Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        primary reporting author:
        Ronald A. Englund
        Hawaii Biological Survey
        Bishop Museum
        Honolulu, Hawaii
      Originator:
        co-author:
        D.J. Preston
        Bishop Museum
      Originator:
        co-author:
        R. Wolff
        Bishop Museum
      Originator:
        co-author:
        L.G. Eldredge
        Bishop Museum
      Originator:
        co-author:
        S.L. Coles
        Bishop Museum
      Originator:
        co-author:
        K. Arakaki
        Bishop Museum
      Publication_Date: 200002
      Title:
        Biodiversity of Freshwater and Estuarine Communities in
        Lower Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with Observations on
        Introduced Species: Summary from Fieldwork Conducted
        in 1997-1998
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: none
        Issue_Identification: none
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Honolulu, Hawaii
        Publisher: Bishop Museum
  Description:
    Abstract:
      The Pearl Harbor Biodiversity Project was funded by the
      Department of Defense Legacy Program, through the U. S. Navy.
      The project was performed in two phases. Phase I of the study
      was conducted from November 1995 through June 1997. Phase I
      involved investigations of the marine organisms of Pearl Harbor,
      with emphasis on detection of nonindigenous marine organisms that
      may have become established in the harbor over the past century.
      Fieldwork for the Phase II investigations commenced in November
      1997 and ended in October 1998. Phase II studies investigated
      the estuarine and freshwater areas of the mouths of streams
      that enter the harbor's three main lochs.  Data were taken
      at 16 stations.

      This dataset contains observations from Phase II.
    Purpose:
      Document the history, cause, and extent of non-native species
      introductions in the freshwater streams and estuarine areas
      of Pearl Harbor.

    Supplemental_Information:
      NOAASupplemental:
      Entry_ID: Unknown
      Sensor_Name: seine nets, seive filter, dredge
      Source_Name: manual
      Project_Campaign: Department of Defense Legacy Project Number 106
      Originating_Center: Bishop Museum
      Storage_Medium: PDF, MS Access
      Online_size: 5348 Kbytes
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19971103
        Beginning_Time: 0800
        Ending_Date: 19981104
        Ending_Time: 1700
    Currentness_Reference: Ground condition
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: no resurveys planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.0249
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.9472
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.3911
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.3358
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Theme_Keyword: Biological survey
      Theme_Keyword: crustacean species
      Theme_Keyword: fish species
      Theme_Keyword: mollusk species
      Theme_Keyword: invertebrate species
      Theme_Keyword: benthic habitat
      Theme_Keyword: coastal studies
      Theme_Keyword: sediment-dwelling organisms and their substratum
      Theme_Keyword: temperature
      Theme_Keyword: salinity
      Theme_Keyword: turbidity
      Theme_Keyword: dissolved oxygen
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Place_Keyword: Hawaii
      Place_Keyword: Oahu
      Place_Keyword: Central Pacific Ocean
      Place_Keyword: Pearl Harbor
    Stratum:
      Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
      Stratum_Keyword: benthic
  Access_Constraints: None
  Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Ronald A. Englund
        Contact_Organization: Bishop Museum
      Contact_Position: Marine biologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: physical and mailing
        Address: 1525 Bernice St.
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96817
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)847-8277
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: englund@bishopmuseum.org
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Department of Defense Legacy Project Number 106
    and
    Department of Natural Sciences
    Bernice P. Bishop Museum
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: PDF, MS Access
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: see Methodology
  Completeness_Report: the survey was 100% completed
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        A. Literature Search
        Numerous sources of information on the environmental conditions and
        biological communities of Pearl Harbor were examined. Literature
        consulted included published papers in the scientific literature,
        taxonomy-based monographs and books reporting organisms collected
        from Pearl Harbor, and unpublished reports of environmental studies
        in the estuarine regions of Pearl Harbor performed by and for the
        U.S. Navy, Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, and private
        organizations. Environmental reports and environmental impact
        statements and assessments were reviewed from AECOS Inc., Bishop Museum,
        University of Hawaii Library, Hawaiian Electric Co.  Environmental
        Department, and Pacific Aquatic Environmental, Inc. An annotated
        bibliography of all the literature assembled is presented in Appendix A
        of the final report.

        B. Bishop Museum Collections
        The Bishop Museum collections of aquatic insects, mollusks, other
        invertebrates, and fishes were reviewed for all estuarine and
        freshwater organisms historically collected from Pearl Harbor
        wetlands, springs, and fresh and estuarine portions of streams
        entering Pearl Harbor. For the mollusk and fish collections this
        involved searching the collection catalogs for specimens that were
        collected from Pearl Harbor and entering into a database species
        name, year of collection, and collectors names. The combined data
        from all sources were assembled into a relational database of Pearl
        Harbor freshwater and estuarine organisms.

        C. Field Surveys- General Methods
        Sampling for Phase II of the Pearl Harbor Biodiversity Project
        began in October 1997 and ended in August 1998. Representative
        sampling stations were established in each major Pearl Harbor
        stream and wetland.  Sampling locations were somewhat dependent
        upon the constraints of private property, water depth, sediment
        depth, and vegetation, but included a complete range of estuarine
        habitats. Riparian vegetation composition and stream substrate
        were evaluated at each sampling station. Habitat condition for
        native aquatic organisms was evaluated both within sampling
        stations and throughout the study area. Most sampling stations
        were generally at or just above sea level.

