README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA                 21st Oct 2015
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Bering Strait Moorings 2010-2011

This is an archive of data from US moorings deployed in the Russian Channel
of the Bering Strait from summer 2010 to summer 2012.  The deployments were
designed to be one year long (from summer 2010 to summer 2011), however
clearance issues made it impossible to recover the moorings in summer 2011,
and they remained in the water until recovery in August 2012.
The extra-long deployment degrades data quality due to biofouling and
battery issues.  UW personnel were not included in the recovery operation,
so little information is available re fouling, and no post-deployment checks 
were performed.

Moorings were also deployed for this period in US waters.  Those data
are archived separately. 

Mooring deployments were funded by the NSF Arctic Observing Network (AON)
award ARC-0855748 (PIs: Woodgate, Weingartner, Whitledge and Lindsay) 
with shiptime support from the NOAA RUSALCA (Russian-US Long Term Census 
of the Arctic) program.  

The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises:
- in 2010 (31st July - 11th August), a ~ 10 day cruise on the Russian vessel 
Khromov deployed the moorings.  Some CTD sections were run on this cruise, 
and those data are archived separately.
- in 2012 (August, but dates unknown), a short cruise on a Russian vessel 
recovered the moorings.  
The 2010 Cruise report and available notes from the 2012 recoveries
are included in this archive.

The data in this archive are from:
- three moorings (A1W, A1, A1E, also called A12, A11 and A13)
in the Russian channel of the Bering Strait.
In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent
year of deployment.  

Sites A1 was established in 1990. A1 was occupied for 
a few years from 1990,(90-91, 92-94) and then again since 2004.  
Sites A1E and A1W were established in 2005, and 
also sometimes carry Russian instrumentation not included in this archive 
(although  documented in the cruise reports and here).

Mooring location A1 (also called A1-1) is in the middle of the western 
(Russian side) channel.  Mooring location A1W (also called A1-2) is
between A1 and the Russian coast.  Mooring location A1E (also called
A1-3) is between A1 and the Diomede Islands, which divide the strait.  

For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work,
please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html.

Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below.
All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time
Int. in table below). Only two instruments (the SBE37s) ran until 
recovery in 2012 - the others have shorter records as detailed below.
Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive.
For access to those data, please contact the named PI in list below table.  

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID  Deployed Latitude  Longitude  Instrument      S/N  Time   Inst.  Water  
     in Year   (N)        (W)                          Int.   Depth  Depth  
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A1W-10 2010  65 56.01  169 36.99  SBE16woptic    4956  60min   32m    50m
(also called                      ISUS*            77   -      32m    50m
  A12-10)                         RCM9LW          108  60min   36m    50m
                                  SBE26p-BPG     1176  30min   48m    50m

A1-10  2010  65 54.00  169 25.99  ISCAT          7621    NR    19m    51m  
(also called                      ISCAT-Logger     25  60min   ...    51m
  A11-10)                         300kHz-ADCP    1699  30min   44m    51m
                                  SBE37 Microcat 4600  15min   44m    51m 

A1E-10 2010  65 52.00  169 16.99  AARI-CM&CTD*      4   -      31m    48m  
(also called                      RCM9LW          107  60min   33m    48m
  A13-10)                         SBE37 Microcat 3389  15min   35m    48m 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available,
and are good to 1-2m. 
  NR=instrument not recovered     ND=No data
Instruments with data included here:
 ISCAT - SBE37IM in ice resistant float, telemetering data inductively to
   a Logger below (system developed at APL-UW)
 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
 SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder
 SBE16woptic - Seabird SBE16plus with optical data (including some or all of
               fluorescence, turbidity, transmissivity and PAR) - see headers
 SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge
 RCM9LW   - Aanderaa Lightweight RCM9 acoustic current meter
Instruments with data not included here:
 AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research
               Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI
 ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF

Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year 
in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed. 
   Optics data from the SBE instruments are included in this archive only
in the hex files (unconverted). For calibration data, please contact 
Tom Weingartner, UAF. 
   The SBE16plus BPG also recorded wave burst data - this may be extracted
from the .hex files included in this archive, but has not been processed here.

