#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
Ronald A. Englund

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Hawaii Biological Survey
Bishop Museum

#ORIGINATOR:
Ronald A. Englund 
D.J. Preston
R. Wolff
S.L. Coles
L.G. Eldredge
K. Arakaki

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
Hawaii Biological Survey
Bishop Museum

#TITLE: 
Biodiversity of Freshwater and Estuarine Communities in 
Lower Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with Observations on
Introduced Species: Summary from Fieldwork Conducted
in 1997-1998

#ABSTRACT:
The Pearl Harbor Biodiversity Project was funded by the 
Department of Defense Legacy Program, through the U. S. Navy. 
The project was performed in two phases. Phase I of the study 
was conducted from November 1995 through June 1997. Phase I 
involved investigations of the marine organisms of Pearl Harbor, 
with emphasis on detection of nonindigenous marine organisms that
may have become established in the harbor over the past century. 
Fieldwork for the Phase II investigations commenced in November 
1997 and ended in October 1998. Phase II studies investigated 
the estuarine and freshwater areas of the mouths of streams 
that enter the harbor's three main lochs.  Data were taken
at 16 stations.

This dataset contains observations from Phase II.
 
#PURPOSE:  
Document the history, cause, and extent of non-native species
introductions in the freshwater streams and estuarine areas
of Pearl Harbor.

#PROJECT:
Department of Defense Legacy Project Number 106

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  21.3358
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  21.3911 
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE:  158.0249
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE:  157.9472
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 
North Pacific, Hawaii, Oahu, Pearl Harbor

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
See:
      FILE                    FORMAT    COMMENT
../../data/station_map.jpg    JPEG      map of locations
../../data/stations.xls       MS Excel  station specifics
../../data/stations.csv       ASCII     station specifics (redundant)

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
19971103 - 19981104 

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
See:
      FILE                      FORMAT    COMMENT
../../data/sampling_details.jpg JPG       sampling dates 

#PARAMETERS: 
Fish, Crustacean, Invertebrate, and Mollusk species
sediment-dwelling organisms 
Stream substrate type
temperature
salinity
dissolved oxygen
turbidity

#METHODOLOGY:
A. Literature Search
Numerous sources of information on the environmental conditions and 
biological communities of Pearl Harbor were examined. Literature 
consulted included published papers in the scientific literature, 
taxonomy-based monographs and books reporting organisms collected 
from Pearl Harbor, and unpublished reports of environmental studies 
in the estuarine regions of Pearl Harbor performed by and for the 
U.S. Navy, Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, and private
organizations. Environmental reports and environmental impact 
statements and assessments were reviewed from AECOS Inc., Bishop Museum, 
University of Hawaii Library, Hawaiian Electric Co.  Environmental 
Department, and Pacific Aquatic Environmental, Inc. An annotated 
bibliography of all the literature assembled is presented in Appendix A
of the final report.

B. Bishop Museum Collections
The Bishop Museum collections of aquatic insects, mollusks, other 
invertebrates, and fishes were reviewed for all estuarine and 
freshwater organisms historically collected from Pearl Harbor
wetlands, springs, and fresh and estuarine portions of streams 
entering Pearl Harbor. For the mollusk and fish collections this 
involved searching the collection catalogs for specimens that were
collected from Pearl Harbor and entering into a database species 
name, year of collection, and collectors names. The combined data 
from all sources were assembled into a relational database of Pearl 
Harbor freshwater and estuarine organisms.

C. Field Surveys- General Methods
Sampling for Phase II of the Pearl Harbor Biodiversity Project 
began in October 1997 and ended in August 1998. Representative 
sampling stations were established in each major Pearl Harbor
stream and wetland.  Sampling locations were somewhat dependent 
upon the constraints of private property, water depth, sediment 
depth, and vegetation, but included a complete range of estuarine 
habitats. Riparian vegetation composition and stream substrate 
were evaluated at each sampling station. Habitat condition for 
native aquatic organisms was evaluated both within sampling 
stations and throughout the study area. Most sampling stations 
were generally at or just above sea level.  

Insect Sampling

Aquatic insect sampling was conducted according to Polhemus 
(1995) and Englund et al. (1998).  Collections of both immature 
and adult specimens were made with aerial sweep nets, aquatic dip
nets, seines, and by taking benthic samples. Visual observations 
of aquatic insects were also conducted above the waterbody. In 
addition, the sampling of damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata) 
was emphasized as several of these are currently candidate 
threatened or endangered species. All insect specimens were 
stored in 75% ethanol and subsequently transported to the
Bishop Museum Entomology Collection for curation and 
identification. Voucher specimens are currently housed 
in the Bishop Museum collections.

We also collected and identified the predominant terrestrial 
insects on vegetation immediately in the vicinity of riparian 
habitats, as some riparian insects were an important part of 
fish diet in the lower reaches of Pearl Harbor streams.

