature, QUALT1: Quality flag.

Temperatures are reported in Degrees Celsius, International Temperature
Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). Salinity is reported using the 1978 International
Practical Salinity Scale (PSS-78).

Variables having 7 asterisks on the 4th heading line have a quality
flag associated with them.  These 1-digit quality flags are
concatenated to form quality word which is listed as the last variable
in each row.  The values each digit can assume and their meanings are
listed below:


Bottle quality flag definitions:

 Byte Value  Definition
     1       Not assigned.
     2       No problems noted.
     3       Leaking.
     4       Did not trip correctly.
    5-8      Not assigned.
     9       Samples not drawn from this bottle.
 
     
Water sample quality flag definitions:    

 Byte Value  Definition
     1       Sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle
             but analysis not received.
     2       Acceptable measurement.
     3       Questionable measurement.
     4       Bad measurement.
     5       Not reported.
     6       Mean of replicate measurements.
     7       Manual chromatographic peak integration.
     8       Irregular digital chromatographic peak integration.
     9       Sample not drawn for this measurement from this bottle.

Thermosalinograph data:

../data/tsg/jasthsl.dat

              JASMINE Thermosalinograph Data Format Document
              ==============================================

Thermosalinograph data from the main JASMINE cruise are distributed in
a format specified by this document. The data file jas1.tsg is written
in subdirectory /tsg.


The thermosalinograph data for the cruise are stored together with the
navigation data in an ASCII file. This data file does not contain any
header information. The variables in a thermosalinograph record are the
following:  time (GMT: year, decimal year day), longitude, latitude,
temperature, salinity and quality flag.  Note, negative longitude or
latitude corresponds to West longitude or South latitude.


   Data Record Format:

Column		     Variable
-------              -------
  1                  Year
  2                  Decimal Year Day (January 1 = Year Day 0)
  3                  Longitude (decimal degrees)
  4                  Latitude (decimal degrees)
  5                  Temperature (Degrees Celsius,
                     International Temperature Scale of 1990)
  6                  Salinity (1978 International Practical Salinity Scale)
  7                  Quality flag (defined by investigator) **

FORTRAN FORMAT  (i4, f10.5, f12.6, f11.6, f7.3, f7.3, i3)
      C FORMAT  "%d %f %f %f %f %f %d"

**  The quality word is the left-to-right concatenation of required
quality bytes for temperature and salinity; the first byte represents
temperature, the second represents salinity.

The byte values are defined as follows:

 byte value        Definition
       2           Acceptable measurement.
       3           Questionable measurement.
       4           Bad measurement.
 
Sample File: (First few records)

1999 122.97504  97.851463  -5.403886 29.003 34.593 22
1999 122.97539  97.849709  -5.403713 29.005 34.590 22
1999 122.97573  97.847967  -5.403521 29.006 34.588 22
1999 122.97608  97.846252  -5.403338 29.006 34.586 22
1999 122.97643  97.844502  -5.403152 29.003 34.585 22
1999 122.97678  97.842757  -5.402950 29.003 34.583 22

For more information, see /data/jasmine_report.pdf.

#DATASET SIZE:
17510 Kbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
320 CTD casts were obtained at 317 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Shipboard ADCP available from the Joint
Archive for Shipboard ADCP, see
http://ilikai.soest.hawaii.edu/sadcp/
