#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:


#ACCESSION NUMBER:


#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Roger Lukas

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
University of Hawaii
Dept. of Oceanography
1000 Pope Road
Honolulu, HI 96822

#ORIGINATOR:
same

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
same

#TITLE: 
Thermosalinograph  Data of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program 
in the North Pacific 100 Miles North of Oahu, Hawaii for Cruises 
HOT155-176 during 2004-2005

#PROJECT: 
Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT)

HOT was initiated and funded through grants from the National Science
Foundation under the auspices of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
(JGOFS) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The
field phase of these programs has ended, but support from the Ocean
Sciences Division of NSF has enabled continuation of our basic HOT
measurement program. The physical oceanographic component contributes to
the objectives of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Programme by providing
information on interannual to decadal variability of the North Pacific Ocean.
The US CLIVAR Office funded the physical oceanographic data during
2004-2005.

#ABSTRACT:

The HOT program makes repeated observations of the physics, biology and 
chemistry at a site approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii. Two stations 
are visited about once a month: Kahe Point (Station 1:  21.34N, 158.27W) and 
Station ALOHA (Station 2: 22.75N, 158W).  Various other stations are made
intermittently in support of similar research objectives or mooring 
deployments.  

HOT thermosalinograph data are recorded every 10 seconds from water 
collected by a continuous seawater system aboard each vessel from a 
depth of about 3 meters.  
 
#PURPOSE: 

The objective of the physical component of HOT is to describe and understand 
the ocean climate and variability at a deep-water site in the North Pacific 
subtropical gyre near Hawaii. This requires a long time series of physical 
oceanographic variables, including water mass properties and currents, 
supporting and complementing the objectives of the biogeochemical component 
of HOT.

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  21.34
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  22.75
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 158.27
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 158.00 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: Hawaii, North Pacific Ocean

#SAMPLING STATIONS:

Continuous sampling by thermosalinograph from port to station and
back to port.  Navigation data are given for each salinity/temperature
pair.

For comparative purposes, the following hydrocast station
information is provided.

  Station     Coordinates   Approximate              Comments
                              Depth (m)

 1 (Kahe)    21 20.6'N, 158     1,500    HOT Program coastal station
             16.4'W

 2 (ALOHA)   22 45.0'N, 158     4,800    HOT Program open ocean station
             00.0'W

 3           23 25.0'N, 158     4,800    Established and ended in 1993
             00.0'W

 4           21 57.8'N, 158     4,000    Established and ended in 1993
             00.0'W

 5           21 46.6'N, 158      450     Established and ended in 1993
             00.0'W
 6 Kaena     21.85N,158.36W     2,500    Not taken on every cruise
   Point
 7 (Kauai    22 30.8'N, 158
 Basin)      10.0'W             4,800     Established in 1996
 8 (HALE     22 27.5'N, 158
 ALOHA)      7.9'W              4,800     Established in 1997

Casts have been obtained at station HALE-ALOHA during cruises
conducted for retrieval and/or re-deployment of the bottom-moored buoy.

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 

January 2004 - December 2005

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
Year    Crs#         Start & End Dates       Ship            Chief Scientist
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2004    155          20 Jan - 24 Jan 04      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
        156          23 Feb - 27 Feb 04      R/V K-O-K            Sadler
        157          18 Mar - 22 Mar 04      R/V Kilo-Moana       Mandujano
        158          19 Apr - 23 Apr 04      R/V K-O-K            Sadler
        159          17 May - 21 May 04      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
        160          14 Jun - 18 Jun 04      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
        161          12 Jul - 14 Jul 04      R/V K-O-K            Mandujano
        162          14 Aug - 18 Aug 04      R/V K-O-K            Sadler
        163          27 Sep -  1 Oct 04      R/V K-O-K            Mandujano
        164          29 Oct -  2 Nov 04      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
        165          26 Nov - 30 Nov 04      R/V K-O-K            Mandujano
        166/HA-10A   18 Dec - 23 Dec 04      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
2005    167          31 Jan -  4 Feb 05      R/V Wecoma           Sadler
        168           3 Mar -  7 Mar 05      R/V Wecoma           Sadler
        169          16 May - 20 May 05      R/V Kilo-Moana       Gregory
        170          13 Jun - 17 Jun 05      R/V Kilo-Moana       Mandujano
        171/ST-12A   15 Jul - 19 Jul 05      R/V Melville         Gregory
        172          12 Aug - 16 Aug 05      R/V K-O-K            Gregory
        173/ST-12B    8 Sep - 12 Sep 05      R/V Kilo-Moana       Mandujano
        174           6 Oct - 11 Oct 05      R/V Kilo-Moana       Gregory
        175          10 Nov - 14 Nov 05      R/V Kilo-Moana       Mandujano
        176          11 Dec - 16 Dec 05      R/V K-O-K            Mandujano
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
HA :  HALE ALOHA buoy service cruises
ST :  Moored Sediment Trap deployment/recovery cruises
AC :  ALOHA-Climax cruises
P  :  Process cruises
K-O-K denotes Ka`imikai-O-Kanaloa

#PARAMETERS: 
Temperature (ITC-90)
Salinity (PSS-78)

#METHODOLOGY:

Generalities are given below.  Please see REFERENCES for additional
information. 

