          A.  CRUISE NARRATIVE: P17N_2001a
              updated: 2004.MAY.19

          
          A.1.  HIGHLIGHTS
                                   WHP CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
          
                       WOCE section designation  P17N_2001a
              Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  49NZ200107_1
                    Chief Scientist/affiliation  Masao Fukasawa/JAMSTEC*
                                          Dates  2001.JUL.25 - 2001.AUG.28
                                           Ship  R/V Mirai
                                  Ports of call  Sekinehama, Japan to Dutch Harbor, U.S.
          
                             Number of stations  78
                                                             5437.27'N
                 Stations geographic boundaries  14246.08'E           134 58.6'W 
                                                             300.01'N
                   Floats and drifters deployed  0
                 Moorings deployed or recovered  0
                           Contributing Authors  none listed
          
                                          *Masao Fukasawa
                    2-15, Natsushima-cho  Yokosuka, Kanagawa  237-0061  Japan
               Phone: +81-468-67-9470  FAX: +81-468-67-9455  Email: fksw@jamstec.go.jp
          
          
          WOCE P17N+P17C (eight stations) revisit, R/V Mirai cruise in the Gulf of Alaska
          
          
          1.2  CRUISE SUMMARY
          
          NUMBER OF STATIONS
          
          A total of 78 CTDO/rosette stations including two training stations. CTDO was 
          equipped with LADCP and Transmission meter. A General Oceanics 36 bottle 
          rosette was equipped with 36 12-liter Niskin-X water sample bottles.
          
          
          SAMPLING
          
          The following sample measurements ware made: salinity, oxygen, phosphate, 
          silicate, nitrate, nitrite and CFCs 11, 12 and 113, DIC, pH, alkalinity and 
          delta 14C. CTD salinity and oxygen were also measured.
          
          
          OVERVIEW
          
          The first leg of MR01K04 of R/V Mirai was assigned for WHP P17N revisit cruise.
          
          The cruise was planned under a Japanese ocean science program of Sub-Arctic 
          Gyre Experiment (SAGE). SAGE  re-occupied P1 (47N) in 1999 and reported 
          preliminarily an evidence of bottom water warming, an anomalously strong 
          intrusion of the meso-thermal water into the Gulf of Alaska and large scale up-
          welling and down-welling at the mid and deeper depths which was explainable as 
          a local response of the ocean to changes in the wind curl field. The objectives 
          of the cruise were, therefore, focused to detect changes in the bottom and 
          deeper water property and in the temperature stratification at sub-surface 
          compared to the results from P17N in 1993. Beside these physical interests, it 
          was also very important objective of the cruise to collect carbon related 
          parameters which were not measured in 1993.
          
          The cruise stared on 25 July 2001 at Sekinehama port in Mutsu (Figure 1). On 
          the way to the southernmost our WHP revisit station, 64 XCTDs were casted by 
          Japan Fisheries Agency. Also before the first WHP station, two CTD+ROSSET 
          station were occupied for the training of participants. Reference sample water 
          were also collected for radio-active species at one of these stations.
          
          The observation along P17N (+8 stations of P17C) started at P17C_#26 at 19:25 
          on 6 August 2001. A new DO censer, SBE43, was used in this cruise. The 
          performance of the sensor was so good (Figure 2) that the calibration of the 
          sensor using results from bottle DO measurements can be carried out much easier 
          than before.
          
          A new station of P17N_X01 was added between P17N_#64 and #65 (Figure 2) to 
          occupy P1_#92 which is the crossover station of P17N and P1.
          
          On 24 August, we encountered a big low after the station P17N_#83. The wave 
          height exceeded 5m. R/V Mirai had to make a heaving there for more than 24 
          hours. This time loss resulted in the replacement of CTD lowering at P17N_#93, 
          #95 and #97 with XCTD casting.
          
          The last station of P17N was occupied at 20:52 on 25 August 2001. We made a 
          port at Dutch Harbor on 28 August.
          
          We would like to express our gratitude to Captain Akamine and all crews of 
          Mirai. Also we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to all participants 
          of this cruise.
          
          
          1.3  LIST OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
          
          The principal investigators responsible for the major parameters measured on 
          the cruise are listed below.  Also, the persons responsible for the tasks 
          undertaken on the cruise are listed.  
          
          Principal investigator(s)  Person in charge        Responsibility
          -------------------------  ----------------------  --------------
          H. Uchida    (JAMSTEC)     S. Ozawa     (MWJ)      CTD/O2
          M. Fukasawa  (JAMSTEC)     S. Ozawa     (MWJ)      CTD/O2
          Y. Yoshikawa (JAMSTEC)     H. Matsunaga (MWJ)      LADCP
          T. Kawano    (JAMSTEC)     T. Matsumoto (MWJ)      Salinity
          M. Fukasawa  (JAMSTEC)     N. Komai     (MWJ)      Dissolved oxygen
          S. Watanabe  (JAMSTEC)     K. Satoh     (MWJ)      Nutrients
          A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)     M. Kitada    (MWJ)      DIC
          A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)     F. Shibata   (MWJ)      Total alkalinity
          S. Andreev   (JAMSTEC)     T. Ohama     (MWJ)      pH
          Y. Kumamoto  (JAMSTEC)     A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)  delta14C
          S. Watanabe  (JAMSTEC)     A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)  CFCs
          T. Matsumoto (JAMSTEC)     S. Sueyoshi  (GODI)     Bathymetry
          K. Yoneyama  (JAMSTEC)     S. Sueyoshi  (GODI)     Meteorology
          Y. Yoshikawa (JAMSTEC)     S. Sueyoshi  (GODI)     Shipboard ADCP
          A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)     A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)  pCO2
          T. Watanabe  (TNFRI)       S. Sueyoshi  (GODI)     XBT, XCTD
          T. Kawano    (JAMSTEC)     T. Miyashita (MWJ)      Surface T, S, DO
          A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)     A. Murata    (JAMSTEC)  Surface TCO2
          
          Abbreviations:
                        JAMSTEC: Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
                            MWJ: Marine Works Japan, Ltd.
                           GODI: Global Ocean Development, Inc.
                          TNFRI: Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute
          
          
          1.4 LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS
          
          The members of the scientific party are listed below along with their main 
          tasks undertaken on the cruise.  
          
          Name                Affiliation                    Main tasks
          ------------------  -----------------------------  --------------------------
          Masao Fukasawa      JAMSTEC                        LADCP
          Yasushi Yoshikawa   JAMSTEC                        LADCP
          Hiroshi Uchida      JAMSTEC                        LADCP
          Takeshi Kawano      JAMSTEC                        Salinity
          Akihiko Murata      JAMSTEC                        CFCs
          Tomowo Watanabe     TNFRI                          XBT/XCTD
          Munehito Kimura     KANSO                          Nutrients
          Takashi Kitao       KANSO                          TCO2, CFCs
          Nobuharu Komai      MWJ                            Oxygen
          Satoshi Ozawa       MWJ                            CTD operations
          Fuyuki Shibata      MWJ                            Alkalinity, pH
          Katsunori Sagisima  MWJ                            Oxygen
          Takeo Matsumoto     MWJ                            Salinity
          Ai Yasuda           MWJ                            Nutrients
          Mikio Kitada        MWJ                            TCO2
          Kenichiro Sato      MWJ                            Nutrients
          Keisuke Wataki      MWJ                            Alkalinity, pH
          Hiroshi Matsunaga   MWJ                            CTD operations
          Taeko Ohama         MWJ                            Alkalinity, pH
          Minoru Kamata       MWJ                            TCO2, CFCs
          Junko Hamanaka      MWJ                            Nutrients
          Asako Kubo          MWJ                            Nutrients
          Yuichi Sonoyama     MWJ                            Oxygen
          Tomoko Miyashita    MWJ                            Oxygen
          Naoko Takahashi     MWJ                            CTD operations
          Shinya Iwamida      GODI                           Meteorology, XBT/XCTD
          Souichiro Sueyoshi  GODI                           ADCP, Bathymetry, XBT/XCTD
          Yosuke Inoue        Tokyo University of Fisheries  Water sampling
          Hisami Suga         Hokkaido University            Water sampling
          Tomokazu Hirata     Tokai University               Water sampling
          Fuma Matsunaga      Kagoshima University           Water sampling
          Satoko Katsuyama    Tokai University               Water sampling
          Tae Yamamoto        Tokai University               Water sampling
          Takahiro Miura      Tohoku University              Water sampling
          
          Abbreviations:
                        JAMSTEC: Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
                            MWJ: Marine Works Japan, Ltd.
                           GODI: Global Ocean Development, Inc.
                          TNFRI: Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute
                          KANSO: Kansai Environmental Engineering Center Co., Ltd.
          
          
          
          2.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS
          
          2.1  SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Kunio YONEYAMA      (JAMSTEC)
          Shinya IWAMIDA*     (GODI)
          Souichiro SUEYOSHI* (GODI)
          * Operators on board
          
          
          OBJECTIVE
          
          Accurate and continuous surface meteorological measurements are crucial to 
          understand the air-sea interaction quantitatively. These data are used to study 
          the temporal and spatial distribution of the exchange of heat, momentum, and 
          radiation through the sea surface.
          
          
          METHODS
          
          For accurate measurement of surface meteorology on board, in addition to the 
          MIRAI original surface meteorological station (SMET), two state-of-the-art but 
          unique measurement systems are deployed on the R/V MIRAI. One is SOAR 
          (Shipboard Oceanographic and Atmospheric Radiation) measurement system 
          developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory, that focuses on accurate 
          measurement of solar radiation, and the other is turbulent flux measurement 
          system, that measures sensible and latent heat as well as momentum accurately 
          by correcting the influence of ship motion onto the true wind. Sensors of both 
          systems are deployed on the top deck of the foremast, where provides good 
          condition with less influence of ship body dynamically and thermodynamically.
          
          Main components of these systems are listed below (sensor, type, and parameters):
          
          SMET:
            Thermometer (Koshin Denki, FT)                    air temperature (C)
            Dew point hygrometer (Koshin Denki, DW-1)         dew point (C)
            Anemometer (Koshin Denki, KE-500)                 relative wind speed (m/s) and direction (deg)
            Barometer (Yokogawa, F451)                        pressure (hPa)
            Siphonic rain gauge (R.M. Young, 50202)           precipitation (mm)
            Optical rain gauge (ScTi, ORG-115DR)              rain rate (mm/hr)
            Pyranometer (EKO, MS-801)                         downwelling short wave radiation (W/m2)
            Pyrgeometer (EKO, MS-200)                         downwelling long wave radiation (W/m2)
          
          SOAR (Figure 3)
            T/RH sensor (Vaisala, HMP45A)                     temperature (C), relative humidity (%)
            Anemometer (R.M. Young, 5106)                     relative wind speed (m/s) and direction (deg)    
            Barometer (R.M. Young, 61201)                     pressure (hPa)
            Siphonic rain gauge (R.M. Young, 50202)           precipitation (mm)
            Optical rain gauge (ScTi, ORG-115DR)              rain rate (mm/hr)
            Portable Radiation Package (BNL, PRP) consists of:
             Pyranometer (Eppley, PSP)                       downwelling short wave radiation (W/m2)
             Infrared radiometer (Eppley, PIR)               downwelling long wave radiation (W/m2)
             Fast Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (BNL, FRSR) direct and diffuse components of solar radiation (W/m2)
          
          Data acquisition system (NOAA, SCS:Scientific Computr System)
            * Details of the SOAR can be found at http://www.oasd.bnl.gov/
          
          Turbulent Flux measurement system (Figure 4):
            3-D sonic anemometer-thermometer (Kaijo, DA-600); wind speed  (m/s), temperature (C)
            Infrared hygrometer (Kaijo, AH-300)               specific humidity (g/kg)
            Inclinometer (Applied Geomechanics, MD-900-T)     ship motion (pitch, roll)
            Accelerometer (Applied Signal Inc.,QA700-020)     ship motion (acceleration)
            Rate gyro (Systron Donner, QRS11-0050-100)        ship motion (angular velocity)
          
          
          PRELIMINARY RESULTS
          
          Original data are taken every 6 seconds for SMET and SOAR, 10Hz for turbulent 
          measurement, respectively, during whole cruise. Time series of basic surface 
          meteorology averaged over one hour are shown in Figure 5.
          
          
          DATA ARCHIVES
          
          The raw SOAR and SMET data have already been submitted to JAMSTEC Data 
          Management Office(DMO). Corrected data are also available upon request from K.
          Yoneyama of JAMSTEC (yoneyamak@jamstec.go.jp) and will be available from R.M.
          Reynolds of BNL. Turbulent flux measurement data, on the other hand, will be 
          processed and archived by O. Tsukamoto of Okayama University. After the 
          processing and quality check, data will be submitted to JAMSTEC DMO and become 
          available at least within 3 years.
          

          
          2.2  SHIPBOARD ADCP OBSERVATION
               13 MAR 2002
          
          SUMMARY
          
          Direct velocity measurement was made along the cruise track with a hull-mounted 
          ADCP.  The ADCP was a 75 kHz broadband system, RDI, which profiled at 8-meter 
          vertical resolution and vector-averaged the 2-second ping data onto a 5-minute 
          time series with vertical range of sampling from 20 to 660 m depth, 
          approximately.  It did reach down to 300 m to 500 m depth.  The measurement 
          system included ship's GPS receiver and gyrocompass.  The ship position was 
          corrected by using the differential signal from the land when it was received.  
          The alignment misfit between gyrocompass and ADCP, and the scale factor of ADCP 
          were estimated and corrected by using the bottom tracking data obtained in this 
          cruise.
          
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Yasushi YOSHIKAWA  (JAMSTEC)  Principal Investigator
          Shoichiro SUEYOSHI (GODI)     Operation Leader
          
          
          OBJECTIVE
          
          Objective is to study the flow fields both hydrographic sections of WHP-P17C 
          and -P17N, and the North Pacific along the ship track.
          
          
          INSTRUMENTS AND DATA ACQUIREMENT SYSTEM
          
          The ADCP mounted on the R/V Mirai was 75 kHz broadband system, RDI-VM75.  We 
          set the parameters of each ADCP profile as 8 m vertical resolution with 
          vertical range of sampling from 20 to 660 m depth, approximately.  The ship's 
          ADCP did reach down to 300 m to 500 m depth.  The 2 seconds ping data were 
          averaged onto a 5 minutes time series.  The ADCP observation was carried 
          underway in this cruise from Sekinehama to Dutch Harbor.
          
          A single GPS receiver was used for ship's positioning.  It was calibrated by 
          using differential signal sounded from Sapporo, Honolulu, and Vancouver when 
          the signal was received.  From the signal from Vancouver was almost covered in 
          this hydrographic section P17C and P17N.
          
          Ship's gyrocompass was used for the measurement of the ADCP direction.  The 
          gyrocompass correlated its error factors, so-called 'the velocity error' and 
          'the latitude error', automatically.  There were no system that measured ship's 
          pitch and roll.  There existed unknown alignment misfit.  The scale factor for 
          the ADCP velocity was also to be estimated.  Therefore we took special ship 
          course in this cruise for the estimations.
          
          
          ESTIMATIONS OF THE ALIGNMENT MISFIT AND THE SCALE FACTOR
          
          In order to estimate the alignment misfit and the scale factor four special 
          ship tracks were arranged; three round-trip courses and two bottom-tracking 
          courses were set up.  Among them we used the first bottom tracking data for the 
          estimation because the stable data were collected.  Bottom speed data those 
          were sampled every 4 seconds, were averaged onto a 2 minutes time series.  The 
          alignment misfit _ and the scale factor A are estimated by using following 
          formula shown in Joyce (1989) and Pollard and Read (1989),
          
                              tan_ =  (v'dus - u'dvs )/(u'dus + v'dvs),
                            A = square root ((us2 + vs2)/(u'd2 + v'd2)),
          
          where, us and vs are east-west and north-south components of the ship speed,
                and u'd and v'd are those bottom speed relative to the ship, respectively.  
                The A and _ were calculated in each sample.
            