For RCMs and SBEs, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument 
per year, with naming convention:
   BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt
yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number;
ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used,
.ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged. 
The SBE-16 and 26 hexidecimal files (unaltered from the download) are also 
included, indicated by extension .hex or .asc.

For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument.
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests
The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift
and magnetic declination.
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data
        (including ice range and velocity)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data
        (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2
    etc.  (Bin depths are given in the data files)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin01.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 1
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####mbin02.rdat = ASCII data from re-averaged Bin 2
    etc.  (Bin depths are given in the data files)

Header information is included in each data file.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see:
Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater
   flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602,
   doi:10.1029/2004GL021747.
Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature,
   salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880.
Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the
   physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn
   1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149,
   doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes
   in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991
   and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931.
Aagaard, K., T.J.Weingartner, S.L. Danielson, R.A. Woodgate, G.C.Johnson,
   T.E.Whitledge (2006), Some controls on flow and salinity in Bering Strait,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19602, doi:10.1029/2006GL026612.
Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering 
   Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621.
Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases 
   in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 
   2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column
   Geophys. Res. Lett., in press.

For an overview, please see:
   http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html

For queries, please contact:
   Rebecca Woodgate   woodgate@apl.washington.edu   (206) 221-3268
   Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington
   1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA  98105-6698   USA      FAX (206) 543-6785

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Meta data
=========

1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings

2) Project title: Bering Strait

3) Data collection dates: summer 2010 to summer 2012

4) PI:   Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@apl.washington.edu)
         Tom Weingartner (weingart@ims.uaf.edu)

5) Data collection method:
     Year-round moorings carrying
     - Aanderaa recording current meters (RCM)
     - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE)
     - RDI 300kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP)
     - APL data loggers for inductive data from ISCAT system

6) Data calibration method:
     Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps 
     have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift.
     All times are given in GMT.
     For RCMs and SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file.
 
  RCMs:   
     - Predeployment calibrated by the manufacturer (Aanderaa),
     - pre-calibration used for data reduction.
     - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is
       cited in the header
     - RCM9 data has been corrected for the temperature/pressure variability
       of the speed of sound using temperature data from the RCM

  SBEs:  
     - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated
       by suffix .ppp)
     - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the
       deployment.
     - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used
     
  ADCPS:  Tested by APL/UAF/manufacturer pre deployment.
     - A1 ADCP may have had batteries exchanged at sea and thus
       compass calibration may be poor - see below
     - where available, at sea compass check also included in header file
     - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited
       in the header.
     - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using
       the water temperature measured by the ADCP.
     - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated.

7) Instrumentation used:  (see table for sampling frequencies)
     Aanderaa current meters RCM-9 
     Sea-Bird SBE26plus recorders
     Sea-Bird SBE16plus recorders with optics sensors
     Sea-Bird SBE37 recorders
     ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger)
     RDI 300 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size 2m.

8) Quality control procedures:
     Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate.
     RCM-9 measurements of water velocity depend on the speed of
       sound in water.  The manufacturer's default is to assume
       a sound speed of 1500 m/s.  In data processing, we use
       RCM temperature and mooring information of instrument depth to
       obtain a more accurate speed of sound at the RCM during
       deployment, and thus recompute the water velocity (Cor Speed).
     SBE optical data is not quality controlled and should be treated
       with caution.
     ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound
       corrections.
     ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although
       bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to
       surface effects) and should be treated with caution.  

9) Data format:
     RCM and SBE data - ASCII, format given in individual headers
        (uncalibrated "hex" data also included for SBE16s and SBE26p)
     ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and 
                            b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins)

10) Data collection problems:
    The moorings, although designed for a 1-year deployment, remained
    in the water for 2 years.  Although some instruments recorded for
    more than 1 year, issues also shortened some records. Biofouling,
    although not recorded, was likely significant, and poisoning of
    SBE salinity sensors also likely was exhausted before the end of
    the deployment.  Moorings A1E and A11 were both dragged due to 
    issues with the deckbox on the ship.  
    
