Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: S.L. Coles
        Originator: H. Bolick
        Originator: Hawaii Biological Survey
        Originator: Bishop Museum
        Originator: Honolulu, Hawaii
        Publication_Date: 2006
        Title: Assessement of Invasiveness of the Orange Keyhole Sponge Mycale Armata in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii Based on Surveys 2004-2005
        Publication_Information:
          Publication_Place: Honolulu, Hawaii
          Publisher: Bishop Museum
    Description:
      Abstract: The Orange Keyhole Sponge, Mycale armata Thiele, was unknown in Hawaii
prior to 1996. First reported in Pearl Harbor, it now occurs in virtually
every commercial harbor in the main Hawaiian islands, where it can be a major
component of the fouling community on harbor piers and jetties. It has been
reported from a few coral reef locations near harbors, but in Kaneohe Bay
it has become a major component of the benthic biota in the south bay in the
last 5-10 years. A study was conducted in 2004-2005 to determine Mycale
armata's distribution, abundance throughout the bay, its growth rates on
permanent quadrats, and whether mechanical removal would be an effective
management technique for its control. Results from 190 manta board surveys on
28 reefs and paired 25 m belt transects using photo quadrats on 19 reefs
indicated that the sponge had maximal coverage in the south-central part of
the bay, in the vicinity of Coconut Island.
      Purpose: To determine Mycale armata's distribution, abundance throughout the bay, its 
growth rates on permanent quadrats, and whether mechanical removal would be 
an effective management technique for its control.
      Supplemental_Information: NOAASupplemental:Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: SCUBA, digital camera
Source_Name: manual
Project_Campaign: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative 
Originating_Center: Bishop Museum
Storage_Medium: Excel, PDF
Online_size: 166266 kilobytes
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Range_of_Dates/Times:
          Beginning_Date: 2004
          Ending_Date: 2005
      Currentness_Reference: ground condition
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None Planned
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.852
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.763
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.510
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.412
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Theme_Keyword: Biological survey,
        Theme_Keyword: coastal studies,
        Theme_Keyword: coral reef,
        Theme_Keyword: taxa,
        Theme_Keyword: marine organisms,
        Theme_Keyword: coral species,
        Theme_Keyword: algae species,
        Theme_Keyword: total biota,
        Theme_Keyword: nonindigenous and crytogenic marine taxa,
        Theme_Keyword: frequency of occurrence of species,
        Theme_Keyword: distribution and relative abundance of Mycale armata,
        Theme_Keyword: relative abundance of the invasive algae Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Gracilaria salicornia, and Kappaphycus sp.,
        Theme_Keyword: ercent cover of Mycale armata, macroalgae, corals and other invertebrates, and substratum types within the photoquadrats
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Place_Keyword: North Pacific Ocean,
        Place_Keyword: Hawaiian Islands,
        Place_Keyword: Oahu,
        Place_Keyword: Kaneohe Bay,
        Place_Keyword: Coconut Island
      Stratum:
        Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Stratum_Keyword: benthic
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Steve L. Coles
          Contact_Organization: Bishop Museum
        Contact_Position: Marine biologist
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: physical and mailing
          Address: 1525 Bernice St.
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96817
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)847-8256
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: slcoles@bishopmuseum.org
    Data_Set_Credit: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative,Bishop Museum
    Native_Data_Set_Environment: Excel spreadsheets, PDF
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Logical_Consistency_Report: see Lineage, Process Step
    Completeness_Report: the survey was 100% completed
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: 1. Manta Board Surveys 
    Manta board surveys were conducted in Kaneohe Bay
in September 2004 to determine the extent of occurrence and relative coverage
of Mycale armata. The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network's (GCRMN) manta
board procedure described in the Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral
Reefs, (http://www.icran.org/pdf/Methods_Ecological_Monitoring.pdf), in which
a trained observer is towed for two minutes behind a small boat, was modified
to a snorkeling observer swimming with the manta board for four minutes along
the reef edge. This modification was found to be more feasible in Kaneohe
Bay because of the difficulty in towing behind a boat under the prevailing
wind conditions and the general murkiness of the water in the bay. The manta
board swims were a satisfactory and time-efficient method for rapidly
acquiring a substantial quantity of semi-quantitative distribution data for
dominant benthic organisms. The observer estimated and recorded the coverage
of Mycale armata, the two dominant corals Porites compressa and Montipora
capitata, the introduced feather duster worm Sabellastarte spectabilis and the
invasive algae Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Gracilaria salicornia, and
Kappaphycus sp. on reef crests and slopes along the edges of reefs in the
south and middle sectors of Kaneohe Bay. The relative abundance of each
these species was estimated and recorded using the GCRMN scale ranging from 1
(1-10% cover) to 5 (75-100% cover). The location of the beginning and end of
each swim was recorded using a Garmin 76 WAAF Global Positioning System (GPS)
unit accurate to &#177; 8 m carried by the manta board observer in a waterproof
bag. Using this technique the 190 manta board transects shown in Figure 1 were
completed on 28 reefs by three observers in 13 days.