          The scale factor A was estimated by averaging the data of the track. The mean 
          is 0.9705 with the standard deviation of 0.0011, which corresponds to the error 
          of 0.9 cm/s when the ship speed is 16kt.  It is satisfied with the range of the 
          result of another bottom track; the mean is 0.9699 with the standard deviation 
          of 0.0125.  The gyrocompass shows the unstable error after the ship heading 
          changing.  The time needed for becoming the stable status after the turning 
          back was estimated as 80 minutes.  By using the suitable samples the alignment 
          misfit was estimated as -1.34 degree with the standard deviation of 0.07 
          degree.
          
          
          PRELIMINARY RESULTS
          
          The ADCP velocity vectors along the cruise track were shown in Figure 6.  For 
          the sections of P17C and P17N the data when the ship stopped for the CTD 
          operation were used for the velocity calculation.  In the crossing the western 
          north Pacific, strong flow pattern (associated with the Kuroshio and/or 
          eddies?) was observed.  In the hydrographic section, the ADCP observed the 
          southwestward strong flow of the Alaskan Current in the sea north of 54 N 
          (Figure 7).  The flow over 20 cm/s was spreading down to 300m to 500m in this 
          area.  The core of the current existed near STN.96, where the current speed was 
          over 50 cm/s at the 50 m depth.  
          
          
          DATA ARCHIVES
          
          The raw data will be submitted to the Data Management Office (DMO) in JAMSTEC.
          
          
          
          2.3  SURFACE NUTRIENTS 
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Junko Hamanaka (MWJ): Operation Leader
          Kenichiro Sato (MWJ)
          Asako Kubo     (MWJ)
          
          
          SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
          
          Phytoplankton require nutrient elements for growth, chiefly nitrogen, 
          phosphorus, and silicon.  The data of nutrients in surface seawater is 
          important for investigation of phytoplankton productivity.
          
          
          PARAMETERS
          
           Nitrate+ Nitrite
           Nitrite
           Phosphate
           Silicate
          
          
          METHODS
          
          The nutrients monitoring system was performed on BRAN+LUEBBE continuous 
          monitoring system Model TRAACS 800 (4 channels) from July 24 to August 10, 
          2001.  This system was located at the surface seawater laboratory for 
          monitoring in R/V Mirai.  Seawater at depth of 4.5 m was continuously pumped up 
          to the laboratory and introduced direct to monitoring system with narrow tube.  
          
          The methods are as follows.
          
          Nitrate + Nitrite: Nitrate in the seawater was reduced to nitrite by reduction 
                             tube (Cd-Cu tube), and the nitrite reduced was determined by 
                             the nitrite method as shown below. The flow cell was 3 cm 
                             length type.
          
          Nitrite:           Nitrite was determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide by 
                             coupling with N-1-naphthyl-ethylendiamine (NED) to form a 
                             colored azo compound, and by being measured the absorbance of 
                             550 nm using 3 cm length flow cell in the system.
          
          Phosphate:         Phosphate was determined by complexing with molybdate, by 
                             reducing with ascorbic acid to form a colored complex, and by 
                             being measured the absorbance of 800 nm using 5 cm length 
                             flow cell in the system.
          
          Silicate:          Silicate was determined by complexing with molybdate, by 
                             reducing with ascorbic acid to form a colored complex, and by 
                             being measured the absorbance of 800 nm using 3 cm length 
                             flow cell in the system.
          
          
          DATA SHARING
          
          All data will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Office (DMO) and under 
          its control.
          
          

          2.4  ATMOSPHERIC AND SURFACE SEAWATER P(CO2)
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          A. Murata (JAMSTEC) 
          M. Kitada (MWJ)
          M. Kamata (MWJ)
          T. Kitao  (KANSO)
          
          
          INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE
          
          Continuous underway measurements of atmospheric and surface seawater P(CO2) were 
          made with the CO2 measuring system (Nippon ANS, Ltd) installed in the R/V Mirai 
          of JAMSTEC. The system comprises of a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer 
          (NDIR; BINOS(r) model 4.1, Fisher-Rosemount), an air-circulation module and a 
          showerhead-type equilibrator. To measure concentrations (mole fraction) of CO2 
          in dry air (xCO2a), air sampled from the bow of the ship (approx. 30 m above the 
          sea level) introduced into the NDIR through a dehydrating route with an 
          electric dehumidifier (kept at 3C), a Pure dryer, and a chemical desiccant 
          (Mg(ClO4)2). The flow rate of the air was 500 ml min-1. To measure surface 
          seawater concentrations of CO2 in dry air (xCO2s), the air equilibrated with 
          seawater within the equilibrator was introduced into the NDIR through the same 
          flow route as the dehydrated used in measuring CO2.   The seawater was taken by a 
          pump from the intake placed at the approx. 4.5 m below the sea surface. The 
          flow rate of seawater in the equilibrator was 500 - 800 ml min-1.
          
          The CO2 measuring system was set to repeat the measuring cycle such as 4 kinds 
          of CO2 standard gases (see below), xCO2a (twice), xCO2s (7 times), and this 
          system was run throughout the cruise.
          
          
          CALIBRATION AND STANDARDS
          
          Four working standard gases, with nominal values of 298, 321, 370, 440 ppmv in 
          synthetic air, were used during the measurements on board the vessel.  Prior to 
          the cruise (Jul., 2001), the CO2 standard gases used on the cruise were 
          calibrated against primary standard gases, which were calibrated by Dr. C.D.
          
          
          Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The calibrated 
          concentrations were 298.57, 321.19, 370.72 and 439.97 ppmv. After the cruise 
          (Nov., 2001), we re-calibrated the working standard gases. The re-calibrated 
          concentrations were 298.56, 321.15, 370.78 and 439.93 ppmv. Since the 
          differences between before and after the cruise were all less than 0.1 ppmv, we 
          calculated the sampled xCO2a and xCO2s using the averaged concentrations of 
          298.56, 321.17, 370.75 and 439.95 ppmv.
          
          
          DATA SELECTION
          
          The CO2 measuring system used an analogue recorder for output voltages from the 
          NDIRs.  The analogue recorder was used to select background and significant 
          signals of each measured item by rejecting variant signals that resulted from 
          contamination by the ship's ventilation air, the rolling and pitching of the 
          ship due to rough weather, etc.  In addition, plots of the values as a function 
          of sequential time also facilitated the visual detection of abnormal values.
          
          For xCO2a, we used the data only when difference of two consecutive measurements 
          (6 min. interval) was within 0.15 ppmv to obtain background values. The 
          averages of the two measurements (336 pairs) are reported in the data file.
          
          For xCO2s, a measurement of 3,418 passed the data selection rule.
          
          
          Calculation of P(CO2)
          
          P(CO2) was calculated based on the following equation:
          
                                      P(C02) = (1-e/P) ?xCO2
          
          where e and P are saturated water vapor and air pressure, respectively. The e 
          was calculated as a function of water temperature and salinity (Weiss and 
          Price, 1980).
          
          
          For surface seawater P(CO2), the rise in seawater temperature between the intake 
          and the equilibrator is critical.--- in the cruise, the rise was  usually less 
          than 0.3C. The effects of the temperature rise were corrected using the 
          equation of Gordon and Jones (1973).
          
          
          DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SURFACE SEAWATER P(CO2)
          
          Latitudinal distributions of atmospheric and surface seawater P(CO2) along the 
          WOCE line are displayed in Figure 8. From this figure, it was found that south 
          of 43N, the sea acted as a source for atmospheric CO2, while north of 43N, it 
          acted as a weak sink for atmospheric CO2, or was almost saturated with 
          atmospheric CO2.
          
          
          REFERENCES:
          
          Gordon. L.I. and L.B. Jones. 1973.  The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide 
              partial pressure in seawater.   Mar. Chem. 1:  317-322.
          
          Weiss, R.F. and B.A. Price. 1980. Nitrous oxide solubility in water and 
              seawater. Mar. Chem. 8:  347-359.
          
          
          
          2.5  SURFACE SEAWATER TOTAL CARBON (CT)
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          A. Murata (JAMSTEC)
          M. Kitada (MWJ)
          M. Kamata (MWJ)
          T. Kitao  (KANSO)
          
          
          INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE
          
          Continuous underway measurements of surface seawater CT was made with the CT 
          measuring system (Nippon ANS, Ltd) installed in the R/V Mirai of JAMSTEC. The 
          system comprises of a sea water dispensing system, a CO2 extraction system and a 
          coulometer (Model 5012, UIC Inc.).
          
          The sea water dispensing system has an auto-sampler which collects sea water in 
          a 300 ml borosilicate glass bottle, and dispenses the sea water to a pipette of 
          nominal 30 ml volume by PC control. The sea water taken at approx. 4.5 m depth 
          was introduced to the glass bottle by a pump of the Mirai. Time and position of 
          sea water sampling were recorded automatically through a ship's navigation 
          system, together with water temperature and salinity, which were measured by a 
          Continuous Sea Surface Water Monitoring System (Nippon Kaiyo, Ltd) of the 
          Mirai.
          
          CO2 dissolved in a sea water sample was extracted in a stripping chamber of the 
          CO2 extraction system by adding phosphoric acid (10% v/v). The stripping chamber 
          is made approx. 25 cm long and has a fine frit at the bottom. To degass CO2 as 
          quickly as possible, heating wire kept at 40C is rolled from the bottom to a 
          1/3 height of the stripping chamber. The acid was added to the stripping 
          chamber from the bottom of the chamber by pressurizing an acid bottle for a 
          given time to push out the right amount of acid. The pressurizing was made with 
          nitrogen gas (99.9999%). After the acid was transferred to the stripping 
          chamber, sea water samples collected in a pipette were introduced to the 
          stripping chamber by the same method as in adding an acid. The sea water 
          reacted with phosphoric acid was stripped of CO2 by bubbling the nigrogen gas 
          through a fine frit at the bottom of the stripping chamber. The CO2 stripped in 
          the chamber was carried by the nitrogen gas (flow rate of 130 ml min-1) to the 
          coulometer through a dehydrating module. The module consists of two electric 
          dehumidifiers (kept at 1C) and a chemical desiccant (Mg(ClO4)2).
          
          The measurement sequence such as system blank (phosphoric acid blank), 2% CO2 
          gas in a nitrogen base, sea water samples (4) was programmed to repeat 
          throughout the operation. The measurement of 2% CO2 gas was made to monitor 
          response of coulometer solutions (from UIC, Inc.).
          
          
          CALIBRATION
          
          Calibration was made using 6 Na2CO3 solutions of nominal 0.0, 500, 1000, 1500, 
          2000 and 2500 mol dm-3. The slope of the linear regression equation (R2 = 
          0.99998) was used as the calibration factor. Certified reference materials 
          (CRM; Bach #53) provided by Prof. A.G. Dickson of SIO were measured when a 
          coulometer solution was renewed. All the values reported were recalibrated 
          against the certified value of the CRM.
          
          
          STABILITY OF THE MEASURING SYSTEM
          
          Changes of CT due to changes of response of a coulometer were monitored by 
          measuring 2% CO2 gas periodically; coulometer counts of the 2% CO2 gas at 
          respective sample measurements were interpolated from the measured coulometer 
          counts of the gas, which were obtained at every 5 measurements. Then, based on 
          the count assigned to each sample measurement, CTs were corrected so as to be 
          measured at the coulometer response of CRM measurement.
          
          The values of CRM measured during the operation of the system are plotted as a 
          function of elapsed day (Figure 9).
          
          
          UNCERTAINTY
          
          The CRMs were measured twice from one bottle. The number of measurement was 10 
          (5 pairs) in total. The average value of the two analyses was used for CRM 
          correction. The average difference between the average of the two CRM analyses 
          and the certified value (2012.00 mol kg-1) was 2.1  2.1 mol kg-1.
          
          
          DISTRIBUTIONS OF SURFACE SEAWATER CT
          
          Distributions of surface seawater CT were illustrated as a function of year day 
          in Figure 10.
          
          
          
          2.6  SURFACE NUTRIENTS 
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Junko Hamanaka (MWJ): Operation Leader
          Kenichiro Sato (MWJ)
          Asako Kubo     (MWJ)
          
          
          SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
          
          Phytoplankton require nutrient elements for growth, chiefly nitrogen, 
          phosphorus, and silicon.  The data of nutrients in surface seawater is 
          important for investigation of phytoplankton productivity.
          
          
          PARAMETERS
          
           Nitrate+ Nitrite
           Nitrite
           Phosphate
           Silicate
          
          
          METHODS
          
          The nutrients monitoring system was performed on BRAN+LUEBBE continuous 
          monitoring system Model TRAACS 800 (4 channels) from July 24 to August 10, 
          2001.  This system was located at the surface seawater laboratory for 
          monitoring in R/V Mirai.  Seawater at depth of 4.5 m was continuously pumped up 
          to the laboratory and introduced direct to monitoring system with narrow tube.  
          The methods are as follows.
          
          
          Nitrate + Nitrite: Nitrate in the seawater was reduced to nitrite by reduction 
                             tube (Cd-Cu tube), and the nitrite reduced was determined by 
                             the nitrite method as shown below. The flow cell was 3 cm 
                             length type. 
          
          Nitrite:           Nitrite was determined by diazotizing with sulfanilamide by 
                             coupling with N-1-naphthyl-ethylendiamine (NED) to form a 
                             colored azo compound, and by being measured the absorbance of 
                             550 nm using 3 cm length flow cell in the system.
          
          
          Phosphate:         Phosphate was determined by complexing with molybdate, by 
                             absorbance of 800 nm using 5 cm length flow cell in the 
                             system. 
          
          Silicate:          Silicate was determined by complexing with molybdate, by 
                             reducing with ascorbic acid to form a colored complex, and by 
                             being measured the absorbance of 800 nm using 3 cm length 
                             flow cell in the system. 
          
          
          DATA SHARING
          
          All data will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Office (DMO) and under 
          its control.
          
          
          
          2.7 SURFACE T, S, DO
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Tomoko  MIYASHITA    (MWJ)
          Katsunori  SAGISHIMA (MWJ)
          Yuichi  SONOYAMA     (MWJ)
          
          
          OBJECTIVE
          
          To measure salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescence of near-
          sea surface water.
          
          
          METHODS
          
          The Continuous Sea Surface Water Monitoring System (Nippon Kaiyo co.,Ltd.) has 
          six kind of sensors and can automatically measure salinity, temperature, 
          dissolved oxygen, fluorescence and particle size of plankton in near-sea 
          surface water continuously, every 1-minute. This system is located in the "sea 
          surface monitoring laboratory" on R/V Mirai. This system is connected to 
          shipboard LAN-system. Measured data is stored in a hard disk of PC every 1-
          minute together with time and position of ship, and displayed in the data 
          management PC machine.
          
          Near-surface water was continuously pumped up to the laboratory and flowed into 
          the Continuous Sea Surface Water Monitoring System through a vinyl-chloride 
          pipe. The flow rate for the system is controlled by several valves and was 
          12L/min except with fluorometer (about 0.3L/min). The flow rate is measured 
          with two flow meters and each values were checked everyday.
          