Each of the (approximately monthly) HOT cruises follows the same basic
pattern with some flexibility for ancillary projects to be done after the
core sampling has been completed. During transit from Honolulu to the
time-series station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) one
weight test is done to between 700 and 1000 m at station 1 off Kahe Point
(16 km offshore from the western tip of Oahu, 21 20.6' N, 158 16.4' W,
1500 m water depth). Following the successful winch test, a CTD/rosette cast
to 1000 m is conducted. This cast serves as a "shakedown" for the remainder
of the cruise, and the functioning of the components of the CTD/rosette
system as well as coordination between winch, deck and console operators can
be tested. The training of new personnel in activities such as taking
meteorological observations, and sampling salinities is also done in this
station. The data taken at Kahe Point (station 1) represent an additional
time-series of water properties at a near-shore site.
 
Upon arrival at ALOHA (station 2), operations commence with a deep cast
(maximum depth approximately 4750 m), 36-hour burst sampling3 of the upper
1000 m at the same location, plus CTD casts to support ancillary JGOFS work
of about an extra 12 hours duration. Time permitting, the last CTD cast of
the cruise will be a deep cast. On occasion, one cast will be done at
station 3 (40 miles north of ALOHA at 23 25' N, 158 W).

The second and following casts at station ALOHA are sampled to at least 1000
m depth. Cast 2 is called a "density cast" because water samples are taken
at a number of specified density values ranging from [sigma-theta]= 27.37 to
the surface with the intent to resolve the profiles of salinity, dissolved
oxygen, and nutrients in potential density coordinates Depths sampled during 
the following casts within the 36-hour burst sampling period are chosen both 
by the JGOFS group and the WOCE team, who have to ensure that at least one 
water sample each is taken within the mixed layer, the shallow salinity 
maximum, the intermediate salinity minimum and the deepest position of 
the rosette for calibration of the CTD conductivity sensor. If oxygen 
bottles will be taken from the cast, then the sampling should include 
at least the mixed layer, oxygen maximum, oxygen minimum and the deepest 
rosette position for calibration of the CTD oxygen sensor. The second 
deep cast of the cruise (if there is one) should include sampling of 
oxygen bottles in at least seven levels appropriate for calibration of 
the CTD oxygen sensor, i.e. in the oxycline and two more levels below 
the oxygen minimum, in addition to the four levels mentioned before.

The primary objective of the HOT program is to assess variability in the
central Pacific Ocean on annual and interannual time scales. One of our most
important concerns, therefore, is to ensure that the highest possible
precision and accuracy is consistently maintained for all water column
chemical measurements. In order to achieve the highest possible data
quality, we have instituted a quality-assurance/quality-control program,
and have attempted to collect all ancillary information necessary to
ensure that our data are not biased by sampling artifacts.

Because sampling is over 36 hours, one can average out the effects
short-term changes of the depth of density surfaces and the magnitude of
hydrographic and nutrient variables (inertial, tidal, and shorter periods).

Thermosalinograph data are recorded every 10 seconds from water collected 
by a continuous seawater system aboard the vessel from a depth of 
about 3 meters.  These data are processed and quality controlled. Details 
of the thermosalinograph processing are documented (Tupas et. al., 1996).
 
Navigation data are also included in the thermosalinograph data file.
The navigation data are recorded every minute from the Global
Positioning System (GPS) aboard the vessel and linearly interpolated
at the same times of the thermosalinograph record.  These data include
latitude and longitude.
 
Error flags were incorporated in the data. 

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:

SBE-21 Seacat thermosalinograph system

#REFERENCES

1990 Chiswell, S., E. Firing, D. Karl, R.  Lukas and C. Winn. Hawaii 
   Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 1, 1988-1989. SOEST Tech. Rept. 
   #1, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii,
   Honolulu, HI, 269 pp.

1992 Winn, C., S. Chiswell, E. Firing, D.  Karl and R. Lukas. Hawaii Ocean 
   Time-series Program Data Report 2, 1990. SOEST Tech.  Rept. 92-1, School 
   of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, 
   HI, 175 pp.