2. Quantitative Photo Quadrat Transects
Having established the extent of the sponge in the bay using manta board
swims, linear photo transects were used to establish quantitatively the areal
coverage of Mycale armata and other dominant benthic biota along transects at
19 sites on 18 reefs throughout Kaneohe Bay. Digital
photographs of bottom cover were taken along belt transects using an Olympus
5060 digital camera contained within an underwater housing and held on a fixed
height camera stand, producing an image area of ca. 0.66 m2. Twenty-five 
photographs were taken on each of two transects per site for a total of 33 m2 
reef surface measured per site. The start and end of each
set of transects was recorded using GPS and mapped using ArcGIS.
 
Images obtained were enhanced and cropped to a consistent size of 0.66 m2 and
processed using the Coral Point Count with Excel extension (CPCe) program
available from the National Coral Reef Initiative
(http://www.nova.edu/ncri/research/a10.html). Each quadrat was assigned 50
random points and the composition under each point was recorded, for a total
of 1250 points analyzed per transect or 2500 points per site. These data were
used to determine the percent cover of Mycale armata, macroalgae, corals and
other invertebrates, and substratum types within the photoquadrats, which were
averaged at each site.

3. Measurement of changes in sponge cover on control and removal quadrats

Twenty permanently marked photo quadrats were established in October 2004 on
the reef slope along the southeast perimeter of Coconut Island to monitor
sponge growth and competition with reef corals within
the marked areas. The corners of each 0.165 m2 quadrat were marked with iron
rebar or cable ties, enabling quarterly measurements of the same reef area for
each quadrat throughout the year. No sponge was removed from 10 of the
quadrats (Controls), while all the sponge that could be mechanically extracted
from the remaining 10 quadrats (Removals) was removed. The amount
of sponge removed averaged an equivalent of 1.85 kg dry wt per m2 for the ten 
quadrats.  This was time-consuming and impacted corals within some of the quadrats, 
requiring an equivalent of 12.6-22.7 hr/ m2 for removal from a single quadrat and 
removing an equivalent 0.18-1.72 kg m2 of live coral skeleton as by-catch from six of 
the ten removal quadrats. Both sets of quadrats were photographed soon after sponge 
removal and quarterly thereafter in February, May, August, and November 2005 using 
a digital camera on a stand with a fixed photographic area of ca. 0.165 m2 .

After cropping to a consistent image area of 0.165 m2, the CPCe program was
used to analyze the coverage of all components within the permanent photo
quadats for each quarter's determinations in a similar manner as was done for
transect photo quadrats, except that 100 points evenly spaced in a grid were
used for analysis of each permanent photo quadrat. This stratified approach
provided greater sensitivity and probability that the same specific areas on a
quadrat were being sampled each quarter, resulting in more replicability for
time-series analyses of changes within the permanent photo quadrats.