          SPECIFICATION OF EACH SENSOR IN THIS SYSTEM LISTED BELOW.
          
          a) Temperature and Salinity sensor
             SEACAT THERMOSALINOGRAPH
              Model:             SBE-21, SEA-BIRD ELECTRONICS, INC.
              Serial number:     2118859-2754
              Measurement range: Temperature -5 to +35_,      Salinity0 to 6.5 S m-1
              Accuracy:          Temperature 0.01 _ 6month-1, Salinity0.001 S m-1 month-1
              Resolution:        Temperatures 0.001_,         Salinity0.0001 S m-1
          
          b) Bottom of ship thermometer
              Model:             SBE 3S, SEA-BIRD ELECTRONICS, INC.
              Serial number:     032607
              Measurement range: -5 to +35_
              Resolution:        0.001_
              Stability:         0.002 _ year-1
          
          c) Dissolved oxygen sensor
             Model:               2127, Oubisufair Laboratories Japan INC.
              Serial number:     44733
              Measurement range: 0-14 ppm
              Accuracy:          1% at 5 _ of correction range
              Stability:         1% month-1 
          
          d) Fluorometer
             Model:               10-AU-005, TURNER DESIGNS
              Serial number:     5562 FRXX
              Detection limit:   5 ppt or less for chlorophyl a
              Stability:         0.5% month-1 of full scale
          
          e) Particle Size sensor
             Model:               P-05, Nippon Kaiyo LTD.
              Serial number:     P5024
              Measurement range: 0.02681 mmt to 6.666 mm
              Accuracy:          10% of range
              Reproducibility:   5%
              Stability:         5% week-1
          
          f) Flow meter
             Model:               EMARG2W, Aichi Watch Electronics LTD.
              Serial number:     8672
              Measurement range: 0 to 30 l min-1
              Accuracy:          1%
              Stability:         1% day-1
          
          The monitoring Periods (UTC) during this cruise are: 2001.JUL.27  07:06 to
                                                               2001.AUG.26  17:48
          
          
          DATA SHARING
          
          All data will be submitted to JAMSTEC Data Management Office (DMO) and under 
          its control.
          
          
          
          2.8  SEA BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Souichiro Sueyoshi  (GODI): Operation Leader
          Shinya Iwamida      (GODI)
          
          
          OBJECTIVES
          
          To obtain bathymetry data contributes to geophysical investigation, and 
          supports for CTD and sea water sampling observation.
          
          
          METHODS
          
          The observation was carried out from 24 July 2001 to 26 August 2001. Bathymetry 
          data were obtained continuously by SeaBeam2112.004 (SeaBeam, Inc., USA) 12kHz 
          multi-narrow beam echo sounding system. In order to measure accurate depth, 
          precise sound velocity profiles were calculated from the temperature profile of 
          water column. During this cruise, XCTD/CTD data and SSV data were used to 
          calculate the sound velocity profiles for most of stations.
          
          
          DATA ARCHIVE
          
          The dataset obtained in this cruise will be submitted to the DMO (Data 
          Management Office), JAMSTEC and will be archived there.
          
          
          
          
          3.  HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS
          
          3.1  SAMPLE SALINITY MEASUREMENTS
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Takeshi Kawano   (JAMSTEC)
          Takeo  Matsumoto (MWJ)
          
          
          METHOD AND RESULTS
          
          Samples were drawn into 250ml Phoenix brown glass bottles with GL45 screw caps.
          Bottles were reined three times with sample water before filling. Salinity was 
          determined after sample equilibration to Lab. Temperature, at least 12 hours.
          
          The analysis was carried out using "Guildline Autosal 8400B Salinometer", which 
          was modified by addition of an Ocean Scientific International peristaltic-type 
          sample intake pump. The instrument was operated air-conditioned dedicated Lab. 
          for "Autosal" of R/V Mirai. The room temperature was around 23C.
          
          The bath temperature of "Autosal" was set to 24C and IAPSO Standard 
          Seawater (SSW) Batch P139, at least one fresh vial per cast, was used to 
          standardize the salinometer. A double conductivity ratio was defined as a 
          median of 31 readings of the salinometer. Data collection was started after 5 
          seconds and it took about 10 seconds to collect 31 readings by a personal 
          computer.
          
          406 pairs of replicate were measured.  Figure 11 shows the histgram of all the 
          difference between replicate samples. When we consider goods measurements below 
          1,000m (263 pairs), the average and the standard deviation were 0.00020 and 
          0.00014, respectively in Practical Salinity Scale.
          
          
          3.2  SAMPLE DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Masao Fukasawa      (JAMSTEC)
          Nobuharu Komai      (MWJ)
          Katsunori Sagishima (MWJ)
          
          
          EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES
          
          Bottle oxygen samples were taken in calibrated clear glass bottle of 200 ml 
          cpacity before other samples were drawn. The temperature of the water was 
          measured at the time of the drawing for 12/36 rosette bottles to check and to 
          allow corrections for change in density of the sample between the closure of 
          the rosette bottle and fixing of the dissolved oxygen. As for samples of which 
          the water temperature was not measured, potential temperature calculated from 
          CTD results was used after a correction based on the measured temperature data.
          
          Analysis followed the whole bottle method. The thiosulfate  titration was 
          carried out in a controlled environmental laboratory maintained at temperature 
          between 24C and 27C The normality of thiosulfate was set to be 0.07 
          when the regents were made up, and checked their changes daily. Replicate 
          samples were taken from six bottles (deepest bottle and DO minimum bottle are 
          always included) on every cast.
          
          The end point of titration was determined by an electrode method following 
          Culberson and Huang(1987) using a Metrohm Titrator and DOSIMAT (Switzerland) 
          auto burette with 10 ml cylinder. Titration volume were always smaller than 6 
          ml and the smallest increment from the burette was 1 microliters.
          
          The volume of oxygen dissolved in the water was converted to mass fraction by use 
          of the factor 44.66 and an appropriate value of the density; corrections for the 
          volume of oxygen added with reagents and for impurities in the manganese chloride 
          were also made as described in the WOCE Manual of Operation and Methods 
          (Cilberson, 1991, WHPO 91-1).
          
          
          REPRODUCIBILITY OF MEASUREMENT
          
          During the cruise 2420 samples were taken including 513 of replicates.
          Statistics on the replicates are given in Table 1. These include both 
          replicates and those taken from different bottles fired at the same depth.
          
          
          Table 1: Statistics of replicates and duplicate obtained during the cruise
          
                                            Oxygen concentration umol/kg
                                      ----------------------------------------
                Number of replicates  mean difference    Std. dev        %mean
                       473            0.28 mol/kg       0.22 mol/kg    0.19
          
          
          CROSS SECTION
          
          Figure 12 shows the cross section of bottle DO produced using data with quality 
          flags of 2 and 3.  Ocean Data View (version 5.4) by Reiner Schlitzer was hired 
          as a graphic software.
          
          
          3.3  TOTAL ALKALINITY (AT)
               13 MAR 2002
                 
          PERSONNEL
          
          Akihiko Murata (JAMSTEC)
          Fuyuki Shibata (MWJ)
          Keisuke Watak  (MWJ)
          Taeko Ohama    (MWJ)
          
          
          SAMPLE COLLECTION
          
          All sea water samples collected from depth using 12 liter Niskin bottles at 
          every two stations. The sea water samples for AT were taken with a plastic 
          drawing tube (PFA tubing connected to silicone rubber tubing) into high-density 
          polyethylene (PE) bottles with an inner cup. The PE bottle was filled with sea 
          water smoothly from the bottom after rinsing it twice with a small volume of 
          sea water. The sea water samples were kept at 4C in a refrigerator until 
          analysis. A few hours before analysis, the sea water samples were kept at 25C 
          in a water bath.
          
          
          INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE
          
          A sea water of approx. 100 ml was transferred into a tall beaker of 200 ml 
          (open cell) from a PE bottle using a calibrated pipette (101.63 or 102.14 ml).
          The water temperature at pipetting was recorded to know transferred water 
          volume.
          
          Measurement of AT was made using a titration system which comprises of a 
          titration manager (TIM900, Radiometer) and auto-burette (ABU901, Radiometer). A 
          combination of a pH glass electrode (pHG201, Radiometer) and a reference 
          electrode (REF201, Radiometer) was used to monitor changes of emf by titrating 
          a sea water sample  by an acid (0.1N HCl + 0.6N NaCl). The best combination of 
          the electrodes was selected by checking titration curves of NaCl solutions 
          titrated by 0.01N HCl. The titration was made in a thermostat bath kept at 25C, 
          and was controlled by PC with a burrette operation software (Tim Talk 9, Lab 
          Soft).
          
          Calculation of AT was made based on a modified Gran approach using emfs ranging 
          from 150 to 210 mV.
          
          
          CALIBRATION OF ACID TITRANT
          
          Calibration of acid titrant was made by measuring AT of 5 solutions of Na2CO3 in 
          0.7N NaCl solutions. The computed ATs were approx. 0, 100, 1000, 2000 and 2500 
          mol kg-1.
          
          The measured values of AT (calculated by assuming 0.1N) should be a linear 
          function of the AT contributed by the Na2CO3. The line is fitted by the method 
          of a least square. Theoretically, the slope should be unity. If the measured 
          slope is not equal to one, the acid normality should be adjusted by dividing 
          initial normality by the slope, and the whole set of calculations is repeated 
          until the slope = 1 is obtained.
          
          The normality of the acid titrant used was 0.098211N.
          
          
          CALIBRATION OF TITRANT DISPENSING TIPS
          
          'To deliver' volumes of the auto-burette were calirbrated with pure water.
          Volumes of 2, 3, 4 ml delivered by the auto-burette were calibrated.
          
          
          PRECISION AND ACCURACY
          
          We collected replicate samples at an interval of 5 to 8 sampling depth, approx.
          5 replicate samples for each water column. The average difference of field 
          replicate analyses was calculated to be 2.6  2.6 mol kg-1 (n = 181).
          
          The CRMs (mostly Bach #54 and two Bach #53) were measured to remove biases 
          between analyzed values of samples. The average difference between the analysed 
          values of CRM and the certified value (2342.09 mol kg-1; Bach #45) was 
          calculated to be 3.6  3.3 mol kg-1 (n = 18).
          
          All the values reported were recalibrated against certified values of CRMs.
          
          
          COMPARISON WITH THE PAST P17 DATA
          
          The ATs obtained by the past P17 observation are shown in Figure 13, together 
          with the ATs obtained in this cruise. According to Lamb et al. (2002), 12 mol 
          kg-1 was subtracted from the values of the past P17 observation.
          
          From Figure 13, it is found that in the deep layers, ATs obtained in this cruise 
          accord well with the ATs obtained in the past P17 cruise. However, further 
          detailed investigations are necessary for evaluating accurate differences 
          between the cruises.
          

          REFERENCES

          Lamb, M.F., C.L. Sabine, R.A. Feely, R. Wanninkhof, R.M., Key, G.C., Johnson, 
              F.J. Millero, K. Lee, T.-H. Peng, A. Kozy, J.L. Bullister, D. Greeley, R.H.
              Byrne, D.W. Chipman, A.G. Dickson, C. Goyet, P.R. Guenther, M. Ishii, K.M.
              Johnson, C.D. Keeling, T. Ono, K. Shitashima, B. Tilbrook, T. Takahashi, 
              D.W.R. Wallace, Y.W. Watanabe, C. Winn, and C.S. Wong. 2002. Consistency 
              and Synthesis of Pacific Ocean CO2 Survey Data. Deep-Sea Res. II 49:  21-58.
          
          
          
          3.4  TOTAL CARBON (CT)
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL

          Akihiko Murata (JAMSTEC)
          Mikio Kitada   (MWJ)
          Minoru Kamata  (MWJ)
          Takashi Kitao  (MWJ)
          
          
          SAMPLE COLLECTION
          
          All sea water samples collected from depth using 12 liter Niskin bottles at 
          every two stations. The sea water samples for CT were taken with a plastic 
          drawing tube (PFA tubing connected to silicone rubber tubing) into 300 ml 
          borosilicate glass bottles. The glass bottle was filled with sea water smoothly 
          from the bottom following a rinse with a sea water of 2 full, bottle volumes. A 
          head-space of approx. 1% of the bottle volume was left by removing sea water 
          using a plastic pipette. A saturated mercuric chloride of 50 l (later changed 
          to 100 l) was added to poison the sea water samples. The glass bottles were 
          sealed with a greased (Apiezon M, M&I Materials Ltd) ground glass stopper and 
          the clips were secured. The sea water samples were kept at 4C in a refrigerator 
          until analysis. A few hours before analysis, the sea water samples were kept at 
          20C in a water bath.
          
          
          INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE
          
          Measurements of CT was made with the total CO2 measuring system (Nippon ANS, 
          Ltd) installed in the R/V Mirai of JAMSTEC. The system comprises of a sea water 
          dispensing system, a CO2 extraction system and a coulometer (Model 5012, UIC 
          Inc.).
          
          The sea water dispensing system has an auto-sampler (6 ports), which takes sea 
          water in a 300 ml borosilicate glass bottle and dispenses the sea water to a 
          pipette of nominal 30 ml volume by PC control. The pipette was kept at 20C by a 
          water jacket, in which water from a water bath set at 20C was circulated.
          
          CO2 dissolved in a sea water sample was extracted in a stripping chamber of the 
          CO2 extraction system by adding phosphoric acid (10% v/v). The stripping chamber 
          is made approx. 25 cm long and has a fine frit at the bottom. To degass CO2 as 
          quickly as possible, heating wire kept at 40C is rolled from the bottom to a 
          1/3 height of the stripping chamber. The acid was added to the stripping 
          chamber from the bottom of the chamber by pressurizing an acid bottle for a 
          given time to push out the right amount of acid. The pressrizing was made with 
          nitrogen gas (99.9999%). After the acid was transferred to the stripping 
          chamber, a sea water sample kept in a pipette was introduced to the stripping 
          chamber by the same method as in adding an acid. The sea water reacted with 
          phosphoric acid was stripped of CO2 by bubbling the nigrogen gas through a fine 
          frit at the bottom of the stripping chamber. The CO2 stripped in the chamber was 
          carried by the nitrogen gas (flow rate of 130 ml min-1) to the coulometer 
          through a dehydrating module. The module consists of two electric dehumidifiers 
          (kept at 1C) and a chemical desiccant (Mg(ClO4)2).
          
          The measurement sequence such as system blank (phosphoric acid blank), 2% CO2 
          gas in a nitrogen base, sea water samples (4) was programmed to repeat. The 
          measurement of 2% CO2 gas was made to monitor response of coulometer solutions 
          (from UIC, Inc.).
          
          
          CALIBRATION
          
          Calibration was made using 6 Na2CO3 solutions of nominal 0.0, 500, 1000, 1500, 
          2000 and 2500 mol dm-3. The slope of the linear regression equation (R2 = 
          1.00000) was used as the calibration factor. Certified reference materials 
          (CRM; Bach #54) provided by Prof. A.G. Dickson of SIO were measured when a 
          coulometer solution was renewed. For a renewed coulometer solution, samples of 
          two stations (approx. 80 samples) were measured. Reference materials (RM) 
          produced by KANSO and JAMSTEC were measured subsequently to CRM and at about 
          half a time of one coulometer span. All the values reported were recalibrated 
          against the certified value of CRM.
          
          
          STABILITY OF THE MEASURING SYSTEM
          
          Changes of CT due to changes of response of a coulometer were monitored by 
          measuring 2% CO2 gas periodically; coulometer counts of the 2% CO2 gas at 
          respective sample measurements were interpolated from the measured coulometer 
          counts of the gas, which were obtained at every 6 measurements. Then, based on 
          the count assigned to each sample measurement, CTs were corrected so as to be 
          measured at the coulometer response of CRM measurement.
          
