Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator:
        Dr. Edward Laws
        Department of Oceanography
        School of Earth and Ocean Science and Technology
        University of Hawaii
      Publication_Date: unknown
      Title:
        Continuous water quality monitoring to determine the cause of
        coral reef ecosystem degradation for coastal Windward Oahu
        streams during 2002
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: none
        Issue_Identification: none
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: unpublished material
        Publisher: unpublished material
  Description:
    Abstract:
      Kaneohe and Waimanalo streams on the windward side of the
      island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands have been hardened
      to prevent flooding.  The hardening process has involved
      elimination of the natural riparian habitat and replacement
      of the natural stream channel with a concrete-lined conduit
      having vertical walls and a broad, flat bottom.  The
      shallow depth of the water column and the absence of shade
      have resulted in temperatures that average as much as 4-5oC
      above ambient and rise as high as 32oC during daylight hours.
      Unlike most low-order streams, the hardened sections of
      both streams are autotrophic, as evidenced by elevated
      pH values and O2 concentrations as high as 150% of saturation.
      Several allochthonous inputs, one from a storm sewer and
      the other from a natural spring, introduced water with
      anomalously low O2 concentrations and very high nitrate
      concentrations.  The absence of sediments in the hardened
      sections of the streams precludes natural sedimentary
      microbial processes, including denitrification.  Nitrate
      concentrations in a section of Waimanalo Stream with a
      natural streambed drop dramatically from values in excess of
      400 ?M to concentrations less than 10 ?M at the head of
      the estuary.  Although some of this decline is due to
      dilution with seawater, the concentration of nitrate at the head
      of the estuary is only 10% of the value that could be
      explained by dilution effects.  Biological processes
      associated with a natural streambed thus appear very
      important to the functionality of the streams and in particular
      to their ability to process allochthonous nutrient inputs
      in a way that minimizes impacts on the nearshore environment.
      Prevention of flooding can be accomplished by mechanisms that
      do not involve elimination of riparian buffer zones and
      destruction of channel habitat.  To maintain water quality and
      stream functionality, it will be important that these alternative
      methods of flood control be utilized.  Converting natural
      streams to storm sewers is an unenlightened way to address
      flooding problems.
    Purpose:
      Quantify the effects of stream hardening on water
      quality and stream functionality and the effects
      on the near shore coral ecosystem.
    Supplemental_Information:
      NOAASupplemental:
      Entry_ID: Unknown
      Sensor_Name: water quality sensors
      Project_Campaign: Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative
      Originating_Center: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa
      Storage_Medium: MS Excel, MS Word, CSV ASCII, ASCII TEXT
      Online_size: 6152 Kbytes
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Range_of_Dates/Times:
        Beginning_Date: 20020204
        Beginning_Time: 0800
        Ending_Date: 20021121
        Ending_Time: 1700
    Currentness_Reference: ground conditions
  Status:
    Progress: complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: funding dependent
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.805
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.7100
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.4108
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.3600
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Theme_Keyword: coastal streams
      Theme_Keyword: water quality
      Theme_Keyword: biogeochemical data
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none
      Place_Keyword: Kaneohe, Oahu, Hawaii
      Place_Keyword: Waimanalo
      Place_Keyword: Kaneohe Bay
      Place_Keyword: Kailua Bay
      Place_Keyword: Kaneohe Stream
      Place_Keyword: Waimanalo Stream
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints: dataset credit required
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Dr. Edward Laws
        Contact_Organization:
          Department of Oceanography
          School of Earth and Ocean Science and Technology
          University of Hawaii
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: physical and mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Building
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: HI
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7402
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: elaws@hawaii.edu
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative,
    Department of Oceanography,
    School of Earth and Ocean Science and Technology,
    University of Hawaii
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: MS Excel and Word
Data_Quality_Information:
  Logical_Consistency_Report: see methodology
  Completeness_Report: quality control complete
  Lineage:
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description:
        Waimanalo Stream was sampled along the Kahawai tributary and below
        the confluence of Kahawai and Waimanalo Streams near the mouth of the
        stream where it discharges into Waimanalo Bay.  Most of the Waimanalo
        Stream stations were sampled a total of 10-12 times at roughly 3-4 week
        time intervals during the period February-October, 2002.  Kaneohe Stream
        sampling was carried out at roughly three-week intervals during the period
        June-November, 2002.  Most Kaneohe Stream stations were sampled a total of
        nine times.  Waimanalo stations 2-5 and 7 lie along a hardened section of
        the stream that extends for a distance of approximately 0.8 km upstream and
        immediately downstream of Kalanianaole Highway.  Station 1 lies immediately
        upstream of the hardened section.  Station 6 is the effluent from an
        underground storm sewer that discharges beneath the Kalanianaole Highway
        bridge.  Stations 7-9 lie at the beginning, midpoint, and end, respectively,
        of a stream restoration project carried out by the Waimanalo Watershed
        Project.  Station 10 is at the head of the Waimanalo Stream estuary.  In
        the Kaneohe Stream study, station 1 is located in a natural stream channel
        with no upstream hardening.  Station 5 is the effluent from a spring that
        seeps into Kamooalii Stream near the Likelike Highway culvert.  Station 10
        is immediately downstream of the hardened section of the stream in the head
        of the Kaneohe Stream estuary.  The remaining stations are located along the
        hardened section of Kamooalii/Kaneohe Stream.  Water samples were collected
        in 250-ml plastic bottles and immediately placed in an ice chest.
        Measurements of temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, and turbidity
        were made in the field.  Temperature was recorded to the nearest 0.1oC with
        a thermometer calibrated at 0oC (ice bath) and 100oC (boiling water).
        Oxygen concentrations were recorded with a YSI model 58 dissolved oxygen
        meter. pH was recorded to the nearest 0.1 using an IQ Scientific model 3000
        portable pH meter.  In the laboratory, the water samples were filtered
        through pre-weighed glass fiber filters (Whatman GFF) with a nominal
        porosity of 0.7 ?m.  The filters were dried in a drying oven at 105oC to
        constant weight.  The filters were weighed on a Mettler model H20T analytical
        balance to the nearest 0.01 mg.  Duplicates were run on random samples as
        a check on precision.  Blanks were run by filtering 250 mL of distilled
        water through a filter.  The weight of material collected on the filters
        ranged from a few milligrams to several tens of milligrams.  The blank
        correction was less than 0.1 mg.  The concentration of total suspended
        solids (TSS) was calculated from the difference in the weights of the
        filter before and after filtering.  The filtrate from the suspended solids
        filtration step was transferred to plastic bottles and processed for
        nutrient concentration measurements.  The filtrates were frozen if not
        immediately analyzed.  Concentrations of nitrate + nitrite (hereafter,
        nitrate), phosphate, and silicate were measured on the filtrate using
        colorimetric techniques on a Technicon Instruments AutoAnalyzer.  The
        procedures used for the colorimetric assays adhered to those described in
        APHA (1998).  Limits of detection were 0.5 ?M for silicate and 0.1 ?M for
        nitrate and phosphate.  Concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and
        total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were determined by first oxidizing the
        filtrates with an Ace-Hanovia ultraviolet light photo-oxidation unit and
        then assaying for nitrate and phosphate, respectively.  Concentrations of
        particulate nitrogen (PN) and particulate phosphorus (PP) were calculated by
        assuming that the TSS contained 0.35% nitrogen and 0.11% phosphorus by
        weight (Laws and Ferentinos 2002).  Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN)
        and total phosphorus (TP) were then calculated as TDN + PN and TDP + PP,
        respectively.
      Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation:
        American Public Health Association, 1998. Standard Methods for the
        Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Water Environment
        Federation, Alexandria, VA.
      Process_Date: unknown
      Process_Contact:
        Contact_Information:
          Contact_Person_Primary:
            Contact_Person: Dr. Edward Laws
            Contact_Organization:
              Department of Oceanography
              School of Earth and Ocean Science and Technology
              University of Hawaii
          Contact_Address:
            Address_Type: physical and mailing
            Address: 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Building
            City: Honolulu
            State_or_Province: HI
            Postal_Code: 96822
            Country: USA
          Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7402
          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: elaws@hawaii.edu
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Overview_Description:
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
      Data received in MS Excel and  MS Word.  Redundant
      ASCII copies were made of each as CSV or TXT format.

