#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Franklyn Tan Te
Dr. Paul Jokiel
Dr. Evelyn F. Cox

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Dr. Te
Department of Zoology
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Dr. Jokiel and Dr. Cox
Hawaii Institue of Marine Biology
PO Box 1346
Kaneohe HI 96744

#ORIGINATOR:
same

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
same

#TITLE: 
Grain Size Distribution and Fate of Transplanted Corals 
at Kawaihae, Hawaii: Field work of 1996-1997

#ABSTRACT: 
A harbor expansion was planned in the early 1990s for
Kawaihae, Hawaii on the northwest shore of the Big Island.
To offset the habitat loss, select corals were transplanted.
This study looked at the effects of sedimentation on the
transplanted and non-transplanted corals of this high
wave region.  Eight experimental transplant station were
set up, each with four sediment traps.  An offshore gradient 
was established with sites selected from shallow to deep
water and in various environments, including areas believed 
to have a high potential for damage associated with harbor 
construction (particularly increased sedimentation), to distant 
sites with a low potential for direct damage, and areas that 
presumably would be impacted by storm surf.  Fate of transplanted
coral colonies were recorded as percent in each of four classes:  
healthy, covered with filamentous overgrowth, bleached or dead.
These data were published in a PhD Dissertation (Te, 2000)

#PURPOSE:  
Studies were directed at the feasibility of using coral
transplantation as a mitigation measure to offset loss of 
habitat caused by harbor construction.

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 20.03 
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 20.04 
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 155.83
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 155.82
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 
Kawaihae, Kohala, Hawaii, North Pacific

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
8 sites total. Map.
../../data/ms_word/Figure3.doc
../../data/txt/stations.txt

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
(yyyymmdd)
19960417 - 19970813

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
see ../../data/ms_word/Table3_2.doc

#PARAMETERS: 
grain type
grain size distribution (percent by dry weight)
coral health (percent)
algal overgrowth on coral (percent)
bleached coral (percent)
dead coral (percent)

#METHODOLOGY:
Large-scale transplant method
  Divers first placed 1 m x 1 m squares of chicken wire (5 cm mesh) on the 
substrate adjacent to the collection site.  A float was tied on one end of 
a 25 m line and a large spring clip tied to the opposite end.  The line was 
clipped onto to one corner of the chicken wire mesh, serving as a visual 
marker for the divers.  This line was used later to haul the corals off 
the bottom.   Divers then moved corals and placed them on the chicken wire.  
Most corals were loosely attached to the substratum or rested on 
unconsolidated material and were easily moved.  Occasionally, a sledge 
hammer was used to loosen corals that were too large or firmly attached.  
When the chicken wire was amply covered with coral, divers secured the 
four corners with the clip, forming a sling. The divers then returned 
to the boat and completed the operation with no personnel in the water.
   When all personnel were safely out of the water, the boat engines 
were started and the boat maneuvered alongside of the floats.  The float 
was retrieved, and the two or more persons hauled the bags off the bottom.  
The bags were hoisted close to the surface, and the lines were tied off on 
cleats.  Generally four bags of corals were carried on each boat trip.   
The boat slowly transported the corals to the transplant sites.  Bags were 
lowered to the bottom, and the floats thrown clear of the boat, after which 
time the boat was anchored and secured.  Divers then entered the water 
to set up the transplant stations.  Corals remained fully immersed in water 
throughout the operation.  All of the corals moved in this operation were 
massive colonies typical of high water motion environments.  These corals 
can be handled with little or no breakage.  Much more care would have been
required if we were transplanting delicate species.
 
Establishment of the eight transplant plots
  The position of each transplant site was established using sightings on 
prominent land features.  At each experimental site, a 2.5 m x 2.5 m square 
of wire mesh was firmly attached to the bottom using stakes cut from steel 
reinforcing rod and large nails.  Corals were then placed and secured 
to the grid with wire.  Four sediment traps were attached to stakes 
at each site.  Photographs and video were taken and used to compile 
detailed maps of the corals located at each transplant site.  These 
maps were subsequently used by divers to monitor survivorship of corals.
  A total of 47 bags of coral were moved.  Bags are estimated to weigh 
between 45 and 70 kg buoyant weight.  Taking an average of 58 kg, 
an estimated 2,700 kg buoyant weight was moved.  The ratio between 
buoyant weight and wet weight for Porites compressa, one of the 
dominant species in the area, was calculated to be 2.76.  Thus 
approximately 7,500 kg (16,000 lbs) wet weight was moved.