          The values of CRM measured during the operation of the system are plotted as a 
          function of day (Figure 14). From this figure, it is found that there was a 
          decreasing trend of measured values. We believe that this was caused by a 
          contamination of a pipette.
          
          
          UNCERTAINTY
          
          We collected replicate samples at an interval of 5 to 8 sampling depth, approx.
          5 replicate samples for each water column. The average difference of field 
          replicate analyses was calculated to be 1.5  1.4 mol kg-1 (n = 183).
          
          The CRMs were measured twice from one bottle. The number of measurement was 38 
          (19 pairs) in total. The average value of the two analyses was used for CRM 
          correction. The average difference between the average of the two CRM analyses 
          and the certified value (2107.35 mol kg-1) was 1.5  1.5 mol kg-1.
          
          
          COMPARISON WITH THE PAST P17 DATA
          
          The CTs obtained by the past P17 observation are shown in Figure 15, together 
          with the CTs obtained in this cruise. 7 mol kg-1 was subtracted from the values 
          of the past P17 observation, according to Lamb et al. (2002). From the figures, 
          it is found that in the deep layers, CTs obtained in this cruise accord well 
          with the CTs obtained in the past P17 cruise. However, further detailed 
          investigations are necessary for evaluating accurate differences between the 
          cruises.
          
          
          REFERENCES
          
          Lamb, M.F., C.L. Sabine, R.A. Feely, R. Wanninkhof, R.M., Key, G.C., Johnson, 
              F.J. Millero, K. Lee, T.-H. Peng, A. Kozy, J.L. Bullister, D. Greeley, 
              R.H. Byrne, D.W. Chipman, A.G. Dickson, C. Goyet, P.R. Guenther, M. Ishii, 
              K.M. Johnson, C.D. Keeling, T. Ono, K. Shitashima, B. Tilbrook, T.
              Takahashi, D.W.R. Wallace, Y.W. Watanabe, C. Winn, and C.S. Wong. 2002.
              Consistency and Synthesis of Pacific Ocean CO2 Survey Data. Deep-Sea Res.
              II 49, 21-58.
          
          
          
          3.5  pH
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Andray Andreev (JAMSTEC)
          Akihiko Murata (JAMSTEC)
          Taeko Ohama    (JAMSTEC)
          
          
          SAMPLE COLLECTION
          
          All seawater samples collected from depth using 12 liter Niskin bottles at 
          every two stations. The seawater samples for pH were taken with a plastic 
          drawing tube (PEA tubing connected to silicone rubber tubing) into high-density 
          polyethylene (PE) bottles with an inner cup. The PE bottle was filled with 
          seawater smoothly from the bottom after rinsing it twice with a small volume of 
          seawater. Special care was given to allow no air space in the samples. The sea 
          water samples were kept at 4_ in a refrigerator until measurement. A few hours 
          before measurement, the seawater samples were kept at 25_ in a water bath.
          
          
          INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE
          
          Separate glass (Radiometer PHG201) and reference (Radiometer REF201) electrodes 
          were used. The e.m.f. of the glass/reference electrode cell was measured with 
          a pH/Ion meter (Radiometer PHM95). In order not to have seawater sample 
          exchange CO2 with the atmosphere during pH measurement, closed glass container 
          with water jacket was used. The temperature during pH measurement was monitored 
          with temperature sensor (Radiometer T901) and controlled at 25_ within 0.1_.
          
          
          CALIBRATION
          
          To calibrate the electrodes the TRIS (pH=8.0936 pH unit at 25_; Delvalls and 
          Dickson, 1998) and AMP (pH=6.786 pH unit at 25_; DOE, 1994) in the synthetic 
          seawater (S=35 PSU) (total hydrogen scale) were applied.
          
                pHT of seawater sample (pHsamp) is calculated from the expression:
                     pHsamp = pHTRIS + (ETRIS - Esamp )/ER
            
                where electrode response, ER, is calculated as fllows:
                     ER = (EAMP - ETRIS)/(pHTRIS - pHAMP)
            
                ER value should be equal to the ideal Nernst value as follows:
                     ER = RT LN(10)/F = 59.16 mV/pH unit at 25_.
          
          
          PRECISION AND ACCURACY
          
          At each station, 4 to 6 duplicate samples were measured, 180 pairs in total.
          The average difference was calculated to be 0.003  0.003 pH unit.
          
          
          REFERENCES
          
          DelValls, T.A. and A.G. Dickson. 1998. The pH of buffers based on 2-amino-2-
               hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol ("tris") in Synthetic Seawater. Deep-Sea 
               Res. 45: 1541-1554.
          
          DOE. 1994. In: Dickson, A.G. and C. Goyet (Eds.), Handbook of Methods for the 
               Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea 
               Water, version 2, ORNL/CDIAC-74.
          
          
          
          3.6  CFCs
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Shuichi Watanabe (JAMSTEC)
          Akihiko Murata   (JAMSTEC)
          
          
          SAMPLE COLLECTION
          
          All sea water samples were collected from depth using 12 liter Niskin bottles 
          at every two stations.  Duplicate sea water samples were taken from each Niskin 
          bottle following sampling for oxygen.  The sea water samples were transferred 
          with a plastic drawing tube (PFA tubing connected to silicone rubber tubing) to 
          glass ampoules of a volume of approx. 100 ml.  The ampoule was filled with sea 
          water smoothly from the bottom following a rinse with a sea water of 2 full, 
          ampoule volumes.  To prevent the samples from contamination from ambient air, 
          the mouths of the ampoules were covered with a small glass container 
          immediately after sampling.  The ampoules were flame-sealed under nitrogen 
          (99.9999%) flow.
          
          
          
          3.7  CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS IN DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON (_13C AND _14C)
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Yuichiro Kumamoto (JAMSTEC)
          
          
          SAMPLE COLLECTION
          
          The sampling stations and number of samples are summarized in Table 1.  All 
          samples for carbon isotope ratios were collected from depth using 12 liter 
          Niskin bottles.  The seawater sample was siphoned into a 250 ml glass bottle 
          with enough seawater to fill the glass bottle 2 times.  Immediately after 
          sampling, 5 ml of seawater was removed from the bottle and poisoned by 50 _l of 
          saturated HgCl2 solution.  Then the bottle was sealed by a glass stopper with 
          Apiezon M grease and stored in a cool and dark space on board.  The sampling 
          procedure on board basically follows the method in WOCE Operation Manual 
          (McNichol and Jones, 1991).
          
          
          Table 1:  The sampling stations and number of samples for carbon isotope 
                    ratios.
                                                  No. w      Max.
                                          No.  replicate  sampling
                                Station samples samples   pressure
                                ------- ------- -------   --------
                                 P1726    34      3        4549
                                 P1724    31      0        4705
                                 P1720    33      3        4906
                                 P1728    60     30        5288
                                 P1730    29      0        5305
                                 P1734    33      3        5309
                                 P1738    30      0        4963
                                 P1743    37      3        3742
                                 P1746    32      0        4113
                                 P1748    34      3        3949
                                 P1752    32      0        4065
                                 P1756    34      3        4445
                                 P1758    31      0        4457
                                 P1764    34      3        4742
                                 P1768    31      0        4730
                                 P1770    34      3        4846
                                 P1774    31      0        4800
                                 P1778    34      3        4635
                                 P1782    31      0        4522
                                 P1786    32      3        5620
                                 P1794    35      0        2567
                                 -----   ---     --   
                                 Total   712     60        
          
          
          EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION
          
          In our laboratory, dissolved inorganic carbon in the seawater samples were 
          stripped cryogenically and split into three aliquots: Accelerator Mass 
          Spectrometry (AMS) 14C measurement (about 200 mol), 13C measurement (about 100 
          mol), and archive (about 200 mol).  The extracted CO2 gas for 14C was then 
          converted to graphite catalytically on iron powder with pure hydrogen gas.  
          Details of these preparation procedures using an automated preparation system 
          are described by Kumamoto et al. (2000).  About a half of the sample 
          preparations have been finished by the end of January 2002 (All the sample 
          preparation will be finished by June 2002).
          
          
          SAMPLE MEASUREMENTS
          
          _13C:

          The 13C/12C ratio of the extracted CO2 gas (Rsample) was measured using 
          Finnigan MAT252 mass spectrometer.  The ratio of Rsample against the 13C/12C 
          ratio of the standard (Rstandard) is expressed as _13C and calculated by the 
          following equation:
          
                _13C () = (Rsample/Rstandard - 1) _ 1000.              (1)
          
          Because the value of Rstandard was validated with NIST RM8544 (NBS19), the 
          measured _13C is the value against the VPDB standard.  About a half of the _13C 
          measurements have been finished by the end of January 2002 (All the 
          measurements will be finished by June 2002).  The errors of the individual 
          measurements were less than 0.01 .  However, reproducibility that estimated by 
          ten replicate measurements of quality control (QC) seawaters was 0.05  
          (standard deviation), in which the errors of the stripping and the isotopic 
          analysis were included.  
          
          _14C:

          The 14C in the graphite sample was measured by AMS facilities at National 
          Institute for Environmental Studies in Tsukuba, Japan (Kume et al.1997) and 
          Institute of Accelerator Analysis Ltd in Shirakawa, Japan.  The 14C results are 
          reported as _14C.  The equation for _14C is:
          
                _14C () = _14C - 2 (_13C + 25) (1 + _14C/1000),        (2)
          where
                _14C () = (Rsample/Rstandard - 1) _ 1000,              (3)
          
          where Rsample and Rstandard denote, respectively, 14C/12C ratios of 
                the seawater sample and the NIST oxalic acid standard (HOxII) with 
                corrections for isotopic fractionation and age correction to A.D. 1950 
                (Stuiver and Polach, 1977; Stuiver, 1983). About two hundreds of the 
                _14C measurements have been finished by the end of January 2002 (All 
                the measurements will be finished by September 2002). Reproducibility 
                that estimated by four replicate measurements of the QC seawaters was 
                3.3  (standard deviation), in which the error of the stripping, the 
                reduction of CO2, and the AMS analysis were included.
          
           
          PRELIMINARY RESULTS
          
          In Figure 16, preliminary results of _13C at stations p1720- p1746 and _14C at 
          stations p1720- p1730 are shown.  These measurements have not been assigned the 
          WHPO quality control flags yet.
          
          
          REFERENCES
          
          Kumamoto, Y., M.C. Honda, A. Murata, N. Harada, M. Kusakabe, K. Hayashi, N.
              Kisen, M. Katagiri, K. Nakao, and J.R. Southon, 2000.  Distribution of 
              radiocarbon in the western North Pacific: preliminary results from MR97-02 
              cruise in 1997, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B172, 
              495-500.
          
          Kume, H., Y. Shibata, A. Tanaka, M. Yoneda, Y. Kumamoto, T. Uehiro, and M.
              Morita, 1997.  AMS facility at National Institute for Environmental 
              Studies, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research  B123, 31-33.
          
          McNichol, A.P. and G.A. Jones, 1991. Measuring 14C in seawater CO2 by 
              accelerator massspectrometry, WOCE Operations Manual, WOCE Report 
              No.68/91, Woods Hole, MA.
          
          Stuiver. M., 1983. International agreements and the use of the new oxalic acid 
              standard, Radiocarbon, 25, 793-795.
          
          Stuiver, M. and H.A. Polach, 1977. Reporting of 14C data. Radiocarbon 19, 355-
              363.
          
          
          
          3.7  CTD/O2 MEASUREMENTS
               13 MAR 2002
          
          PERSONNEL
          
          Hiroshi Uchida (JAMSTEC)
          Masao Fukasawa (JAMSTEC)
          Satoshi Ozawa  (MWJ)
          
          
          WINCH ARRANGEMENTS
          
          The CTD package wad deployed using 4.5 Ton Traction Winch System (Dynacon, 
          Inc., USA) which was installed to the R/V Mirai in April 2001.  The CTD 
          Traction Winch System with the Heave Compensation Systems (Dynacon, Inc., USA) 
          is designed to reduce cable stress resulted from loads variation caused by wave 
          or vessel motion.  The system is operated passively by providing a nodding boom 
          crane that moves up or down in response to line tension variations.  Primary 
          system components include a complete CTD Traction Winch System with 10 km of 
          9.5 mm armored cable rocker and Electro-Hydraulic Power Unit, nodding-boom 
          crane assembly, two hydraulic cylinders and two hydraulic oil/nitrogen 
          accumulators mounted within a single frame assembly.  The system also contains 
          related electronic hardware interface and a heave compensation computer control 
          program.  
          
          
          OVERVIEW OF THE EQUIPMENT
          
          The CTD system, SBE911plus system (Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., USA), is a real 
          time data system with the CTD data transmitted from a SBE 9plus underwater unit 
          via a conducting cable to the SBE 11plus deck unit.  The SBE 11plus deck unit 
          is a rack-mountable interface which supplies DC power to the underwater unit, 
          decodes the serial data stream, formats the data under microprocessor control, 
          and passes the data to a companion computer.  The serial data from the 
          underwater unit is sent to the deck unit in RS-232 NRZ format using a 34560 Hz 
          carrier-modulated differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) telemetry link.  The 
          deck unit decodes the serial data and sends them to a personal computer to 
          display, at the same time, to storage in a disk file using SBE SEASOFT 
          software.  
          
          The SBE 911pus system acquires data from primary, secondary and auxiliary 
          sensors in the form of binary numbers corresponding to the frequency or voltage 
          outputs from those sensors at 24 samples per second.  The calculations required 
          to convert from raw data to engineering units of the parameters are performed 
          by the SBE SEASOFT in real-time.  The same calculations can be carried out 
          after the observation using data stored in a disk file.  
          
          The SBE 911plus system controls the 36-position SBE 32 Carousel Water Sampler.  
          The Carousel accepts 12-litter water sample bottles.  Bottles ware fired 
          through the RS-232C modem connector on the back of the SBE 11plus deck unit 
          while acquiring real time data.  The 12-litter Niskin-X water sample bottle 
          (General Oceanics, Inc., USA) is equipped with two stainless steel springs 
          externally.  The external springs are ideal for applications such as the trace 
          metal analysis because the inside of the sampler is free from contaminants from 
          springs.  
          
          SBE's standard temperature (SBE 3F) and conductivity (SBE 4) sensor modules were 
          used with the SBE 9plus underwater unit fixed by a single clamp and "L" bracket 
          to the lower end cap. The conductivity cell entrance is co-planar with the tip 
          of the temperature sensor's protective steel sheath. The pressure sensor is 
          mounted in main housing of the underwater unit and is ported to outside through 
          the oil-filled plastic capillary tube. A compact, modular unit consisting of a 
          centrifugal pump head and a brushless DC ball bearing motor contained in an 
          aluminum underwater housing pump (SBE 5T) flushes water through sensor tubing at 
          a constant rate independent of the CTD's motion. Motor speed and pumping rate 
          (3000 rpm) remain nearly constant over the entire input voltage range of 12-18 
          volts DC.
          