      1) Directory: data/excel
      FILENAMES
      HCRIdata.xls
      HCRIdata_Kaneohe.csv
      HCRIdata_waimanalo.csv
      FORMATS:
      xls: MS Excel
      csv: ASCII Comma-Separated-format; redundant copy of each sheet
      CONTENT
      Data files (Columns defined in each file or sheet)

      2) Directory: data/report
      FILENAMES
      HCRImaps.doc
      figure1.jpg
      figure2.jpg
      FORMATS:
      doc: MS WORD
      jpg: jpeg plot
      CONTENTS:
      Maps of station locations.  Figures in HCRImaps.doc
      were printed then scanned into the two JPG files

      FILENAMES
      noaareport.doc
      noaareport.txt
      FORMATS:
      doc: MS WORD
      txt: ASCII copy
      CONTENTS:
      Complete report
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none
Distribution_Information:
  Distributor:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC (National Coastal Data Development Center)
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: Mailing and Physical Address
        Address: National Coastal Data Development Center, Building 1100
        City: Stennis Space Center
        State_or_Province: MS
        Postal_Code: 39529
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 866-732-2382
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 228-688-2968
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ncddcgetdata@noaa.gov
      Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
  Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20030623
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
        Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
      Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing
        Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
        Address: Dept. of Oceanography
        Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
        City: Honolulu
        State_or_Province: Hawaii
        Postal_Code: 96822
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
      Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
      Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998