Monitoring of transplant plots
  At approximately monthly intervals (depending on weather and 
surf conditions) the plots were visually sampled for condition 
of corals.  Depth of sediments at the 35 Ft. and 45 Ft. sites 
was measured using permanent stakes.  Sediment traps were 
replaced and the contents analyzed.

Sediment Sampling
  Polyvinylchloride plastic (PVC) cylindrical pipes, interior 
diameter 5.2 cm, were used as sediment traps.  The recommended 
diameter to length ratio of 1:3 (Gardner 1980a, b) was used.  
Four traps were deployed at each site, with one placed on each 
corner of the 2.5 x 2.5 m wire grid, with the mouth of the
traps held 30 cm above the substrate with plastic stands.  
Trap contents were collected at roughly monthly intervals by 
capping the open tops of the traps and bringing the unit to the 
surface.  Sediments were collected on pre-weighed filters and 
air dried to a constant weight.
  Bulk samples, characteristic of the benthic substratum, were 
collected at each site in November 1996.  Scoop samples of 
approximately 50 g were collected from the top 10 cm of the 
substratum at each site.
 
Sediment Analyses
Grain Size Analysis
  Samples were homogenized and wet filtered through a large 
mesh sieve (2.8 mm) to remove small rocks.  The remaining material 
was wet filtered through sieves representing gravel (>500 um), coarse 
sands (between 500 and 250 um), fine sands (between 250 and 63 um), 
and silt (<63 um) (McManus, 1988).  Sieved materials were collected 
on pre-weighed filters and dried to a constant weight.  The 
proportion of material in each size class was determined.
 
Organic and Carbonate Fraction
 Samples were dried and homogenized.  Sub samples of approximately 
10 g were dried at 60 deg C for 8 hours, and then ashed at 
500 deg C for 12 hours.  Organic fraction is expressed as Loss 
on Ignition (LOI).  The samples where then ashed at 1000 deg C 
for 4 hours to break down the carbonate (Parker, 1983; Craft et al.,
1991).
 
Sediment Mobility
  Depth of the sediments at the 35 Ft. and 45 Ft. sites were 
measured monthly using permanent stakes.  Two stakes were installed 
at each site:  one close to the existing hard coral substratum and 
one centrally located within the sand channel.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:

Sediments
1) PVC core samplers
2) USA Standard Testing Sieve: A.S.T.M.E.-11 specifications with opening
   diameters of 500 um and 63 um)

Corals
SCUBA

#REFERENCES: 
Craft, C.B., E.D. Seneca and S.W. Broome. 1991. Loss on
  ignition and Kjeldahl digestion for estimating organic
   Carbon and total Nitrogen in estuarine marsh soils: Calibration
   with dry combustion. Estuaries 14:175-179.

Gardner, W.D. 1980a. Sediment trap dynamics and calibration:
   a laboratory evaluation. J. Mar. Res. 38:17-39.

Gardner, W.D. 1980b. Field assessment of sediment traps.
   J. Mar. Res. 38:40-52.

McManus, J. 1988. Grain size determination  and  interpretation. 
   pp.  63-85. IN M. Tucker  ed., Techniques  in  Sedimentology. 
   Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, England.

Parker, J.G. 1983. A comparison of methods used for the 
   measurement of organic matter in marine sediment.
   Chem. Ecol. 1:201-210.

Te, F.T., 2000. Responses of Hawaiian Scleractinian corals to different
   levels of terrestrial and carbonate sediment. Ph.D.  dissertation.
   Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii.Honolulu, Hawaii.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
email as MS WORD files

#FILE FORMATS: 
Files provided as MS WORD documents.

Redundant copies of the MS WORD tables were placed
in directory data/txt.  Below, only the root name
without the extention is given.

List of files     Contents
CHAPTER3          Complete chapter from dissertation (Te, 2000)
Table3_1          Grain size distriubution (percent by dry weight) 
                  for materials collected from sediment traps in February 
                  and June and in bulk samples from surrounding soft 
                  subtratum at each station.
Table3_2          Second Series Transplantation (date of 
                  transplantation, 17 April 96).  Fate of colonies 
                  as percent in each of four classes:  healthy, covered
                  with filamentous overgrowth, bleached or dead.

stations.txt      Cut from CHAPTER3.doc and contains site descriptions.

#DATASET SIZE:
695 Kbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
8 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Related data in NOAA archive:
NODC Accession Number      Comment
0000883                    F.Te Kahoolawe set from same dissertation