          
          THE SYSTEM USED IN THIS CRUISE IS SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: 
          
          Under water unit      |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 9plus,            |S/N 79492       | 
          Temperature sensor    |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 3-04/F,           |S/N 031464      |  
               (primary)        |                     |                      |                |
          Temperature sensor    |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 3-04/F,           |S/N 031524      |  
               (secondary)      |                     |                      |                |
          Conductivity sensor   |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 4-04/0,           |S/N 041203      |  
               (primary)        |                     |                      |                |
          Conductivity sensor   |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 4-04/0,           |S/N 041206      |  
               (secondary)      |                     |                      |                |
          Oxygen sensor         |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 13-04,            |S/N 130540      |from station 431 to P17N 30
               (primary)        |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 43,               |S/N 430069      |from station P17N 31 to P17N 99
          Oxygen sensor         |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 43,               |S/N 430069      |from station 431 to P17N 30    
               (secondary)      |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 13-04,            |S/N 130540      |from station P17N 31 to P17N 99    
          Pump (primary)        |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 5T,               |S/N 053118      |  
          Pump (secondary)      |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 5T,               |S/N 050984      |  
          Altimeter             |Benthos, Inc.        |2110-2,               |S/N 228         |from station 431 to P17N 29, and 
                                |Benthos, Inc.        |2110-2,               |S/N 228         |from station P17N 31 to P17N 33    
                                |Benthos, Inc.        |2110-2,               |S/N 206         |station P17N 30
                                |Datasonics, Inc.     |PSA-900D,             |S/N 396         |from station P17N 34 to P17N 99
          Fluorometer           |Seapoint sensors, Inc|                      |S/N 2148        |
          Transmissometer       |WET Labs, Inc.       |C-Star Transmissometer|S/N CST-207RD   |     
          Deck unit             |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 11plus,           |S/N 11P8010-0308|from station 431 to P17N 70
                                |SBE, Inc.            |SBE 11plus,           |S/N 11P7030-0272|from station P17N 71 to P17N 99
          Carousel Water Sampler|SBE, Inc.            |SBE 32,               |S/N 3221746-0278|        
          Water sample bottle   |General Oceanics, Inc|12-litter Niskin-X    |                |
          
          
          PRE-CRUISE CALIBRATION
          
          (1) PRESSURE
          
          The Paroscientific series 4000 Digiquartz high pressure transducer 
          (Paroscientific, Inc., USA) uses a quartz crystal resonator whose frequency of 
          oscillation varies with pressure induced stress with 0.01 per million of 
          resolution over the absolute pressure range of 0 to 15,000 psia (0 to 10,332 
          dbar). Also, a quartz crystal temperature signal is used to compensate for a 
          wide range of temperature changes at the time of an observation.  The pressure 
          sensor (MODEL 415K-187) has a nominal accuracy of 0.015% FS (1.5 dbar), typical 
          stability of 0.0015% FS/month (0.15 dbar/month) and resolution of 0.001% FS 
          (0.1 dbar).  
          
          Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at SBE, Inc. in Bellevue, 
          Washington, USA.  The following coefficients were used in the SEASOFT through 
          software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 79492  October 27, 1999
            c1 = -65706.8
            c2 = -0.1758329
            c3 =  2.04245e-02
            d1 =  0.027146
            d2 =  0.0
            t1 = 29.92375
            t2 = -2.63869e-04
            t3 =  3.92132e-06
            t4 =  1.35947e-09
            t5 =  4.49704e-12
            (The coefficients c1, c2, t1 and t2 were changed on December 6, 1999.)
          
          
          Pressure coefficients are first formulated into
          
            c  = c1 + c2 * U + c3 * U^2
            d  = d1 + d2 * U
            t0 = t1 + t2 * U + t3 * U^2 + t4 * U^3 + t5 * U^4
          
          where U is temperature in degrees Celsius.  
          
          
          The pressure temperature, U, is determined according to 
          
            U (C) = M * (12 bit pressure temperature compensation word) - B
          
          
          The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through software module SEACON: 
          
            M =  1.284934e-2
            B = -8.388034
            (in the underwater unit system configuration sheet dated on November 30, 1999)
          
          
          Finally, pressure is computed as 
          
            P (psi) = c * [1 - (t0^2/t^2)] * {1 - d * [1 - (t0^2/t^2)]}
          
          where t is pressure period (microsec).  
          
          Since the pressure sensor measures the absolute value, it inherently includes 
          atmospheric pressure (about 14.7 psi).  SEASOFT subtracts 14.7 psi from computed 
          pressure above automatically.  
          
          Pressure sensor calibration against a dead-weight piston gauge are performed at 
          Marine Works Japan Ltd. in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan, usually once in a year in 
          order to monitor its time drift and the linearity.  The pressure sensor drift 
          is known to be primarily by an offset at all pressures rather than by a change 
          of span slope.  The pressure sensor hysterisis are typically 0.2 dbar.  The 
          following coefficients for the sensor drift correction were also used in 
          SEASOFT through the software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 79492  April 24, 2001
            slope  = 0.99995898
            offset = 1.78677
          
          
          The drift-corrected pressure is computed as: 
          
          Drift-corrected pressure (dbar) = slope * (computed pressure in dbar) + offset
          
          
          (2) TEMPERATURE (SBE 3F)
          
          The temperature sensing element is a glass-coated thermistor bead in a 
          stainless steel tube to provide a pressure-free measurement at depths up to 
          10,500 meters.  The sensor output frequency ranges from approximately 5 to 13 
          kHz corresponding to temperature from -5 to 35 C.  The output frequency is 
          inversely proportional to the square root of the thermistor resistance, which 
          controls the output of a patented Wien Bridge circuit.  The thermistor 
          resistance is exponentially related to temperature.  The SBE 3F thermometer has 
          a nominal accuracy of 0.001 C, typical stability of 0.0002 C/month and 
          resolution of 0.0002 C at 24 samples per second.  
          
          Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at SBE, Inc. in Bellevue, 
          Washington, USA.  The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the 
          software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 031464 (primary)  June 16, 2001
            g =  4.84394400e-03
            h =  6.80848240e-04
            i =  2.70328214e-05
            j =  2.13867061e-06
           f0 =  1000.000
                
          S/N 031524 (secondary)  June 16, 2001
            g =  4.83484327e-03
            h =  6.75462258e-04
            i =  2.64451174e-05
            j =  2.13440093e-06
           f0 =  1000.000
          
          Temperature (ITS-90) is computed according to 
          
          Temperature (ITS-90) =
            1/{g + h * [ln(f0/f)] + i * [ln^2(f0/f)] + j * [ln^3(f0/f)]} - 273.15
          
          where f is the instrument frequency (kHz).  
          
          
          (3) CONDUCTIVITY (SBE 4)
          
          The flow-through conductivity sensing element is a glass tube (cell) with three 
          platinum electrodes to provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 10,500 
          meters.  The impedance between the center and the end electrodes is determined 
          by the cell geometry and the specific conductance of the fluid within the cell.  
          The conductivity cell composes a Wien Bridge circuit with other electric 
          elements of which frequency output is approximately 3 to 12 kHz corresponding 
          to conductivity of the fluid from 0 to 7 S/m.  The conductivity cell of SBE 4 
          has a nominal accuracy of 0.0003 S/m, typical stability of 0.0003 S/m/month and 
          resolution of 0.00004 S/m at 24 samples per second.  
          
          Pre-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at SBE, Inc. in Bellevue, 
          Washington, USA.  The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the 
          software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 041203 (primary)  June 15, 2001
                g = -4.05180978
                h =  4.93348008e-01
                i =  9.46008409e-05
                j =  2.18812300e-05
            CPcor = -9.57e-08 (nominal)
            CTcor =  3.25e-06 (nominal)
                
          S/N 041206 (secondary)  June 15, 2001
               g  = -4.28945276
               h  =  5.03354673e-01
               i  =  1.03033274e-04
               j  =  2.08217238e-05
            CPcor = -9.57e-08 (nominal)
            CTcor =  3.25e-06 (nominal)
                
          Conductivity of a fluid in the cell is expressed as: 
          
            C (S/m) = (g + h * f^2 + i * f^3 + j * f^4)/[10( 1 + CTcor * t + CPcor * p)]
          
          where f is the instrument frequency (kHz), t is the water temperature (C) 
            and p is the water pressure (dbar).  The value of conductivity at salinity of 
            35, temperature of 15 C (IPTS-68) and pressure of 0 dbar is 4.2914 S/m.  
          
          
          (4) OXYGEN (SBE 13)
          
          The SBE 13 dissolved oxygen sensor uses a Beckman polarographic element to 
          provide in-situ measurements at depths up to 10,500 meters.  The sensor is 
          included in the path of pumped sea water.  The oxygen sensor determines the 
          dissolved oxygen concentration by counting the number of oxygen molecules per 
          second (flux) that diffuse through a membrane.  By knowing the flux of oxygen 
          and the geometry of the diffusion path, the concentration of oxygen can be 
          computed.  The permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a function of 
          temperature and ambient pressure.  The interface electronics outputs voltages 
          proportional to oxygen flux (oxygen current) and membrane temperature (oxygen 
          temperature).  Oxygen temperature is used for internal temperature 
          compensation.  Computation of dissolved oxygen in engineering units is done in 
          SEASOFT software.  The range for dissolved oxygen is 0 to 15 ml/l; nominal 
          accuracy is 0.1 ml/l; resolution is 0.01 ml/l.  
          
          The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 130540  June 18, 2001
               m =  2.4424e-07
               b = -4.2986e-10
               k =  8.9712
               c = -6.8923
             Soc =  2.2237
             Boc = -0.0143
            tcor = -0.033
            pcor =  1.50e-04
             tau =  2.0
              wt =  0.67
          
          The use of these constants in linear equations of the form I = m * V + b and T 
          = k * V + c yield the oxygen current and the oxygen temperature (with a maximum 
          error of about 0.5 C), respectively.  These scaled values of the oxygen 
          current and the oxygen temperature are used in the SEASOFT processing stream.  
          The oxygen sensor of S/N 130540 was used with primary temperature and 
          conductivity sensors at stations from 431 to P17N 30 and used with secondary 
          temperature and conductivity sensors at station from P17N 31 to P17N 99.  
          
          
          (5) OXYGEN (SBE 43)
          
          The SBE 43 oxygen sensor uses a Clark polarographic element to provide in-situ 
          measurements at depths up to 7,000 meters.  Calibration stability is improved 
          by an order of magnitude and pressure hysterisis is largely eliminated in the 
          upper ocean (1000 m).  Continuous polarization eliminates the wait-time for 
          stabilization after power-up.  Signal resolution is increased by on-board 
          temperature compensation.  This Sensor is also included in the path of pumped 
          sea water.  This oxygen sensor determines the dissolved oxygen concentration 
          also by counting the number of oxygen molecules per second (flux) that diffuse 
          through a membrane, where the permeability of the membrane to oxygen is a 
          function of temperature and ambient pressure.  Computation of dissolved oxygen 
          in engineering units is done in SEASOFT software through almost the same way as 
          for the case of SBE 13.  The range for dissolved oxygen is 120% of surface 
          saturation in all natural waters; nominal accuracy is 2% of saturation; typical 
          stability is 2% per 1000 hours.  
          
          The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N 430069  July 6, 2001
               Soc =  0.3268
               Boc =  0.0184
              TCor =  0.0004
              PCor =  1.500e-04
            Offset = -0.6181
               tau =  0
          
          Oxygen(ml/l)iscomputedas
          
            Oxygen(ml/l) = [Soc*{(v+offset)+(tau*doc/dt)}+Boc*exp(-0.03*t)]
                           *exp(TCor*t+PCor*p)*Oxsat(t,s)
            Oxsat(t,s) =   exp[A1+A2*(100/t)+A3*ln(t/100)+A4*(t/100)
                           +s*(B1+B2*(t/100)+B3*(t/100)*(t/100))]
          
          
          where p is pressure in dbar, t is absolute temperature and s is salinity in 
            psu.  Oxsat is oxygen saturation value minus the volume of oxygen gas (STP) 
            absorbed from humidity-saturated air.  Its coefficients are as follows;
          
              A1 = -173.4292
              A2 =  249.6339
              A3 =  143.3483
              A4 =  -21.8482
              B1 =   -0.033096
              B2 =   -0.00170
          
          The oxygen sensor of S/N 130540 was used with secondary temperature and 
          conductivity sensors at stations from 431 to P17N 30 and used with primary 
          temperature and conductivity sensors at station from P17N 31 to P17N 99.  
          
          
          (6) ALTIMETER
          
          The Benthos 2110 Series Altimeter (Benthos, Inc., USA) follows the basic 
          principal of most echo ranging devices. That is, a burst of acoustic energy is 
          transmitted and the time until the first reflection is received is determined.  
          In this unit, a 400 microsecond pulse at 100 kHz is transmitted twice a second; 
          concurrent with the transmission, a clock is turned off, thus the number of 
          pulses out relates directly to the distance of the target from the unit.  The 
          internal ranging oscillator has an accuracy of approximately 5% and is set 
          assuring a speed of sound of 1500 m/s.  Thus the unit itself, neglecting 
          variations in the speed of sound, can be considered accurate to 5% or 0.1 
          meter, whichever is greater.  The unit is rated to a depth of 12,000 meters.  
          The Datasonics PSA-900 Programmable Sonar Altimeter (Datasonics, Inc., USA) 
          determines the distance of the target from the unit in almost the same way as 
          the Benthos 2110.  PSA-900 also uses also uses the nominal speed of sound as 
          1500 m/s.  But, PSA-900 compensates for sound velocity errors due to 
          temperature.  In a PSA-900 operating at a 350 microsecond pulse at 200 kHz, the 
          jitter of the detectors can be as small as 5 microseconds or approximately 0.4 
          centimeters total distance.  Since the total travel time is divided by two, the 
          jitter error is 0.25 centimeters.  The unit is rated to a depth of 6,000 
          meters.  
          
          The following scale factors were used in SEASOFT through the software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
              FSVolt * 300/FSRange = 0.5
              Offset               = 0.0
          
          
          (7) FLUOROMETER
          
          The Seapoint Chlorophyll Fluorometer (Seapoint sensors, Inc., USA) is a high-
          performance, low power instrument to provide in-situ measurements of 
          chlorophyll-a at depths up to 6,000 meters.  The instrument uses modulated blue 
          LED lamps and a blue excitation filter to excite chlorophyll-a.  The 
          fluorescent light emitted by the chlorophyll-a passes through a red emission 
          filter and is detected by a silicon photodiode.  The low level signal is then 
          processed using synchronous demodulation circuitry which generates an output 
          voltage proportional to chlorophyll-a concentration.  
          
          The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the software module 
          SEACON as user defined polynomial: 
          
          S/N 2148  (unknown calibration date)
              A0 = 0.0
              A1 = 5.0
          
          Chlorophyll-a concentration is computed as:
              Chlorophyll-a (ug/l) = A0 + A1 * Voltage
          
          
          (8) TRANSMISSOMETER
          
          The C-Star Transmissometer (WET Labs, Inc., USA) measures light transmittance 
          at a single wavelength over a known path.  In general, losses of light 
          propagating through water can be attributed to two primary causes: scattering 
          and absorption.  By projecting a collimated beam of light through the water and 
          placing a focused receiver at a known distance away, one can quantify these 
          losses.  The ratio of light gathered by the receiver to the amount originating 
          at the source is known as the beam transmittance.  Suspended particles, 
          phytoplankton, bacteria and dissolved organic matter contribute to the losses 
          sensed by the instrument.  Thus, the instrument provides information both for 
          an indication of the total concentrations of matter in the water as well as for 
          a value of the water clarity.  
          
          The following coefficients were used in SEASOFT through the software module 
          
          SEACON: 
          
          S/N CST-207RD  March 19, 1998
            M = 19.6415
            B = -1.3945
            Path length (m) =  0.25
                
          The beam transmittance (Tr) iscomputed as:
          
            Tr (%) =  M * voltage + B
          
          
          DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
         
          (1) DATA COLLECTION
          
          CTD/O2 measurements were made using a SBE 9plus CTD equipped with two pumped 
          temperature-conductivity (TC) sensors and dissolved oxygen sensor pair.  The TC 
          pairs ware monitored to check drift and shifts by examining the differences 
          between the two pairs.  Also a newly developed oxygen sensor (SBE 43) was 
          compared with a Beckman type oxygen sensor (SBE 13).  
          
