#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Edward Laws

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Department of Oceanography
School of Earth and Ocean Science and Technology
University of Hawaii

contact information (as of June 2003):
Edward Laws
University of Hawaii
Department of Oceanography
Honolulu, HI  96822
phone:  808-956-7402
FAX:  808-956-9225
email:  elaws@hawaii.edu

#ORIGINATOR:
same

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
same

#TITLE: 
Continuous water quality monitoring to determine the cause of
coral reef ecosystem degradation for coastal Windward Oahu 
streams during 2002

#ABSTRACT: 
Kaneohe and Waimanalo streams on the windward side of the 
island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands have been hardened 
to prevent flooding.  The hardening process has involved 
elimination of the natural riparian habitat and replacement 
of the natural stream channel with a concrete-lined conduit 
having vertical walls and a broad, flat bottom.  The
shallow depth of the water column and the absence of shade 
have resulted in temperatures that average as much as 4-5oC 
above ambient and rise as high as 32oC during daylight hours.
Unlike most low-order streams, the hardened sections of 
both streams are autotrophic, as evidenced by elevated 
pH values and O2 concentrations as high as 150% of saturation.
Several allochthonous inputs, one from a storm sewer and 
the other from a natural spring, introduced water with 
anomalously low O2 concentrations and very high nitrate
concentrations.  The absence of sediments in the hardened 
sections of the streams precludes natural sedimentary 
microbial processes, including denitrification.  Nitrate 
concentrations in a section of Waimanalo Stream with a 
natural streambed drop dramatically from values in excess of 
400 ?M to concentrations less than 10 ?M at the head of 
the estuary.  Although some of this decline is due to 
dilution with seawater, the concentration of nitrate at the head
of the estuary is only 10% of the value that could be 
explained by dilution effects.  Biological processes 
associated with a natural streambed thus appear very 
important to the functionality of the streams and in particular 
to their ability to process allochthonous nutrient inputs 
in a way that minimizes impacts on the nearshore environment.  
Prevention of flooding can be accomplished by mechanisms that 
do not involve elimination of riparian buffer zones and 
destruction of channel habitat.  To maintain water quality and 
stream functionality, it will be important that these alternative 
methods of flood control be utilized.  Converting natural
streams to storm sewers is an unenlightened way to address 
flooding problems.

#PURPOSE:  
Quantify the effects of stream hardening on water
quality and stream functionality and the effects
on the near shore coral ecosystem.

#FUNDING:
Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 21.3600
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 21.4108 
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 157.805
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 157.7100
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 

North Pacific, Hawaii, Oahu, Kaneohe, Waimanalo, Kailua Bay,
Kaneohe Bay, Kaneohe Stream, Wiamanalo Stream

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
Waimanalo Stream, see /data/report/figure1.jpg
Kaneohe Stream, see /data/report/figure2.jpg

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
20020204 - 20021121

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
See Dates in ../data/excel/HCRIdata.xls

Stream stations were sampled a total of 10-12 times at roughly 3-4 week 
time intervals during the period February-October, 2002.  Kaneohe Stream 
sampling was carried out at roughly three-week intervals during the period 
June-November, 2002.  Most Kaneohe Stream stations were sampled a total 
of nine times.  

#PARAMETERS: 
weather
water width
water depth
sediment depth
pH
temperature
dissolved oxygen
percent saturation
alkalinity
total suspended solids, TSS
nitrate + nitrite, NH4+
nitrous oxide, NO3-
phosphate, PO4 3-
silicate, SiO2 
total dissolved nitrogen, TDN
total dissolved phosphorus, TDP
total nitrogen, TN
total phosphorus, TP
particulate nitroge, PN
particulate phosphorus, PP