    By Instrument:
    === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s)
       A110  - SBE37 7621 - was presumed lost ~ Nov 2010
         since logger data cease at this point. 
             - Logger 25 - data ok up to this point.
    
    === RCMs
      A1W10_rcm9_106 
        - ran until Nov 2011 (~ 15 months)
        - tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated
        - post deployment clock check not available
      A1E10_rcm9_107 
        - ran until Oct 2011 (~ 14 months)
        - tilt and signal strength only nominally calibrated
        - post deployment clock check not available

    === ADCPs
      Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected
      for pitch and roll.  For full discussion and correction,
      see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive.
      A110_adcp1699
         - large errors on compass tests pre deployment
         suggest directions may only be good to 10deg
         - wrote multiple files.  As described in
         data file header, these have been combined to
         give one quasi continuous file.  
         - data good to ~ Bin 16 (~ 9m depth)
         - temperature data not quality controlled

     === SBE37s (non-ISCAT)
       A110_4600
       A1E10_3389
       For both instruments:
         - still running on recovery, however note that
         depleted poison and biofouling may degrade salinity. 
         - only precal available.
         - Note that post-calibrations on other SBE16s in 
         the strait suggest salinity sensor drift during 
         a one year deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu.

      === SBE16Plus (with optics)
       Note - none of optics data is quality controlled.
       Uncalibrated (.hex) files included in archive
       A1W_4956 - with biowiper 516
         - no information on biofouling
         - pre-deployment calibration only available.
         - Note that post-calibrations on other SBE16s in 
         the strait suggest salinity sensor drift during 
         a one year deployment of between 0.02 and 0.1psu.
         - instrument deployed horizontally (perhaps trapping
         sediment in cell and degrading data).
         - data recorded until July 2011 (i.e., ~ 12months)
         - optics calibrations unavailable, external voltages
         included here in the .hex file.  
      
    === SBE26p (Bottom Pressure Gauge and Wave Recorder)
       A1W_1176
         - hdr file states that 457 days of data were 
       recorded.  However, the download file is only
       52 days of data, with a date error in the last
       23hrs of that record.  It is unclear why the rest
       of the data were not downloaded, and, due to
       the protocols of the RUSALCA, it is now impossible
       to even attempt to retrieve these data.
         - .hex files contain unprocessed wave burst data
         - converted pressure data show no obvious problems

 
11) Other related data sets:
       This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the
       Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990.  Mooring data have
       already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS, 
       and at NODC.
       For details see
        http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html
        http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/
        http://sbi.utk.edu/
        http://www.nodc.noaa.gov
       Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on
       the mooring cruises.  This data is also accessible via the http
       links above. 

12) Conditions for use or citation:
       Data freely available
       Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data

13) Data qualifications or warnings:
       See also Data collection problems.
       The temperature (T) and conductivity (C) recorded by a RCM are
       significantly less accurate than those recorded by a SBE.  In most
       instances, a SBE was located very close to a RCM, so that the former
       would provide the record of choice for T and C even when the RCM
       measured both parameters. For data issues relevant to a specific
       deployment, see the individual headers.  In general:
       RCM data: Standard Aanderaa limitations apply
            - estimated accuracy 2 cm/s in speed, 5 deg in direction,
              0.05 deg C in temperature, >= 0.01 S/m in conductivity
              (corresponds to >= 0.2 psu in salinity).
       SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply
            - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m
              (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db.
            - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration
              which are usually 0.03 psu or greater.
            - Note that post-calibrations on the SBE16s
              suggests salinity sensor drift during deployment of between
              0.02 and 0.1psu, and this should be considered if post
              calibrations are not available
            - Note also that clogging of the salinity cell during
              deployment will not be captured by the post calibration
              and thus generally ends of records should be suspected
              for anomalously low salinities, especially if the SBE
              is not mounted vertical.
       SBE26plus data: Standard Sea-Bird limitation apply
            - estimated accuracy 0.01 deg C, 0.01% of full scale 
            (for these deployments, range 60db, thus accuracy 0.006db)
       ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply
            - estimated accuracy
              ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble)
              Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time
              ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble)
              Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time
              ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files)
              Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m)
              ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature
              Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected
              for pitch and roll.  For full discussion and correction,
              see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive.
       Optical Sensor Data:
              These unmodified records are included, although no quality
              control of the data has been performed, as noted in the
              header files.  This leaves final judgments about record quality
              to the user.