          The SBE 9plus CTD/O2 (sampling rate of 24 Hz) was mounted in a 36-position 
          frame.  Auxiliary sensors included altimeter, fluorometer and transmissometer.  
          Water samples were collected using a 36-bottle SBE 32 Carousel Water Sampler 
          with 12-litter Nisken-X bottles.  
          
          The package was lowered into the water from the board side and was held 10 m 
          beneath the surface for about one minute in order to activate the pump.  After 
          the pump was activated the package was lowered at a rate of 0.5 m/s to 100 m 
          then the package was stopped in order to operate the heave compensator of the 
          crane.  The package was lowered again at a rate of 0.8 m/s to 300 m, 1.0 m/s to 
          500 m, and 1.2 m/s to the bottom.  The position of the package relative to the 
          bottom was monitored by the altimeter reading.  Also the bottom depth was 
          monitored by the SEABEAM multibeam sounder on the board.  For the up cast, the 
          package was heightened at a rate of 1.2 m/s except for a time when sampling 
          water at a rate of 0.5 m/s.  At 100 m deep from the surface, the package was 
          stopped in order to stop the heave compensator of the crane.  
          
          Niskin-X bottle sampled water for analysis of salinity, dissolved oxygen, 
          inorganic nutrients, CFCs, DIC, C-14, pH and total alkalinity.  The 36-position 
          frame and Niskin-X bottles were periodically wiped with acetone in order to 
          prevent water samples from contamination.  Niskin-X bottle's caps and O-rings 
          were re-arranged and wiped with acetone when a bottle leaking was found.  
          The SBE 11plus deck unit received the data signal from the CTD.  Digitized data 
          were forwarded to a personal computer prepared for SEASAVE module of the 
          SEASOFT acquisition and processing software of which version was 4.249.  
          Temperature, salinity, oxygen and descent rate profiles were displayed in real-
          time with the package depth and altimeter reading.  
          
          
          (2) DATA COLLECTION PROBLEMS
          
          At station P17N 29, altimeter reading was not stable and altimeter was replaced 
          after the cast.  At station P17N 30, the replaced altimeter did not work 
          correctly and the altimeter which was removed at P17N 29 was used again.  At 
          station P17N 33, altimeter did not work and replaced with other one after the 
          cast.  
          
          At station P17N 36, SEASAVE data acquisition software was restarted during the 
          package was holding at 10 m depth because of incorrect setting of the software.  
          Therefore, data shallower than 10 m were lost.  
          
          At station P17N 47, up cast CTD data was very noisy and sensor connectors were 
          checked and cleaned after the cast.  At station P17N 71, bottle #1 fired 
          unwillfully at 900 m depth during the down cast and the first cast was aborted.  
          On the second cast, communication error was detected at 90 m depth during the 
          down cast and the cast was aborted.  CTD cable was checked electrically and 
          some of connectors were replaced.  Also the deck unit was replaced to complete 
          the third cast.  
          
          At station P17N 76, 78, 82, 83 and 86, the down cast was started without 
          holding at 10 m depth because of bad weather.  At station P17N 77, the package 
          was lowered and stopped at 20 m depth because the pump did not work at 10 m 
          depth.  So the down cast was started from 20 m depth.  
          
          At station P17N 94, descent rate exceeded 3 m/s for unknown reason and the 
          package was stopped at 326 m deep.  Then the down cast was restarted checking 
          the heave motion mechanism of the crane.  A communication error was detected 
          when the package was lowered faster than 0.8 m/s.  Therefore, the package had 
          to be lowered at slower rate than 0.8 m/s to the bottom.  During the up cast, 
          bottle #1 did not fire.  Hence, the deck unit and SEASAVE data acquisition 
          software were restarted at 100 m above bottom and the up cast restarted at the 
          10 m above bottom.  After the cast, the end of the CTD cable was cut about 50 
          m.  At station P17N 96, sensor error was detected at 80 m depth during the down 
          cast and the cast was aborted.  After the cast, sensor connectors were checked.  
          
          
          (3) OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE
          
          Before the first CTD station of this cruise, load test of CTD cable was 
          performed on the deck up to 4.5 ton load.  At station 431, CTD package was 
          lowered to 100 m deep before the down cast in order to regulate CTD winch 
          system.  Also on the second cast at station 431, CTD package was lowered 
          further 70 m after firing all bottles at 3000 m deep in order to regulate CTD 
          winch system.  After the station P17N 76, the CTD cable was cut 50 m from the 
          end and load test of CTD cable was performed on the deck up to the load of 3.3 
          ton.  After the station P17N 94, the CTD cable was cut 23 m from the end and 
          load test of CTD cable was performed on the deck up to the load of 4 ton.  
          On the fourth cast at station 431, stainless steel weight of 60 kg (10 kg * 6) 
          were attached to the water sampler frame in order to increase the tension of 
          the CTD cable near the surface.  After the CTD cast at station P17N 40, more 
          stainless steel weight of 60 kg (10 kg * 6) were added to the water sampler 
          frame so that the CTD package stops rotating horizontally during down casts.  
          
          But the rotation rate of the package checked from the LADCP data still to be 
          about 0.5 revolution per minute.  Therefore, at station P17N 64 and 67, the 
          package was stopped one hour at 100 m above bottom in order to untwist the 
          cable before the up cast.  
          
          At station P17N 69, the package was stopped 20 minutes at 100 m deep in the 
          down cast in order to supply nitrogen gas to the Heave Compensation System.  
          The CTD package was stopped a few minutes in order to stabilize the heave 
          motion during down casts at station P17N 66 (1545 m), P17N 67 (350 and 1450 m), 
          P17N 70 (1000 m), P17N 73 (1363 and 1611 m), P17N 80 (940 m), P17N 90 (723 m) 
          and P17N 92 (1365 m).  
          
          Since the new oxygen sensor SBE 43 was recognized as a surprisingly good sensor 
          compared to the old oxygen sensor SBE 13, the new sensor was used as primary 
          sensor and the old sensor was used as secondary sensor after P17N 31.  
          CTD casts at station P17N 41 and 91 has been scheduled to be skipped.  The 
          station P17N X01 was located at the same geographical position as station 92 of 
          WHP-P01, where CTD casts were carried out in 1985 by R/V Thomas Thompson and in 
          1999 by R/V Mirai and R/V J.P. Tully.  
          
          The CTD cast at station P17N 76 was delayed about 2 days than the plan because 
          sea and weather were too severe for a CTD operation.  For this reason, the 
          station P17N 85 and 89 were canceled and the station P17N 95 and 97 were 
          replaced with XCTD casts.  
          
          
          DATA PROCESSING
          
          SEASOFT:
          
          consists of modular menu driven routines for acquisition, display, processing, 
          and archiving of oceanographic data acquired with SBE equipment and is designed 
          to work with an IBM or compatible personal computer.  Raw data are acquired 
          from instruments and are stored as unmodified data.  The conversion module 
          DATCNV uses the instrument configuration and calibration coefficients to create 
          a converted engineering unit data file that is operated on by all SEASOFT post 
          processing modules.  Each SEASOFT module that modifies the converted data file 
          adds proper information to the header of the converted file permitting tracking 
          of how the various oceanographic parameters were obtained.  The converted data 
          is stored in either rows and columns of ascii numbers.  The last data column is 
          a flag field used to mark scans as good or bad.  
          
          The following are the SEASOFT-Win32 (Ver. 5.21 or 5.23) processing module 
          sequence and specifications used in the reduction of CTD/O2 data in this 
          cruise.  Some modules are originally developed for additional processing and 
          post-cruise calibration.  
          
          DATCNV: 
          
          converted the raw data to scan number, pressure, temperatures, conductivities, 
          oxygen current (SBE 13), oxygen temperature (SBE 13), oxygen voltage (SBE 43), 
          chlorophyll-a concentration, transmissometer voltage and altitude.  DATCNV also 
          extracted bottle information where scans were marked with the bottle confirm 
          bit during acquisition.  The first scan was set to 2 seconds prior to the 
          confirm bit and the duration was set to 4 seconds.  
          
          ROSSUM:
          
          created a summary of the bottle data.  The bottle position, date, time were 
          output as the first two columns.  Pressure, temperatures, conductivities, 
          oxygen current (SBE 13), oxygen temperature (SBE 13), oxygen voltage (SBE 43), 
          chlorophyll-a concentration, transmissometer voltage and altitude were averaged 
          over 4 seconds.  
          
          ALIGNCTD:
          
          converted the time-sequence of conductivity and oxygen sensor outputs into the 
          pressure sequence to ensure that all calculations were made using measurements 
          from the same parcel of water.  For a SBE 9 CTD with the ducted temperature and 
          conductivity sensors and a 3000 rpm pump, the typical net advance of the 
          conductivity relative to the temperature is 0.073 seconds.  So, the SBE 11plus 
          deck unit was set to advance the primary conductivity for 1.73 scans (1.75/24 = 
          0.073 seconds).  As the result, the secondary conductivity was advanced 0.073 
          seconds relative to the temperature.  Oxygen data are also systematically 
          delayed with respect to depth mainly because of the long time constant of the 
          oxygen sensor and of an additional delay from the transit time of water in the 
          pumped plumbing line.  As for the temperature and the conductivity, this delay 
          was compensated by 5 seconds advancing oxygen sensor outputs relative to the 
          pressure.  
          
          WILDEDIT:
          
          marked extreme outliers in the data files.  The first pass of WILDEDIT obtained 
          an accurate estimate of the true standard deviation of the data.  The data were 
          read in blocks of 48 scans.  Data greater than two standard deviations were 
          flagged.  The second pass computed a standard deviation over the same 48 scans 
          excluding the flagged values.  Values greater than 10 standard deviations were 
          marked bad.  This process was applied to pressure, temperatures, 
          conductivities, oxygen and altimeter outputs.  For oxygen voltage (SBE 43), 
          values within displacement of 0.006 V from the mean were not marked bad.  For 
          oxygen current (SBE 13), values within displacement of 0.0015 microA from the 
          mean were not marked bad.  For oxygen temperature (SBE 13), values within 
          displacement of 0.055 C from the mean were not marked bad.  For the data at 
          stations of P17N 47 and P17N 71 cast 1, this process was applied twice in order 
          to remove remaining spikes.  
          
          CELLTM:
          
          used a recursive filter to remove conductivity cell thermal mass effects from 
          the measured conductivity.  Typical values were used for thermal anomaly 
          amplitude (alpha = 0.03) and the time constant (1/beta = 9.0).  
          
          FILTER:
          
          performed as a low pass filter on pressure with a time constant of 0.15 
          seconds.  In order to produce zero phase lag (no time shift) the filter runs 
          forward first then backwards.  
          
          WFILTER:
          
          performed as a median filter to remove spikes in Fluorometer and 
          Transmissometer data.  A median value was determined by 49 scans of the window.  
          
          WHPHEADER:
          
          (original module) added information in header record correspondingly to the WHP 
          CTD data (EXPOCODE, WHP-ID, STNNBR, CASTNO, DATE, INSTRUMENT NO. and SAMPLING 
          RATE).  
          
          SECTION:
          
          selected a time span of data based on scan number in order to reduce a file 
          size.  The minimum number was set to be a starting time when the CTD package 
          was beneath the sea-surface after the activation of the pump.  The maximum 
          number was set to be an ending time when the package came up from the surface.  
          (Data to check the CTD pressure drift were prepared before SECTION.)  
          
          LOOPEDIT:
          
          marked scans where the CTD was moving less than the minimum velocity of 0.0 m/s 
          (traveling backwards due to ship roll).  
          
          DERIVE:
          
          was used only to compute the time derivative of oxygen (for the term doc/dt of 
          SBE 13) with a time window size of 2.0 seconds.  
          
          BINAVG:
          
          averaged the data into 1 dbar pressure bins.  The center value of the first bin 
          was set equal to the bin size.  The bin minimum and maximum values are the 
          center value plus and minus half the bin size.  Scans with pressures greater 
          than the minimum and less than or equal to the maximum were averaged.  Scans 
          were interpolated so that a data record exists every dbar.  
          
          DERIVE:
          
          was re-used to compute salinity, depth, potential temperature, sigma-t and 
          sigma-theta.  
          
          SPLIT:
          was used to split data into the down cast and the up cast.  
          
          
          CTD/O2 POST-CRUISE CALIBRATION
          
          (1) PRESSURE CALIBRATION
          
          The CTD pressure sensor drift in the period of this cruise is estimated from the 
          pressure readings on the ship deck.  For best results the Paroscientific sensor 
          has to be powered for at least 10 minutes before the operation and carefully 
          temperature equilibrated.  However, CTD system was powered only several minutes 
          before the operation at most of stations.  Only "pre-cast on deck CTD pressure" 
          data with longer aging time than two minutes were selected and were averaged over 
          
          one minute to prepare cariblation data for the pre-cast pressure sensor drift.  As 
          for the calibration data for the post-cast pressure sensor drift, the CTD deck 
          pressure is averaged over last one minute to get a calibration data.  Then the 
          atmospheric pressure deviation from a standard atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi) is 
          subtracted from the CTD pressure.  The atmospheric pressure was measured at the 
          captain deck (20 m high from the base line) and averaged over one minute for a 
          meteorological data.  
          
          The CTD pressure sensor drift is estimated from the deck pressure obtained 
          above.  An average of the pre- and the post-casts data over the whole period of 
          this cruise gave an estimation of -0.61 dbar and the root-mean-square 
          difference of 0.14 dbar.  Since the cruise period (August 2001) was 4 months 
          later from the pre-cruise calibration (April 2001), the typical drift was 
          expected about 0.6 dbar.  The estimated drift (0.61 dbar) is comparable to the 
          typical drift in the specification of the present pressure sensor.  Finally the 
          CTD pressure is calibrated as
          
               Calibrated pressure (dbar) = p + 0.61
          
          where p is the CTD pressure in dbar.  
          
          
          (2) TEMPERATURE calibration
          
          Post-cruise sensor calibrations were performed at SBE, Inc. in Bellevue, 
          Washington, USA.  The following coefficients were the results.  
          
          S/N 031464  September 25, 2001
             g = 4.84437595e-03
             h = 6.81426982e-04
             i = 2.72899771e-05
             j = 2.17701451e-06
            f0 = 1000.000
                
          S/N 031524  September 25, 2001
             g = 4.83461183e-03
             h = 6.75115071e-04
             i = 2.62742100e-05
             j = 2.10734809e-06
            f0 = 1000.000
          
          These temperature sensor drifts are traced since 1994 based on laboratory 
          calibrations performed at SBE, Inc.  The mean absolute residuals between the 
          bath temperature and the CTD temperature at 11 calibration points show almost 
          linear tendency in time for the primary temperature sensor (about 1 mC per 
          year).  The CTD temperature drift during each period of observation is 
          estimated lineally using the pre- and post-cruise laboratory calibration 
          equations.  The CTD temperature calibration was carried out by subtracting the 
          corresponding estimated drift from in-situ temperature readings.  
          
          
          (3) SALINITY CALIBRATION
          
          The discrepancies of the CTD salinity from the bottle salinity showed each 
          linear behavior against the pressure at the depths upper and lower than about 
          2000 dbar, separately.  Therefore the CTD salinity can be calibrated as
          
                Calibrated salinity = s - (a0 + b0 * p)  [when p < pr]
                                    = s - (a1 + b1 * p)  [when p >= pr]
                       a0 + b0 * pr = a1 + b1 * pr
          
          where s is CTD salinity, p is CTD pressure in dbar, pr is the bordering pressure 
                in dbar (i.e. about 2000 dbar) and a0, b0, a1 and b1 are calibration 
                coefficients. The best fit sets of coefficients are determined by 
                minimizing the sum of absolute deviation from the bottle salinity 
                data. Fortran routine MEDFIT in the Numerical Recipies (Press et al., 
                1986) is used with a slight modification to determine the sets. The 
                coefficients of a1 and b1 are determined first then the coefficients 
                of a0 and b0 are determined with a restriction that the two equations 
                take same value at a pressure of pr. 
          