#METHODOLOGY:
Waimanalo Stream was sampled along the Kahawai tributary and below 
the confluence of Kahawai and Waimanalo Streams near the mouth of the 
stream where it discharges into Waimanalo Bay.  Most of the Waimanalo
Stream stations were sampled a total of 10-12 times at roughly 3-4 week 
time intervals during the period February-October, 2002.  Kaneohe Stream 
sampling was carried out at roughly three-week intervals during the period 
June-November, 2002.  Most Kaneohe Stream stations were sampled a total of 
nine times.  Waimanalo stations 2-5 and 7 lie along a hardened section of 
the stream that extends for a distance of approximately 0.8 km upstream and 
immediately downstream of Kalanianaole Highway.  Station 1 lies immediately 
upstream of the hardened section.  Station 6 is the effluent from an 
underground storm sewer that discharges beneath the Kalanianaole Highway 
bridge.  Stations 7-9 lie at the beginning, midpoint, and end, respectively, 
of a stream restoration project carried out by the Waimanalo Watershed 
Project.  Station 10 is at the head of the Waimanalo Stream estuary.  In 
the Kaneohe Stream study, station 1 is located in a natural stream channel
with no upstream hardening.  Station 5 is the effluent from a spring that 
seeps into Kamooalii Stream near the Likelike Highway culvert.  Station 10 
is immediately downstream of the hardened section of the stream in the head 
of the Kaneohe Stream estuary.  The remaining stations are located along the 
hardened section of Kamooalii/Kaneohe Stream.  Water samples were collected 
in 250-ml plastic bottles and immediately placed in an ice chest.  
Measurements of temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, and turbidity 
were made in the field.  Temperature was recorded to the nearest 0.1oC with 
a thermometer calibrated at 0oC (ice bath) and 100oC (boiling water).  
Oxygen concentrations were recorded with a YSI model 58 dissolved oxygen 
meter. pH was recorded to the nearest 0.1 using an IQ Scientific model 3000
portable pH meter.  In the laboratory, the water samples were filtered 
through pre-weighed glass fiber filters (Whatman GFF) with a nominal 
porosity of 0.7 ?m.  The filters were dried in a drying oven at 105oC to 
constant weight.  The filters were weighed on a Mettler model H20T analytical 
balance to the nearest 0.01 mg.  Duplicates were run on random samples as 
a check on precision.  Blanks were run by filtering 250 mL of distilled 
water through a filter.  The weight of material collected on the filters 
ranged from a few milligrams to several tens of milligrams.  The blank 
correction was less than 0.1 mg.  The concentration of total suspended 
solids (TSS) was calculated from the difference in the weights of the 
filter before and after filtering.  The filtrate from the suspended solids 
filtration step was transferred to plastic bottles and processed for 
nutrient concentration measurements.  The filtrates were frozen if not 
immediately analyzed.  Concentrations of nitrate + nitrite (hereafter, 
nitrate), phosphate, and silicate were measured on the filtrate using 
colorimetric techniques on a Technicon Instruments AutoAnalyzer.  The 
procedures used for the colorimetric assays adhered to those described in
APHA (1998).  Limits of detection were 0.5 ?M for silicate and 0.1 ?M for 
nitrate and phosphate.  Concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and 
total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were determined by first oxidizing the 
filtrates with an Ace-Hanovia ultraviolet light photo-oxidation unit and 
then assaying for nitrate and phosphate, respectively.  Concentrations of
particulate nitrogen (PN) and particulate phosphorus (PP) were calculated by 
assuming that the TSS contained 0.35% nitrogen and 0.11% phosphorus by 
weight (Laws and Ferentinos 2002).  Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) 
and total phosphorus (TP) were then calculated as TDN + PN and TDP + PP, 
respectively.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
Field:
samples taken: 250-ml plastic bottles
temperature: thermometer
DO: YSI model 58 dissolved oxygen meter
pH: IQ Scientific model 3000 portable pH meter

Laboratory:
pre-weighed glass fiber filters
Mettler model H20T analytical balance
Technicon Instruments AutoAnalyzer
Ace-Hanovia ultraviolet light photo-oxidation unit 

#REFERENCES: 
American Public Health Association, 1998. Standard Methods for the 
   Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Water Environment
   Federation, Alexandria, VA.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
email

#FILE FORMATS: 
Data received in MS Excel and  MS Word.  Redundant
ASCII copies were made of each as CSV or TXT format.

1) Directory: data/excel
FILENAMES
   HCRIdata.xls
   HCRIdata_Kaneohe.csv
   HCRIdata_waimanalo.csv
FORMATS:
   xls: MS Excel
   csv: ASCII Comma-Separated-format; redundant copy of each sheet
CONTENT
   Data files (Columns defined in each file or sheet)

2) Directory: data/report
FILENAMES
   HCRImaps.doc     
   figure1.jpg     
   figure2.jpg     
FORMATS:
   doc: MS WORD
   jpg: jpeg plot
CONTENTS:
   Maps of station locations.  Figures in HCRImaps.doc
   were printed then scanned into the two JPG files

FILENAMES
   noaareport.doc   
   noaareport.txt
FORMATS:
   doc: MS WORD
   txt: ASCII copy 
CONTENTS:
   Complete report

#DATASET SIZE:
6152 kbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
25 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
