Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Dr. Franklyn Tan Te
        Department of Zoology
        University of Hawaii at Manoa

      Originator:
        Dr. Paul Jokiel
        Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Originator:
        Dr. Evelyn F. Cox
        Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Publication_Date: Unknown
      Title:
        Grain Size Distribution and Fate of Transplanted Corals
        at Kawaihae, Hawaii: Field work of 1996-1997
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: None
        Issue_Identification: None
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: unpublished material
        Publisher: unpublished material
  Description:
    Abstract:
      A harbor expansion was planned in the early 1990s for
      Kawaihae, Hawaii on the northwest shore of the Big Island.
      To offset the habitat loss, select corals were transplanted.
      This study looked at the effects of sedimentation on the
      transplanted and non-transplanted corals of this high
      wave region.  Eight experimental transplant station were
      set up, each with four sediment traps.  An offshore gradient
      was established with sites selected from shallow to deep
      water and in various environments, including areas believed
      to have a high potential for damage associated with harbor
      construction (particularly increased sedimentation), to distant
      sites with a low potential for direct damage, and areas that
      presumably would be impacted by storm surf.  Fate of transplanted
      coral colonies were recorded as percent in each of four classes:
      healthy, covered with filamentous overgrowth, bleached or dead.
      These data were published in a PhD Dissertation (Te, 2000)
    Purpose:
      Studies were directed at the feasibility of using coral
      transplantation as a mitigation measure to offset loss of
      habitat caused by harbor construction.
    Supplemental_Information:
      NOAASupplemental:
      Entry_ID: Unknown
      Sensor_Name: SCUBA, visual census
      Sensor_Name: PVC core samplers
      Sensor_Name: USA Standard Testing Sieve: A.S.T.M.E.-11 specifications with opening diameters of 500 um and 63 um)
      Project_Campaign: Coral Transplant Study
      Originating_Center: Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
      Storage_Medium: MS Word and ASCII
      Online_size: 695 Kbytes
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 19960417
        Beginning_Time: 0800
        Ending_Date: 19970813
        Ending_Time: 1500
    Currentness_Reference: ground conditions
  Status:
    Progress: complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: no updates planned
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -155.83
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -155.82
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.04
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.03
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: benthic
      Theme_Keyword: sediment
      Theme_Keyword: coral
      Theme_Keyword: coral reef ecosystem
      Theme_Keyword: grain size
      Theme_Keyword: grain type
      Theme_Keyword: transplanted corals
      Theme_Keyword: algal growth over corals
      Theme_Keyword: coral health
      Theme_Keyword: percent bleached corals
      Theme_Keyword: percent dead corals
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: North Pacific
      Place_Keyword: Hawaii
      Place_Keyword: Kawaihae Harbor
      Place_Keyword: Kohala
    Stratum:
      Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Stratum_Keyword: benthic
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: dataset credit required
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Dr. Franklyn Tan Te
        Contact_Organization: Florida International University
      Contact_Position: professor
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address:
          Marine Biology Program
          Biscayne Bay Campus
        City: North Miami
        State_or_Province: Florida
        Postal_Code: 33181
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 305-919-5964
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tefrank@fiu.edu
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology
    Department of Zoology
    University of Hawaii
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: MS Word
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: see methodology
  Completeness_Report: none
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Large-scale transplant method
        Divers first placed 1 m x 1 m squares of chicken wire (5 cm mesh) on the
        substrate adjacent to the collection site.  A float was tied on one end of
        a 25 m line and a large spring clip tied to the opposite end.  The line was
        clipped onto to one corner of the chicken wire mesh, serving as a visual
        marker for the divers.  This line was used later to haul the corals off
        the bottom.   Divers then moved corals and placed them on the chicken wire.
        Most corals were loosely attached to the substratum or rested on
        unconsolidated material and were easily moved.  Occasionally, a sledge
        hammer was used to loosen corals that were too large or firmly attached.
        When the chicken wire was amply covered with coral, divers secured the
        four corners with the clip, forming a sling. The divers then returned
        to the boat and completed the operation with no personnel in the water.
        When all personnel were safely out of the water, the boat engines
        were started and the boat maneuvered alongside of the floats.  The float
        was retrieved, and the two or more persons hauled the bags off the bottom.
        The bags were hoisted close to the surface, and the lines were tied off on
        cleats.  Generally four bags of corals were carried on each boat trip.
        The boat slowly transported the corals to the transplant sites.  Bags were
        lowered to the bottom, and the floats thrown clear of the boat, after which
        time the boat was anchored and secured.  Divers then entered the water
        to set up the transplant stations.  Corals remained fully immersed in water
        throughout the operation.  All of the corals moved in this operation were
        massive colonies typical of high water motion environments.  These corals
        can be handled with little or no breakage.  Much more care would have been
        required if we were transplanting delicate species.