          The pr is set to 2000 dbar.  The coefficients are determined for each station.  
          For the station P17N 96, 98 and 99, only coefficients of a0 and b0 are 
          determined with no restriction because the maximum pressure is shallower than 
          2000 dbar.  The CTD data created by the software module ROSSUM are used after 
          the post-cruise calibration for the CTD pressure and temperature.  The 
          calibration is performed for the CTD salinity calculated from the primary 
          temperature and the primary conductivity sensor data.  For depths where the 
          vertical salinity gradient calculated from the up cast CTD data as greater than 
          0.003 (per dbar), bottle salinity data are not used for calibration because of 
          the ambiguity resulted from the vertical separation of the bottles and CTD 
          sensors.  Nevertheless, for the station P17N 98 and 99, the threshold is 
          enlarged to 0.01 and 0.03, respectively, because vertical salinity gradients 
          greater than 0.003 (per dbar) at most of depths of observation.  
          
          The calibration coefficients, the mean absolute deviation (dev) from the 
          bottle salinity and the number of the data (n) used for the calibration are as 
          follows: 
           
                                        [P < pr]                 |                   [p >= pr]
                      ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------
          Station           a0             b0           dev   n  |       a1             b1          dev    n
          ----------  --------------  --------------  ------  -- | --------------  --------------  ------  --
          P17C 26  1  -0.00323796359  8.36601939e-07  0.0037  19 | -0.00271393877  5.74589528e-07  0.0002  11
          P17C 25  1  -0.00257052449  8.82155636e-07  0.0014  16 | -0.00132877162  2.61279201e-07  0.0002  13
          P17C 24  1  -0.00331067064  1.16289883e-06  0.0016  16 | -0.00184117328  4.28150144e-07  0.0003  12
          P17C 23  1  -0.00382368966  1.40692913e-06  0.0015  16 | -0.00179434874  3.92258671e-07  0.0001  12
          P17C 22  1  -0.00326188564  1.41985481e-06  0.0007  15 | -0.00096517101  2.71497497e-07  0.0002  12
          P17C 21  1  -0.00319830505  1.43389220e-06  0.0017  17 | -0.00147579046  5.72634908e-07  0.0003  11
          P17C 20  1  -0.00261318529  1.00304935e-06  0.0011  15 | -0.00138810474  3.90509077e-07  0.0002  12
          P17C 19  1  -0.00202409855  1.25230270e-06  0.0029  14 | -0.00004195469  2.61230772e-07  0.0003  15
          P17C 18  1  -0.00283864140  1.71584117e-06  0.0026  13 | +0.00002441331  2.84313809e-07  0.0001  15
          P17N 28  1  -0.00112514634  7.56885977e-07  0.0021  15 | -0.00055319685  4.70911231e-07  0.0002  15
          P17N 29  1  -0.00370425677  2.22804475e-06  0.0029  12 | +0.00017592133  2.87955697e-07  0.0002  15
          P17N 30  1  -0.00280488879  1.69012529e-06  0.0036  16 | -0.00044555799  5.10459893e-07  0.0002  15
          P17N 31  1  -0.00098135226  9.06224203e-07  0.0010  16 | +0.00022851796  3.01289096e-07  0.0002  15
          P17N 32  1  -0.00126321674  8.70164912e-07  0.0013  18 | -0.00005488577  2.65999429e-07  0.0002  14
          P17N 33  1  -0.00100392508  7.57475347e-07  0.0017  17 | -0.00017721020  3.44117904e-07  0.0002  15
          P17N 34  1  -0.00210535284  1.44937246e-06  0.0022  14 | +0.00024544860  2.73971739e-07  0.0001  15
          P17N 35  1  -0.00100620500  8.98826507e-07  0.0021  19 | +0.00009644912  3.47499447e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 36  1  -0.00084307915  8.22056902e-07  0.0011  17 | +0.00003336582  3.83834416e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 37  1  -0.00206571751  1.65780681e-06  0.0008  14 | +0.00086308272  1.93406694e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 38  1  -0.00274848175  1.90594484e-06  0.0027  18 | +0.00043136806  3.16019935e-07  0.0001  13
          P17N 39  1  -0.00219115023  1.59192468e-06  0.0015  16 | +0.00043326578  2.79716674e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 40  1  -0.00480874195  2.84841427e-06  0.0018  20 | -0.00002631819  4.57202389e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 42  1  -0.00364456318  2.16124869e-06  0.0028  21 | -0.00103968629  8.58810246e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 43  1  -0.00187164002  1.22702118e-06  0.0030  16 | -0.00104440142  8.13401881e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 44  1  -0.00301327646  1.75063559e-06  0.0020  18 | -0.00049127870  4.89636713e-07  0.0001  11
          P17N 45  1  -0.00221023727  1.31971058e-06  0.0009  18 | -0.00081721950  6.23201692e-07  0.0002  11
          P17N 46  1  -0.00351928388  2.21918435e-06  0.0029  20 | +0.00018003287  3.69525974e-07  0.0001  11
          P17N 47  1  -0.00149713124  1.16861624e-06  0.0013  20 | +0.00022286518  3.08618031e-07  0.0001   8
          P17N 48  1  -0.00739143072  4.18611668e-06  0.0035  22 | -0.00003244765  5.06625144e-07  0.0006   9
          P17N 49  1  -0.00274069485  1.72223501e-06  0.0015  21 | -0.00020164018  4.52707674e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 50  1  -0.00179353576  1.30327572e-06  0.0010  20 | +0.00005565780  3.78678942e-07  0.0001  10
          
          
                                        [P < pr]                 |                   [p >= pr]
                      ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------
          Station           a0             b0           dev   n  |       a1             b1          dev    n
          ----------  --------------  --------------  ------  -- | --------------  --------------  ------  --
          P17N 51  1  -0.00236921437  1.71007795e-06  0.0019  18 | +0.00036073481  3.45103364e-07  0.0002  10
          P17N 52  1  -0.00431883257  2.60325069e-06  0.0010  15 | -0.00009230456  4.89986690e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 53  1  -0.00389149710  2.36791128e-06  0.0021  22 | -0.00051017140  6.77248430e-07  0.0003  11
          P17N 54  1  -0.00656862167  3.92821012e-06  0.0033  18 | +0.00040671843  4.40540072e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 55  1  -0.00395174000  2.47307957e-06  0.0016  17 | +0.00006997511  4.62222014e-07  0.0003  12
          P17N 56  1  -0.00424859112  2.54919462e-06  0.0037  16 | -0.00045596387  6.52880998e-07  0.0001   9
          P17N 57  1  -0.00632590758  3.78120284e-06  0.0024  18 | +0.00072592490  2.55286594e-07  0.0003   9
          P17N 58  1  -0.00391224558  2.51015183e-06  0.0010  18 | -0.00023526510  6.71661595e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 59  1  -0.00648368908  4.00245706e-06  0.0030  18 | +0.00115609924  1.82562902e-07  0.0006  10
          P17N 60  1  -0.00619373052  3.53760486e-06  0.0018  17 | -0.00012297052  5.02224860e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 61  1  -0.00287315314  2.23506005e-06  0.0011  19 | +0.00064993799  4.73514483e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 62  1  -0.00579580478  3.62060307e-06  0.0011  17 | +0.00042784185  5.08779752e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 63  1  -0.00380900743  2.34187157e-06  0.0019  20 | -0.00102612201  9.50428857e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 64  1  -0.00557255381  3.40483902e-06  0.0015  18 | +0.00002883384  6.04145195e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N X01 1  -0.00492856194  3.33574011e-06  0.0011  14 | +0.00087074293  4.36087680e-07  0.0002  14
          P17N 65  1  -0.00672411653  4.32041464e-06  0.0015  16 | +0.00107943845  4.18637148e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 66  1  -0.00433764720  3.06272946e-06  0.0013  15 | +0.00089342267  4.47194522e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 67  1  -0.00363321500  2.68804962e-06  0.0012  16 | +0.00062632815  5.58278049e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 68  1  -0.00289688175  2.50376971e-06  0.0009  16 | +0.00124164132  4.34508177e-07  0.0002  11
          P17N 69  1  -0.00206561032  1.82391954e-06  0.0010  17 | +0.00011845680  7.31885980e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 70  1  -0.00652305713  4.20119396e-06  0.0027  16 | +0.00083172904  5.23800872e-07  0.0001  11
          P17N 71  3  -0.00516241726  3.52364120e-06  0.0021  16 | +0.00078813535  5.48364888e-07  0.0002  13
          P17N 72  1  -0.00260120648  2.47380727e-06  0.0010  19 | +0.00164166493  3.52371566e-07  0.0003  13
          P17N 73  1  -0.00091898367  1.55554863e-06  0.0007  17 | +0.00125905785  4.66527870e-07  0.0002  14
          P17N 74  1  -0.00371667927  3.38154846e-06  0.0014  14 | +0.00243689634  3.04760658e-07  0.0002  10
          P17N 75  1  -0.00486364697  3.37219811e-06  0.0017  16 | +0.00041573837  7.32505441e-07  0.0003  14
          P17N 76  1  -0.00424812495  3.16531365e-06  0.0010  17 | +0.00140274108  3.39880636e-07  0.0001  14
          P17N 77  1  -0.00277322927  2.49874131e-06  0.0018  18 | +0.00157255241  3.25850470e-07  0.0002  14
          P17N 78  1  -0.00317585841  2.74326963e-06  0.0014  18 | +0.00144148287  4.34598993e-07  0.0001  11
          P17N 79  1  -0.00069385904  1.56374525e-06  0.0007  17 | +0.00186176145  2.85935009e-07  0.0001  12
          P17N 80  1  -0.00456970497  3.72415366e-06  0.0015  18 | +0.00232147753  2.78562409e-07  0.0002  12
          P17N 81  1  -0.00211883577  2.35442232e-06  0.0012  17 | +0.00188724978  3.51379543e-07  0.0001  12
          P17N 82  1  -0.00027518314  1.34440570e-06  0.0009  17 | +0.00155926357  4.27182341e-07  0.0001  9
          P17N 83  1  -0.00075817689  1.78319230e-06  0.0008  17 | +0.00238703497  2.10586372e-07  0.0001  11
          
          
                                        [P < pr]                 |                   [p >= pr]
                      ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------
          Station           a0             b0           dev   n  |       a1             b1          dev    n
          ----------  --------------  --------------  ------  -- | --------------  --------------  ------  --
          P17N 84  1  -0.00172366742  2.10642746e-06  0.0014  19 | +0.00166914832  4.10019591e-07  0.0002  10
          P17N 86  1  -0.00082332938  1.83224240e-06  0.0017  13 | +0.00233071217  2.55221624e-07  0.0001  14
          P17N 87  1  -0.00292921563  2.98581447e-06  0.0013  14 | +0.00254923496  2.46589172e-07  0.0002  14
          P17N 88  1  -0.00107680266  2.10124760e-06  0.0008  12 | +0.00279254161  1.66575462e-07  0.0002  17
          P17N 90  1  -0.00083228193  1.91158460e-06  0.0019  18 | +0.00230746930  3.41708982e-07  0.0001  12
          P17N 92  1  -0.00074134491  1.76061628e-06  0.0015  20 | +0.00198020219  3.99842728e-07  0.0001  10
          P17N 93  1  0.001337410210  9.21610307e-07  0.0012  21 | +0.00174232110  7.19154863e-07  0.0001  9
          P17N 94  1  -0.00031490228  2.00050960e-06  0.0010  22 | +0.00270481639  4.90650267e-07  0.0001  6
          P17N 96  2  -0.00195391654  4.17750848e-06  0.0011  16 |       
          P17N 98  1  -0.00137970523  2.52920668e-06  0.0023  11 |       
          P17N 99  1  -0.00993932076  4.01977009e-06  0.0056  6  |      
          
          The mean  absolute deviation averaged over all stations is as follows:
            0.0 018  [p <  2000 dbar]
            0.0 002  [p >= 2000 dbar]
          
          
          (4) OXYGEN CALIBRATION
          
          The discrepancies of the CTD oxygen (SBE 43) from the bottle oxygen show linear 
          behavior against the bottle oxygen values at depths shallower than about 3000 
          dbar and against the pressure deeper than about 3000 dbar.  Therefore the CTD 
          oxygen is calibrated as
          
                Calibrated oxygen = (a0 + b0 * o) - (a1 + b1 * p)
                     a1 = 0,   b1 = 0  [when p < pr]
                     a1 + b1 * pr = 0
          
          where o is CTD oxygen in micro-mol/kg, p is CTD pressure in dbar, pr is the 
                calibration coefficients. The best fit sets of coefficients are 
                determined by minimizing the sum of absolute deviations from the 
                bottle oxygen data. Fortran routine MEDFIT in the Numerical Recipies 
                (Press et al., 1986) is used with a slight modification to determine 
                the coefficients. The coefficients a0 and b0 are determined first then 
                the coefficients a1 and b1 are determined with a restriction that the 
                two equations take same value at a pressure of pr. 
            
          (A calibration with the coefficients a0 and b0 in above equation may correspond 
          to that with the coefficients of Soc and Offset (see 3-4 and 3-5) in the oxygen 
          model.  Although a calibration with Soc and Offset should be essential, the 
          pressure dependency mentioned above could not be retrieved with sufficient 
          accuracy through such a calibration.  Therefore the simple linear calibration 
          equations are used to calibrate the CTD oxygen. )
          
          The pr was set to 2500 dbar or 3000 dbar.  The coefficients are determined at 
          each station.  The deviation of CTD oxygen from the bottle oxygen at depth 
          shallower than 800 dbar is too large to determine a proper sets of the 
          coefficients since the vertical oxygen gradient is strong in the regions.  So 
          the coefficients a0 and b0 are determined using the data in the pressure range 
          from 800 dbar to pr.  Nevertheless, for the station P17N 96, 98 and 99, the 
          coefficients of a0 and b0 are determined using the data in the whole pressure 
          range because the numbers of bottle oxygen data were small.  The down cast CTD 
          data were used after the post-cruise calibration for CTD pressure, temperature 
          and salinity.  For depths where the vertical oxygen gradient calculated from 
          the down cast CTD data as greater than 5 micro-mol/kg, bottle oxygen data are 
          not used for calibration because of the ambiguity resulted from the vertical 
          separation of the bottles and CTD sensors.  
          