Benthic Sampling

Bottom communities in the soft-sediment areas of streams were 
sampled with a Wildco Petite Ponar@ 15.2 x 15.2 cm (6 x 6 in) 
weighted dredge. Three dredge samples were collected at each
Pearl Harbor stream mouth and were usually taken from the 
Chevron petroleum pipeline bridge crossing areas. After collection 
of the dredge samples, sediments were rinsed out through a fine-
meshed 1 x 1 mm (0.04 x 0.04 in) seive. The contents were 
preserved in 75% ethanol for later laboratory analysis.

Fish, Crustacean, and Mollusk Sampling 

Seine netting was the main sampling technique used to assess 
introduced fish abundance. A fine- mesh, 5 m (16.4 ft) long seine 
was used to sample stream animals and assess species composition, 
and dip nets were also used to sample areas not accessible to 
seines. Experimental gill nets of varying sized mesh were also 
used in areas that were too deep to seine. Salinity was
also recorded at least once for each stream location sampled, 
and, unless otherwise stated, salinities were taken at the surface. 
Because of poor water visibility throughout the Pearl Harbor
estuaries, snorkeling was used only in the area of the concrete 
weir at Waikele Stream. In other areas, above-water observations 
for fish and invertebrates were occasionally possible, although
species identification was generally assessed through capture 
of individuals. Electrofishing in conjunction with the Hawaii 
Division of Aquatic Resources was attempted but was not successful
because most areas sampled during this study had detectable 
levels of salinity. Even the small amount of salinity at the 
Waiawa Springs complex (2 to 4 ppt) rendered electrofishing completely
ineffective.  Although some fish, crustacean, and mollusk species 
were identifiable in the field, many smaller specimens were 
immediately preserved in 75% ethanol and brought back to the 
Bishop Museum for further identification. The estuarine areas 
of Waikele, Waiawa, and Halawa Streams, and the Waiawa Springs 
outlet were accessed by kayak. Visual observations and 
salinity measurements of aquatic biota were also made while 
kayaking to the tidal flats. For this report, we used the 
scientificand common names of fishes published by the American 
Fisheries Society (American Fisheries Society 1991 ), 
crustaceans (American Fisheries Society 1989), and Nishida (1997) 
for insect names and biogeographic status. Many of the organisms 
discussed in this report do not have common names. For those 
species having a common name, a general common name (e.g., moth)
is used, and after that the organism is referred to by its 
scientific name.

Fish Diet Analysis

A small sub-sample of native and introduced fish collected in 
the lower stream, wetland, and estuarine regions of Pearl Harbor 
were preserved in 75% ethanol after capture for later stomach
content analysis. Fish stomach contents were identified to the 
lowest possible level, although in many cases identification 
to the species level of partially digested prey items and smaller
crustaceans such as amphipods and ostracods was not possible. 
Total prey item numbers in each fish stomach were recorded. 
Head capsules were counted to assess prey item numbers if stomach
contents were broken into pieces. The terrestrial or aquatic 
status was determined for each identifiable prey item found 
in fish stomachs.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
Wildco Petite Ponar@ 15.2 x 15.2 cm (6 x 6 in) weighted dredge
Fine-meshed 1 x 1 mm (0.04 x 0.04 in) seive
Fine- mesh, 5 m (16.4 ft) long seine
Dip nets

#REFERENCES: 
Englund, R.A.  and D.J. Preston, R. Wolff, S.L. Coles,
   L.G. Eldredge, K. Arakaki, 2000.  Biodiversity of 
   Freshwater and Estuarine Communities in Lower Pearl 
   Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with Observations on Introduced 
   Species. Final Report prepapred for the U.S. Navy.
   Bishop Museum Techincal Report 16: 181 pp.

Englund, R.A., 2002. The loss of native biodiversity and
   continuing nonindigenous species introductions in
   freshwater, esturine, and wetland communities of Pearl
   Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.  Estuaries. Vol. 25,
   No. 3. p. 418-430.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
email

#FILE FORMATS: 
Data received in MS Access database format.  Each
table in the database was saved as an Excel spreadsheet.
For each spreadsheet, a redundant ASCII CSV file was
created.  Reports were received in PDF format.

Files within each directory are:

./data/Access:
PearlHarbor-97.mdb*

./data/Excel:
Class_and_Order.csv*
Class_and_Order.xls*
PH_Complete_Taxon.csv*
PH_Complete_Taxon.xls*
all_fauna_id.csv*
all_fauna_id.xls*
guts_data.csv*
guts_data.xls*
station.csv*
station.xls*

./data/reports:
PearlFinal.pdf*
estuaries_pearl_harbor.pdf

#DATASET SIZE:
5348

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
16 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