        Insect Sampling

        Aquatic insect sampling was conducted according to Polhemus
        (1995) and Englund et al. (1998).  Collections of both immature
        and adult specimens were made with aerial sweep nets, aquatic dip
        nets, seines, and by taking benthic samples. Visual observations
        of aquatic insects were also conducted above the waterbody. In
        addition, the sampling of damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata)
        was emphasized as several of these are currently candidate
        threatened or endangered species. All insect specimens were
        stored in 75% ethanol and subsequently transported to the
        Bishop Museum Entomology Collection for curation and
        identification. Voucher specimens are currently housed
        in the Bishop Museum collections.

        We also collected and identified the predominant terrestrial
        insects on vegetation immediately in the vicinity of riparian
        habitats, as some riparian insects were an important part of
        fish diet in the lower reaches of Pearl Harbor streams.

        Benthic Sampling

        Bottom communities in the soft-sediment areas of streams were
        sampled with a Wildco Petite Ponar@ 15.2 x 15.2 cm (6 x 6 in)
        weighted dredge. Three dredge samples were collected at each
        Pearl Harbor stream mouth and were usually taken from the
        Chevron petroleum pipeline bridge crossing areas. After collection
        of the dredge samples, sediments were rinsed out through a fine-
        meshed 1 x 1 mm (0.04 x 0.04 in) seive. The contents were
        preserved in 75% ethanol for later laboratory analysis.

        Fish, Crustacean, and Mollusk Sampling

        Seine netting was the main sampling technique used to assess
        introduced fish abundance. A fine- mesh, 5 m (16.4 ft) long seine
        was used to sample stream animals and assess species composition,
        and dip nets were also used to sample areas not accessible to
        seines. Experimental gill nets of varying sized mesh were also
        used in areas that were too deep to seine. Salinity was
        also recorded at least once for each stream location sampled,
        and, unless otherwise stated, salinities were taken at the surface.
        Because of poor water visibility throughout the Pearl Harbor
        estuaries, snorkeling was used only in the area of the concrete
        weir at Waikele Stream. In other areas, above-water observations
        for fish and invertebrates were occasionally possible, although
        species identification was generally assessed through capture
        of individuals. Electrofishing in conjunction with the Hawaii
        Division of Aquatic Resources was attempted but was not successful
        because most areas sampled during this study had detectable
        levels of salinity. Even the small amount of salinity at the
        Waiawa Springs complex (2 to 4 ppt) rendered electrofishing completely
        ineffective.  Although some fish, crustacean, and mollusk species
        were identifiable in the field, many smaller specimens were
        immediately preserved in 75% ethanol and brought back to the
        Bishop Museum for further identification. The estuarine areas
        of Waikele, Waiawa, and Halawa Streams, and the Waiawa Springs
        outlet were accessed by kayak. Visual observations and
        salinity measurements of aquatic biota were also made while
        kayaking to the tidal flats. For this report, we used the
        scientificand common names of fishes published by the American
        Fisheries Society (American Fisheries Society 1991 ),
        crustaceans (American Fisheries Society 1989), and Nishida (1997)
        for insect names and biogeographic status. Many of the organisms
        discussed in this report do not have common names. For those
        species having a common name, a general common name (e.g., moth)
        is used, and after that the organism is referred to by its
        scientific name.

        Fish Diet Analysis

        A small sub-sample of native and introduced fish collected in
        the lower stream, wetland, and estuarine regions of Pearl Harbor
        were preserved in 75% ethanol after capture for later stomach
        content analysis. Fish stomach contents were identified to the
        lowest possible level, although in many cases identification
        to the species level of partially digested prey items and smaller
        crustaceans such as amphipods and ostracods was not possible.
        Total prey item numbers in each fish stomach were recorded.
        Head capsules were counted to assess prey item numbers if stomach
        contents were broken into pieces. The terrestrial or
        acquatic status was determined for each identifiable prey item found
        in fish stomachs.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        Englund, R.A.  and D.J. Preston, R. Wolff, S.L. Coles,
        L.G. Eldredge, K. Arakaki, 2000.  Biodiversity of
        Freshwater and Estuarine Communities in Lower Pearl
        Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with Observations on Introduced
        Species. Final Report prepapred for the U.S. Navy.
        Bishop Museum Techincal Report 16: 181 pp.

        Englund, R.A., 2002. The loss of native biodiversity and
        continuing nonindigenous species introductions in
        freshwater, esturine, and wetland communities of Pearl
        Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.  Estuaries. Vol. 25,
        No. 3. p. 418-430.
      Process_Date: unknown
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Ronald A. Englund
            Contact_Organization: Bishop Museum
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: physical and mailing
            Address: 1525 Bernice St.
            City: Honolulu
            State_or_Province: Hawaii
            Postal_Code: 96817
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)847-8277
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: englund@bishopmuseum.org
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Data received in MS Access database format.  Each
      table in the database was saved as an Excel spreadsheet.
      For each spreadsheet, a redundant ASCII CSV file was
      created.  Reports were received in PDF format.

      Files within each directory are:

      ./data/Access:
      PearlHarbor-97.mdb*

      ./data/Excel:
      Class_and_Order.csv*
      Class_and_Order.xls*
      PH_Complete_Taxon.csv*
      PH_Complete_Taxon.xls*
      all_fauna_id.csv*
      all_fauna_id.xls*
      guts_data.csv*
      guts_data.xls*
      station.csv*
      station.xls*

      ./data/reports:
      PearlFinal.pdf*
      estuaries_pearl_harbor.pdf
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
        City: Stennis Space Center
        State_or_Province: MS
        Postal_Code: 39529
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
  Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030728
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
      Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
        Address: Dept. of Oceanography
        Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
      Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
      Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