4. Measurement of changes in weight and volume of sponge fragments

Twenty fragments of sponge were collected from near the HIMB pier on 3
December 2004, transferred to the laboratory, and held in flowing seawater
under screen shade until 6 December. They were then photographed underwater
with the digital camera held on a small quadrapod frame that provided a
consistent image frame size of 412 cm2 . The sponges were then weighed
underwater in a basket suspended from the bottom hook of an Ohaus Scout-Pro
digital balance read to 0.001 g. Each sponge fragment was weighed
twice and the results averaged. After weighing and photographing, each sponge
was placed on a piece of underwater paper and both sponge and paper were
attached to galvanized wire mesh platforms and deployed to the reef where they
were held in place by cable ties attached to quadrat marker stakes or coral
branches. The sponges were photographed and weighed quarterly thereafter in
March, June, September, and December 2005. The projected areas of sponge
images were determined using CPCe analysis software for determining the area
of a irregular object. Duplicate area determinations were made and
averaged for each sponge at each quarterly measurement.
Coles, S.L. and H.Bolick, 2006. Assessment of Invasiveness of the Orange
Keyhole Sponge Mycale armata in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii.  Final Report, 
Year 1. The Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative. Contribution No. 2006-02 to the
Hawaii Biological Survey
        Process_Date: Unknown
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Person_Primary:
              Contact_Person: Steve L. Coles
              Contact_Organization: Bishop Museum
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: physical and mailing
              Address: 1525 Bernice St.
              City: Honolulu
              State_or_Province: Hawaii
              Postal_Code: 96817
              Country: USA
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)847-8256
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: slcoles@bishopmuseum.org
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Overview_Description:
      Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: HCRI_Report.pdf              Original Report provided as PDF.
HCRI_Report.txt              redundant ASCII copy
Figure01_02.jpg              Map of manta board survey locations

Data are in the following directories.  The originals were provided as
MS Excel spreadsheets.  Redundant ASCII CSV-format copies were made, with
each unique sheet getting a unique file.  Each spreadsheet is
well-described within.

Directory /MantaSurveys
Manta_Board_GPS_Data.xls     Coordinates of stations
Manta_Board_GPS_Data.csv     ASCII CSV copy
Manta_Survey_Data.xls        survey data
Manta_Survey_Data.csv        ASCII CSV copy

Directory /Photoquadrats
ControlsSummary.xls          Summary of data from Control
ControlsSummaryQuarter1.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
ControlsSummaryQuarter2.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
ControlsSummaryQuarter3.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
ControlsSummaryQuarter4.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
ControlsSummaryYear.csv      ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets

RemovalsSummary.xls          Removal Summary Data
RemovalsSummaryAllData.csv   ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryQuarter1.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryQuarter2.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryQuarter3.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryQuarter4.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryRemovals.csv  ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets
RemovalsSummaryYear.csv      ASCII CSV copies of spreadsheets

TimeSeries.xls               Change in time of control and removal quadrats
TimeSeriesSheet1.csv         ASCII CSV copy

Directories within /Photogradrats
(each directory pertains to a given quadrat.  In each, a ControlSummary 
and a RemovalSummary (*.xls) file is provided, which has been dumped into 
redundant ASCII CSV files for each sheet of each spreadsheet.  The sheets
hold the raw and the summary data).

Quadrat_1/
Quadrat_2/
Quadrat_3/
Quadrat_4/
Quadrat_5/
Quadrat_6/
Quadrat_7/
Quadrat_8/
Quadrat_9/
Quadrat10/

Directory /SpongeGrowth
GrowthData.xls                   Growth analysis data 
GrowthData_Form.csv              ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_Q1.csv                ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_Q2.csv                ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_Q3.csv                ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_Q4.csv                ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_TimeSeries.csv        ASCII CSV copy
GrowthData_year.csv              ASCII CSV copy

Directory /TrasectData
Photo_Transect_Data.xls          Data from photo transects
Photo_Transect_Data.csv          ASCII CSV copy
Photo_Transect_GPS_Data.xls      Coordinates and dates
Photo_Transect_GPS_Data.csv      ASCII CSV copy
TransectSummaries.xls            Transect summary data
TransectSummaries_Data.csv       ASCII CSV copy
TransectSummaries_Sheet2.csv     ASCII CSV copy

Directories in /TrasectData
(each directory pertains to a given location.  The directory name includes
the location, date, and depth (not all).  In each, a summary file (*.xls)
is provided, which has been dumped into redundant ASCII CSV files for each 
sheet of each spreadsheet.  The sheets hold the raw and the summary data).
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None
  Distribution_Information:
    Distributor:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
          Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
          City: Stennis Space Center
          State_or_Province: MS
          Postal_Code: 39529
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
        Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
    Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 20060313
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
        Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing
          Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
          Address: Dept. of Oceanography
          Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
        Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
        Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
    Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