1993 Winn, C., R. Lukas, D. Karl and E.  Firing. Hawaii Ocean Time- series 
   Program Data Report 3, 1991. SOEST Tech. Report 93-3, School of Ocean and 
   Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 228 pp.

1993 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, D.  Hebel, R. Lukas, D. Karl and E. 
   Firing.  Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 4, 1992. SOEST Tech. 
   Report 93-14, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of 
   Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 248 pp.

1994 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, D.  Hebel, E. Firing, F. Bingham, R. 
   Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 5, 1993. 
   SOEST Tech. Report 94-5, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, 
   Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 156 pp.

1995 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, D.  Hebel, E. Firing, R. Lukas, and 
   D. Karl.  Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 6, 1994. SOEST Tech. 
   Report 95-6, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of 
   Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 199 pp.

1996 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, C.  Nosse, D. Hebel, E. Firing, R. 
   Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 7, 1995. 
   SOEST Tech. Report 96-7, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, 
   Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 228 pp.

1997 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, D.  Hebel, C. Nosse, L. Fujieki, E. 
   Firing, R.  Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data 
   Report 8, 1996.  SOEST Tech. Report 97-8, School of Ocean and Earth 
   Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 296 pp.

1998 Tupas, L., F. Santiago-Mandujano, D.  Hebel, C. Nosse, L. Fujieki, E. 
   Firing, R.  Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data 
   Report 9, 1997.  SOEST Tech. Report 98-9, School of Ocean and Earth 
   Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 159 pp.

2004 Fujieki, L.A., F. Santiago-Mandujano, P. Lethaby, C. Hannides,
   R.  Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data
   Report 16, 2004.  School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology,
   Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 315 pp.
   (see rep_y16.txt)

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
FTP

#FILE FORMATS: 

Directories and files:
/data             root data directory

  /woce_sum       WOCE-type sum file which gives details on
                  position and parameters taken of each cast and
                  station of each cruise.  Filenaming convention:

                  hotccc.sum      where ccc is cruise number

  /ths            thermosalinograph data.  Filenaming convention:

                  hotcccts.dat    where ccc is cruise number
                                        ts  is constant

Data File Format:

Thermosalinograph data are distributed in a format specified here.

The thermosalinograph data for each cruise are stored together with the
navigation data in an ASCII file. The file names are determined by cruise name
and number. For example, the thermosalinograph data for HOT-155 can be
found in hot155ts.dat. 

The thermosalinograph data files do not contain any header information. Only
the data for each cruise are presented in the files. The order of variables 
in a thermosalinograph record are as follows: time (year, decimal year day),
longitude, latitude, temperature, salinity and quality. Note, negative 
longitude corresponds to West longitude. 

Data Record Format:

Column      Variable
-------     -------
1         Year
2         Decimal Year Day (January 1 = Year Day 0)
3         Longitude (decimal degrees)
4         Latitude (decimal degrees)
5         Temperature (Degrees Celsius,
          International Temperature Scale of 1990)
6         Salinity (1978 International Practical Salinity Scale)
7         Quality (defined by investigator) **

FORTRAN FORMAT  (i4, f10.5, f12.6, f11.6, f7.3, f7.3, i3)

** The quality word is the left-to-right concatenation of required quality 
bytes for temperature and salinity; the first byte represents temperature, 
the second represents salinity. Quality information is only available 
for cruises after HOT-71. 

The byte values are defined as follows: 

byte value      Definition
    2           Acceptable measurement.
    3           Questionable measurement.
    4           Bad measurement.

Sample File: (First few records) 

1996 142.40750 -157.994382  22.749950 25.313 34.877 23
1996 142.40762 -157.994536  22.749976 25.310 34.873 23
1996 142.40773 -157.994677  22.750001 25.309 34.876 23
1996 142.40785 -157.994831  22.750029 25.308 34.882 23


#DATASET SIZE:
36867 Kbytes; 51 files

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
22 unique cruises

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Previous HOTs Bottle submissions to NODC:
NODC Accession                 Contents
9900208                        HOTs 1988-1998
0000639                        HOTs 1999-2000
0001707                        HOTs 2001-2003
0010624                        HOTs 2004-2005

Previous HOTs CTD submissions to NODC:
NODC Accession                 Contents
9900206                        HOTs 1988-1998
0000640                        HOTs 1999-2000
0001704                        HOTs 2001-2003
0010740                        HOTs 2004-2005

Previous HOTs thermosalinograph submissions to NODC:
NODC Accession                 Contents
9900213                        HOTs 1988-1998
0000641                        HOTs 1999-2000
0001710                        HOTs 2001-2003