          The pr, the calibration coefficients, the mean absolute deviation from the 
          bottle oxygen and the number of available data for the calibration are as 
          follows: 
          
          
          dev  and n:  the mean absolute deviation and the number of the data [p < 800 dbar]
          dev0 and n0: the mean absolute deviation and the number of the data [pr > p > = 800 dbar]
          dev1 and n1: the mean absolute deviation and the number of the data [p >= pr]
          
          
          Stn   pr                 a0           b0      dev   n   dev0  n0       a1           b1        dev1  n1
          ----  --  -  ----  ------------  -----------  ----  --  ----  --  -----------  -------------  ----  --
          P17C  26  1  3000  -6.099360405  1.040369946  6.86  13  0.94  14  -10.9299107  0.00364330357  0.35  7
          P17C  25  1  3000  -8.971520275  1.075145280  7.44  12  0.42  13  -14.4504841  0.00481682805  0.50  8
          P17C  24  1  3000  -5.529627844  1.028365598  4.53  14  0.68  14  -6.77747736  0.00225915912  0.40  7
          P17C  23  1  3000  -7.386595950  1.047246541  4.23  12  0.28  11  -7.53960919  0.00251320306  0.22  6
          P17C  22  1  3900  -7.305887486  1.049203595  4.80  14  0.50  11  -8.46202316  0.00282067439  0.35  8
          P17C  21  1  3000  -9.059589750  1.070725686  5.07  14  0.84  14  -12.5271348  0.00417571159  0.70  6
          P17C  20  1  2500  -7.576914038  1.062166023  3.99  12  0.65  10  -7.26808020  0.00290723208  0.27  9
          P17C  19  1  3000  -6.888153605  1.050814179  3.54  14  0.87  11  -10.0069168  0.00333563892  0.34  10
          P17C  18  1  2500  -8.676846720  1.091437969  7.52  12  0.44  08  -10.2718365  0.00410873459  0.55  10
          P17N  28  1  2500  -8.949509795  1.095178051  6.29  13  0.24  10  -11.7304995  0.00469219980  0.83  12
          P17N  29  1  2500  -10.71553764  1.108806876  6.21  11  1.10  08  -13.9391875  0.00557567501  0.80  12
          P17N  30  1  3000  -9.991639224  1.076033076  2.98  12  0.31  10  -13.9476730  0.00464922434  0.41  10
          P17N  31  1  3000  -8.781873275  1.059551905  8.41  13  0.31  11  -12.3603037  0.00412010122  0.67  10
          P17N  32  1  3000  -7.409800688  1.031783329  4.84  11  0.50  13  -6.89646032  0.00229882011  0.68  9
          P17N  33  1  3000  -8.873530679  1.060111768  6.25  14  0.62  11  -13.8277935  0.00460926451  0.43  10
          P17N  34  1  3000  -10.31154992  1.091510132  8.47  12  0.75  11  -19.6614446  0.00655381487  0.70  10
          P17N  35  1  3000  -9.084332713  1.046265000  5.97  14  0.57  13  -8.88625332  0.00296208444  0.43  8
          P17N  36  1  3000  -9.399049595  1.056992029  6.70  11  0.64  13  -11.9565125  0.00398550416  0.46  7
          P17N  37  1  3000  -8.364248414  1.042942612  2.91  10  0.35  12  -8.37163711  0.00279054570  0.62  6
          P17N  38  1  3000  -10.13053131  1.073233270  4.53  12  0.79  12  -16.4941999  0.00549806665  0.52  9
          P17N  39  1  3000  -9.434457480  1.055735385  7.58  11  0.73  14  -12.2868186  0.00409560619  0.47  8
          P17N  40  1  3000  -8.422725258  1.043201281  5.09  11  0.82  17  -10.8458844  0.00361529479  0.48  5
          P17N  42  1  3000  -10.24374321  1.058984335  4.74  11  0.93  18  -16.0869251  0.00536230838  0.31  3
          P17N  43  1  3000  -9.382698183  1.062958957  5.26  11  0.49  14  -18.7986256  0.00626620852  0.53  5
          P17N  44  1  3000  -9.981734298  1.061992123  5.80  14  0.29  16  -12.6278156  0.00420927187  0.20  6
          P17N  45  1  3000  -10.58694741  1.067900558  3.96  11  0.49  15  -14.4999088  0.00483330294  0.29  6
          P17N  46  1  3000  -8.581704444  1.035389951  7.26  14  0.53  14  -6.65999935  0.00221999978  0.40  6
          P17N  47  1  3000  -9.576965449  1.050655685  5.16  14  0.69  14  -8.81065801  0.00293688600  0.28  5
          P17N  48  1  3000  -9.473259386  1.047975147  8.31  11  0.52  16  -7.72022568  0.00257340856  0.34  5
          P17N  49  1  2500  -9.834545198  1.081214717  6.36  14  0.41  14  -11.3991842  0.00455967368  0.26  6
          P17N  50  1  2500  -10.10495099  1.095254233  8.22  09  0.37  11  -13.5234429  0.00540937715  0.90  6
          
          Stn   pr                 a0           b0      dev   n   dev0  n0       a1           b1        dev1  n1
          ----  --  -  ----  ------------  -----------  ----  --  ----  --  -----------  -------------  ----  --
          P17N  51  1  2500  -9.638736644  1.081947704  2.00  11  0.43  12  -11.3137098  0.00452548393  0.49  7
          P17N  52  1  3000  -8.121769450  1.044767285  6.81  09  0.61  13  -11.1193260  0.00370644201  0.38  3
          P17N  53  1  3000  -9.604492361  1.067672633  5.95  13  0.68  16  -15.5654310  0.00518847700  0.73  5
          P17N  54  1  3000  -10.28221502  1.064388502  4.91  10  0.83  13  -11.5592357  0.00385307857  0.45  4
          P17N  55  1  3000  -8.215101362  1.056469182  2.18  11  0.95  14  -15.7699668  0.00525665560  0.42  7
          P17N  56  1  3000  -9.791078427  1.057042803  2.86  12  0.73  15  -10.5405558  0.00351351859  0.24  6
          P17N  57  1  3000  -10.66876483  1.080050297  5.21  12  0.35  13  -16.4940112  0.00549800374  0.54  6
          P17N  58  1  2500  -10.76470289  1.100402187  5.59  14  0.71  11  -13.8494455  0.00553977820  0.66  9
          P17N  59  1  2500  -10.53793839  1.092647127  5.34  14  0.65  13  -12.2999378  0.00491997513  0.72  9
          P17N  60  1  3000  -9.836038299  1.064379433  2.11  13  0.34  13  -12.3644234  0.00412147447  0.69  7
          P17N  61  1  3000  -9.408143455  1.056110095  5.71  12  0.35  14  -10.7805048  0.00359350161  0.26  8
          P17N  62  1  3000  -9.923429623  1.073515852  3.87  11  0.64  13  -15.2642608  0.00508808694  0.35  8
          P17N  63  1  3000  -9.557855591  1.048627293  6.34  14  0.28  13  -11.5186339  0.00383954465  0.33  7
          P17N  64  1  3000  -9.740348640  1.088424387  4.00  13  0.31  13  -21.7283223  0.00724277409  0.41  7
          P17N X01  1  3000  -8.371952559  1.038180592  8.83  13  0.60  09  -9.78801865  0.00326267288  0.69  9
          P17N  65  1  3000  -9.551040280  1.079632823 11.09  11  0.60  11  -19.3524499  0.00645081664  0.76  8
          P17N  66  1  3000  -10.27693516  1.091416152  6.31  11  0.53  13  -21.3706714  0.00712355714  0.44  8
          P17N  67  1  3000  -9.412121367  1.075727953  3.39  13  0.55  12  -16.9440724  0.00564802414  0.43  7
          P17N  68  1  3000  -8.714350922  1.060143438  7.42  10  0.57  14  -13.7545611  0.00458485371  0.31  6
          P17N  69  1  3000  -9.408301211  1.071835344  8.02  13  0.78  14  -15.8136664  0.00527122215  0.53  8
          P17N  70  1  3000  -10.32013012  1.076201596  6.76  11  0.56  12  -15.4215410  0.00514051366  0.41  7
          P17N  71  3  3000  -8.919832027  1.050925439  4.18  10  0.45  13  -11.2263973  0.00374213242  0.20  8
          P17N  72  1  3000  -9.052916259  1.047460170  8.98  14  0.49  14  -11.6939781  0.00389799269  0.18  8
          P17N  73  1  3000  -9.219642560  1.073557224  6.08  12  0.61  13  -17.2527649  0.00575092164  0.58  9
          P17N  74  1  3000  -8.775778186  1.060304930  6.37  11  0.25  11  -13.9816700  0.00466055667  0.20  7
          P17N  75  1  3000  -9.997667857  1.075134400  5.43  12  0.51  12  -16.9202792  0.00564009308  0.61  9
          P17N  76  1  3000  -8.990971722  1.042222397  7.76  14  0.40  13  -15.4331625  0.00514438751  1.16  9
          P17N  77  1  3000  -9.710916843  1.060383262  3.41  11  0.47  13  -13.6283141  0.00454277136  0.29  9
          P17N  78  1  3000  -8.568935573  1.044311498  4.35  11  0.47  12  -12.0664230  0.00402214101  0.23  8
          P17N  79  1  3000  -8.738046345  1.043973027  4.87  13  0.50  14  -13.4045628  0.00446818759  0.38  7
          P17N  80  1  3000  -8.097798952  1.043270916  4.01  10  0.54  14  -12.2593489  0.00408644964  0.34  8
          P17N  81  1  3000  -9.233743802  1.053771754  3.80  14  0.68  12  -16.4023224  0.00546744080  0.29  8
          P17N  82  1  3000  -8.881406499  1.051434887  7.17  11  0.28  13  -15.1862347  0.00506207823  0.24  7
          P17N  83  1  3000  -7.975074171  1.028412310  4.26  10  0.47  13  -6.97467826  0.00232489275  0.26  7
          P17N  84  1  3000  -9.985211184  1.057807940  5.17  12  0.43  13  -12.9007483  0.00430024945  0.39  8
          P17N  86  1  3000  -10.19567244  1.043387069  5.30  09  0.56  10  -15.2588930  0.00508629768  0.83  10
          P17N  87  1  2500  -9.730194504  1.057040862  9.18  09  0.38  09  -9.91423923  0.00396569569  0.56  14
          P17N  88  1  2500  -10.41733909  1.063737279 16.76  11  0.23  09  -12.4798272  0.00499193089  1.00  14
          P17N  90  1  2500  -12.56598991  1.124036761  3.03  12  0.67  10  -19.9885598  0.00799542391  1.32  10
          P17N  92  1  3000  -8.952500275  1.027299076 11.14  13  0.78  16  -1.61467574  0.000538225245  0.56  5
          P17N  93  1  3000  -9.686243469  1.043885543  7.03  14  0.78  17        
          P17N  94  1  3000  -10.52427791  1.049230691  8.71  17  0.48  16        
          P17N  96  2  3000  -10.54840239  1.091405576   *    *   1.59  20        
          P17N  98  1  3000  -11.10571481  1.094795619   *    *   3.15  17        
          P17N  99  1  3000  -14.02518652  1.104887956   *    *   6.22  10        
          
          The mean absolute deviation averaged over all stations is as follows:
                5.90 micro-mol/kg  [p < 800 dbar]
                0.68 micro-mol/kg  [pr > p >= 800 dbar]
                0.49 micro-mol/kg  [p >= pr]
          
          
          
          FIGURE LEGENDS (see PDF for figues)
          
          Figure 1:  Station locations of MR01K04 Leg1
          
          Figure 2:  left: SBE43, right: Sensor outputs and bottle measured DO values.
          
          Figure 3:  SOAR sensors on the foremast top deck.
          
          Figure 4:  Turbulent flux measurement system
          
          Figure 5:  Time series of (a) air temperature and sea surface temperature,
                                    (b) relative humidity, 
                                    (c) rain rate, 
                                    (d) pressure at sea level, 
                                    (e) zonal and meridional wind components, and 
                                    (f) downwelling short wave radiation, respectively.
          
          Figure 6:  ADCP velocity vectors along the cruise track for 100 m depth.
          
          Figure 7:  ADCP velocity pattern (cm/s) at sections of P17C and P17N, upper-
                     panel) u-component, lower-panel) v-component.  Northern part of 
                     the right panel is zoomed in on the left panel.
          
          Figure 8:  Distributions of atmospheric and surface seawater P(CO2) as a 
                     function of latitude along the WOCE line.
          
          Figure 9:  Plots of measured values of CRM (Bach #53) as a function of elapsed 
                     day during the cruise. The horizontal line indicates the certified 
                     value of 2012.00 mol kg-1.
          
          Figure 10: Distributions of surface seawater CT as a function of year day. The 
                     year day 205 corresponds to 25 July, 2001.
          
          
          Figure 11: Histgram of the difference between replicates
          
          Figure 12: Cross section of bottle DO. Bad measurement data were omitted.
          
          Figure 13: Vertical distributions of AT obtained (solid squares) in the past 
                     P17 and (crosses) in this cruise.
          
          Figure 14: Plots of measured values of CRM (Bach #54) as a function of day 
                     during the cruise. The horizontal line indicates the certified value 
                     of 2107.35 mol kg-1.
          
          Figure 15: Vertical distributions of CT obtained (solid squares) in the past 
                     P17 and (crosses) in this cruise.
          
          Figure 16: Preliminary results of _13C at stations P1720- P1746 (left) and _14C 
                     at stations P1720- P1730 (right).
          
          Figure 17: The residual pressures between the Dead Weight Tester and the CTD.
          
          Figure 18: Time series of the CTD deck pressure.  Upper panel shows the pre-
                     cast deck pressure (dotted line) and the corrected deck pressure 
                     subtracting the atmospheric pressure deviation from the pre-cast 
                     deck pressure (solid line).  Lower panel shows the corrected deck 
                     pressure for the pre- and post-cast.  
          
          Figure 19: Temperature sensor drift based on laboratory calibrations performed 
                     at SBE, Inc.
          
          Figure 20: Temperature sensor drift between the pre-cruis calibration and the 
                     post-cruise calibration. Dotted line shows estimated drift at August 
                     15, 2001.  Upper panel is for the primary sensor and lower panel is 
                     for the secondary sensor.  
          
          Figure 21: Time series of salinity residuals before (upper panel) and after 
                     (lower panel) the calibration.   
          
          Figure 22: Vertical distribution of salinity residuals before (upper panel) and 
                     after (l ower panel) the calibration.  
          
          Figure 23: Time series of oxygen residuals before (upper panel) and after 
                     (lower panel) the calibration.
          
          Figure 24: Vertical distribution of oxygen residuals before (upper panel) and 
                     after (lower panel) the calibration.  
          
          

          SIO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

          DATE      CONTACT     DATA TYPE  DATA STATUS  SUMMARY  
          --------  ----------  ------------------------------------------------
          01/20/03  Fukasawa    CTD/BTL/SUM/DOC  Submitted 
                    The data disposition is:
                      Public  
                    The bottle file has the following parameters:
                      CTDPRS CTDTMP CTDSAL CTDOXY SALNTY OXYGEN NITRAT NITRIT 
                      SILCAT PHSPHT CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC113 PH ALKALI TCARBN DELC13 
                      C13ERR DELC14 C14ERR
                    The file format is:
                      WOCE Format (ASCII) 
                    The archive type is:
                      Other: lha
                    The data type(s) is:
                      Summary (navigation)
                      Bottle Data (hyd)
                      CTD File(s)
                      Documentation
                    The file contains these water sample identifiers:
                      Cast Number (CASTNO)
                      Station Number (STATNO)
                      Bottle Number (BTLNBR)
                      Sample Number (SAMPNO)
                    FUKASAWA, MASAO would like the following action(s) taken on 
                    the data:
                      Place Data Online
                              
          04/23/04  Anderson    CTD/BTL/SUM      Data Reformatted to WOCE format  
                    I have put the p17n from the cd Lynne gave me in the p17n 
                      directory on the new co2clivar website area.  The files 
                      are sort of in WOCE format.

          05/19/04  Kappa       Documentation    Preliminary Cruise Report 
                    Converted to PDF & Text formats
                      PDF: Added 2 CCHDO Summary pages to beginning of report 
                      PDF: Added CCHDO station track generated from .sum file to 
                      PDF: Added links from figures to references to them 
                            within the body of the report
                      PDF and Text versions: Added these Data Processing Notes