        Establishment of the eight transplant plots
        The position of each transplant site was established using sightings on
        prominent land features.  At each experimental site, a 2.5 m x 2.5 m square
        of wire mesh was firmly attached to the bottom using stakes cut from steel
        reinforcing rod and large nails.  Corals were then placed and secured
        to the grid with wire.  Four sediment traps were attached to stakes
        at each site.  Photographs and video were taken and used to compile
        detailed maps of the corals located at each transplant site.  These
        maps were subsequently used by divers to monitor survivorship of corals.
        A total of 47 bags of coral were moved.  Bags are estimated to weigh
        between 45 and 70 kg buoyant weight.  Taking an average of 58 kg,
        an estimated 2,700 kg buoyant weight was moved.  The ratio between
        buoyant weight and wet weight for Porites compressa, one of the
        dominant species in the area, was calculated to be 2.76.  Thus
        approximately 7,500 kg (16,000 lbs) wet weight was moved.

        Monitoring of transplant plots
        At approximately monthly intervals (depending on weather and
        surf conditions) the plots were visually sampled for condition
        of corals.  Depth of sediments at the 35 Ft. and 45 Ft. sites
        was measured using permanent stakes.  Sediment traps were
        replaced and the contents analyzed.

        Sediment Sampling
        Polyvinylchloride plastic (PVC) cylindrical pipes, interior
        diameter 5.2 cm, were used as sediment traps.  The recommended
        diameter to length ratio of 1:3 (Gardner 1980a, b) was used.
        Four traps were deployed at each site, with one placed on each
        corner of the 2.5 x 2.5 m wire grid, with the mouth of the
        traps held 30 cm above the substrate with plastic stands.
        Trap contents were collected at roughly monthly intervals by
        capping the open tops of the traps and bringing the unit to the
        surface.  Sediments were collected on pre-weighed filters and
        air dried to a constant weight.
        Bulk samples, characteristic of the benthic substratum, were
        collected at each site in November 1996.  Scoop samples of
        approximately 50 g were collected from the top 10 cm of the
        substratum at each site.

        Sediment Analyses
        Grain Size Analysis
        Samples were homogenized and wet filtered through a large
        mesh sieve (2.8 mm) to remove small rocks.  The remaining material
        was wet filtered through sieves representing gravel (>500 um), coarse
        sands (between 500 and 250 um), fine sands (between 250 and 63 um),
        and silt (<63 um) (McManus, 1988).  Sieved materials were collected
        on pre-weighed filters and dried to a constant weight.  The
        proportion of material in each size class was determined.

        Organic and Carbonate Fraction
        Samples were dried and homogenized.  Sub samples of approximately
        10 g were dried at 60 deg C for 8 hours, and then ashed at
        500 deg C for 12 hours.  Organic fraction is expressed as Loss
        on Ignition (LOI).  The samples where then ashed at 1000 deg C
        for 4 hours to break down the carbonate (Parker, 1983; Craft et al.,
        1991).

        Sediment Mobility
        Depth of the sediments at the 35 Ft. and 45 Ft. sites were
        measured monthly using permanent stakes.  Two stakes were installed
        at each site:  one close to the existing hard coral substratum and
        one centrally located within the sand channel.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        Craft, C.B., E.D. Seneca and S.W. Broome. 1991. Loss on
        ignition and Kjeldahl digestion for estimating organic
        Carbon and total Nitrogen in estuarine marsh soils: Calibration
        with dry combustion. Estuaries 14:175-179.

        Gardner, W.D. 1980a. Sediment trap dynamics and calibration:
        a laboratory evaluation. J. Mar. Res. 38:17-39.

        Gardner, W.D. 1980b. Field assessment of sediment traps.
        J. Mar. Res. 38:40-52.

        McManus, J. 1988. Grain size determination  and  interpretation.
        pp.  63-85. IN M. Tucker  ed., Techniques  in  Sedimentology.
        Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, England.

        Parker, J.G. 1983. A comparison of methods used for the
        measurement of organic matter in marine sediment.
        Chem. Ecol. 1:201-210.

        Te, F.T., 2000. Responses of Hawaiian Scleractinian corals to different
        levels of terrestrial and carbonate sediment. Ph.D.  dissertation.
        Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.
      Process_Date: unknown
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Dr. Franklyn Tan Te
            Contact_Organization: Florida International University
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: mailing
            Address:
              Marine Biology Program
              Biscayne Bay Campus
            City: North Miami
            State_or_Province: Florida
            Postal_Code: 96744
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 305-919-5964
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: tefrank@fiu.edu
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Files provided as MS WORD documents.

      Redundant copies of the MS WORD tables were placed
      in directory data/txt.  Below, only the root name
      without the extention is given.

      List of files     Contents
      CHAPTER3          Complete chapter from dissertation (Te, 2000)
      Table3_1          Grain size distriubution (percent by dry weight)
      for materials collected from sediment traps in February
      and June and in bulk samples from surrounding soft
      subtratum at each station.
      Table3_2          Second Series Transplantation (date of
      transplantation, 17 April 96).  Fate of colonies
      as percent in each of four classes:  healthy, covered
      with filamentous overgrowth, bleached or dead.

      stations.txt      Cut from CHAPTER3.doc and contains site descriptions.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
      Te, F.T., 2000. Responses of Hawaiian Scleractinian corals to different
      levels of terrestrial and carbonate sediment. Ph.D.  dissertation.
      Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
        City: Stennis Space Center
        State_or_Province: MS
        Postal_Code: 39529
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
  Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030813
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
      Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
        Address: Dept. of Oceanography
        Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
      Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
      Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