14) Grant numbers:
      Mooring sponsorship came from 
      - NSF Polar Programs Arctic Observing Network 
        ARC-0855748 (PIs: Woodgate, Weingartner, Whitledge and Lindsay) 
      with shiptime support from
      - NOAA Arctic Research RUSALCA - Russian-US Longterm Census
          of the Arctic: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/aro/russian-american/

15) Sample repository locations:
        National Ocean Data Center (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov)
        University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD)
==============================================================================
FILE LISTING
=============

Total number of files: 
   Main directory:  46 files and 2 subdirectories

Size  Name
(kb) 
----  ----
= Metadata file (1 file)
  24 Bering_Strait_Moorings_NSFAONRusalca_2010to2012RussianChannel_ReadMe.txt

= Cruise reports (2 files) and 1 technical note (1 file)
4144 CruiseReportKhromov2010wEL_verNov11.pdf
   8 RUSALCA2012_RussianMooringRecoveries_JWhitefieldAug2012.txt
1812 WoodgateandHolroyd2011_BTrangeCorrection.pdf

= ISCAT data  (1 file)
  - 1 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data
 228 BeringStrait_2010_A1_ICLog25_7621.pre

= RCM data (2 files)
  - 2 .pre files, data calibrated with pre-cruise calibrations
 836 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_rcm9_107.pre
 920 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_rcm9_108.pre

= SBE37 data (4 files)
  - 2 .pre files, data calibrated with pre-cruise calibrations
  - 2 .asc files, raw data as downloaded from SBE37
6004 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_sbe37_3389.pre
3672 BeringStrait_2010_A1E_sbe37_3389raw.asc
6004 BeringStrait_2010_A1_sbe37_4600.pre
3672 BeringStrait_2010_A1_sbe37_4600raw.asc

= SBE16plus with optics (2 files)
  - 1 .pre file with calibrated TS data
  - 1 .hex files of raw data including optics
  (see also con file directory)
 332 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe16opt_4956raw_Horizontal.hex
 708 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe16p_4956_Horizontal.pre

= SBE26plus BPG data (2 files)
  - 1 .ppp file, data calibrated with pre and post calibrations
  - 1 .hex file, raw data as downloaded from SBE26plus
 176 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe26p_1176.ppp
1524 BeringStrait_2010_A1W_sbe26p_1176raw.hex

.. and the 2 subdirectories,

One subdirectory of SBE .con calibration files
./BeringStrait_2013_SBEconfile:
   - 1 calibration file for SBEs
8 sbe16p_4956D10.con

One subdirectory of ADCP data, naming conventions
as described above:

./BeringStrait_2010_A1_adcp1699:
total 166136
 7916 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699.btm
 4080 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699.ins
   24 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPdeploytests.txt
20376 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart1.000
 2436 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart2.001
   48 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart3.000
   28 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart4.000
   20 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_ADCPrawPart5.000
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin01.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin02.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin03.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin04.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin05.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin06.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin07.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin08.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin09.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin10.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin11.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin12.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin13.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin14.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin15.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin16.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin17.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin18.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin19.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin20.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin21.rdat
 5964 BeringStrait_2010_A11_01699_bin22.rdat

+++++++++ END OF FILE LISTING ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


