Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: Dr. Richard E. Brock
        Originator: Sea Grant
        Originator: University Of Hawaii at Manoa
        Originator: Dr. Jamse E.T. Moncur
        Originator: Water Resources Research Center
        Originator: University Of Hawaii at Manoa
        Publication_Date: Unknown
        Title: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISH AND MACROBENTHOS
AT SELECTED SITES IN THE VICINITY OF THE
MOKAPU OCEAN OUTFALL, OAHU, HAWAII, 1998
    Description:
      Abstract: This report provides the results of the first quantitative survey of the coral reef
communities in the vicinity of the Mokapu Ocean Outfall in Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii.
This survey, conducted in April and July 1998, focuses on benthic and fish community
structure and is designed to detect community changes that may be mediated by the
release of treated sewage through the outfall. The Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment
Plant (WWTP), which has been operational since 1977, releases a little more than 13 mgd
of secondary treated sewage through a 1.55-km-long discharge pipe at a depth of 32 m. If
impacts are occurring to marine communities from a point-source discharge, their effects
will be most evident in proximity to the source and less obvious with distance from the
source. The sampling strategy used in this study focuses on quantifying the degree of
development of marine communities adjacent to and at distances from the discharge
source. This strategy should allow delineation of impacts if they are occurring.
The results of this first survey indicate that the marine communities in the study
area are diverse, with well-developed fish and coral components. This is particularly
evident on the Mokapu Ocean Outfall diffuser (Transect T-1) where a high-biomass,
diverse fish community occurs. This well-developed fish community is related to the
shelter created by the diffuser pipe and basalt armor rock, as well as to the release of
organic particles in the treated effluent which serve as a food resource for some fish
species. The development of corals as measured in terms of live coverage in the diffuser
pipe community is about half that found at the more distant sampling sites. However, a
second sampling site (Transect T-2) located parallel to and 15 m away from the diffuser
has coral coverage very similar to that found elsewhere in Kailua Bay. These data suggest
that if the operation of the Kailua Regional WWTP is having an impact on marine
communities, it is very limited in scope and scale.
      Purpose: Determine the status of the marine resources in the vicinity of the discharge 
in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are occurring to the 
coral reef biota.
      Supplemental_Information: NOAASupplemental: 
Entry_ID: Unknown 
Sensor_Name: visual census 
Sensor_Name: SCUBA
Source_Name: Water Resources Research Center/Sea Grant Annual Outfall Monitoring
Originating_Center: University of Hawaii Storage_Medium: ASCII, MS Word 
Reference: None 
Online_size: 526 kilobytes
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Range_of_Dates/Times:
          Beginning_Date: 19980427
          Ending_Date: 19980731
      Currentness_Reference: ground condition
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Annually
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.73333
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.7166
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.45
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.4333
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Theme_Keyword: Coastal studies
        Theme_Keyword: biological survey
        Theme_Keyword: coral survey
        Theme_Keyword: Coral reef monitoring and assessment
        Theme_Keyword: substatum percent cover (coral, algal, rock, sand)
        Theme_Keyword: macroinvertebrate census
        Theme_Keyword: fish census
        Theme_Keyword: fish species
        Theme_Keyword: fish biomass
        Theme_Keyword: invertebrate species
        Theme_Keyword: coral species
        Theme_Keyword: algal species
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Hawaii
        Place_Keyword: Oahu
        Place_Keyword: Kailua Bay
        Place_Keyword: Windward Oahu
        Place_Keyword: Mokapu
        Place_Keyword: Kaneohe Marine Corp Station
      Stratum:
        Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Stratum_Keyword: Benthic
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Dr. Richard Brock
          Contact_Organization: Sea Grant/University of Hawaii
        Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing address
          Address: 2525 Correa Rd, HIG 213
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-2859
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: brockr@hawaii.edu
    Data_Set_Credit: Water Resources Research Center
University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Sea Grant
Department of Environmental Services
City and County of Honolulu
    Native_Data_Set_Environment: ASCII text, MS Word
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Logical_Consistency_Report: see Process Step
    Completeness_Report: The surveys were 100% complete
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: SAMPLING STATIONS:

Station A is located at the diffuser in water ranging from 29.6 to 32.0 m in depth. It was
established to sample the communities resident to the diffuser as well as directly adjacent
to it. The location of this station is at the lower depth limit for safe diving, where
considerable time must be spent underwater gathering data. Station B is located about 2.7
km south-southwest of the diffuser and 400 m south of Mokolea Rock at a
depth of 20 m (approximately 1.8 km from shore). Station C is located halfway between
Mokolea Rock and the shore of Kailua Bay (1.7 km inshore of
Mokolea Rock in water ranging from 5.2 to 6.7 m in depth.
At Stations A and B two 20-m transect lines each were permanently established
using metal stakes and plastic-coated no. 14 copper wire. At Station C only one 20-m
transect line was established using the same procedure. The transects at Stations B and C
have an orientation that is approximately parallel to shore. At Station A one transect was
positioned on top of the diffuser pipe and the second on the natural substratum parallel to
the diffuser pipe but about 15 m to the north. The two transects at Station B sample
approximately the same benthic communities, thus providing some replication. On each
transect are five permanently marked locations (0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 20 m) for
making cover estimates of benthic community components using a 1 m ? 1 m quadrat.
The quadrat is placed at the -1 to 0 m, 4 to 5 m, 9 to 10 m, 14 to 15 m, and 19 to 20 m
marks on the transect line.

METHODOLOGY:
Background:
-----------
Wastewaters of mainly domestic origin are pumped and secondary treated prior to
discharge through the Mokapu Ocean Outfall diffuser at a rate of approximately 14.5
million gallons per day (0.64 m3/s), 5,083 ft (1.55 km) offshore, at a depth of 105 ft (32
m) offshore of Mokapu Peninsula. Sources that feed into the diffuser include the
Kailua Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) (13.0 mgd or 0.57 m3/s) and
Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station WWTP (1.5 mgd or 0.07 m3/s). The discharge pipe is
48 inches (1.2 m) in diameter and 4,120 ft (1.26 km) in length, and the diffuser portion is
963 ft (0.29 km) in length. The diffuser has 80 discharge ports spaced 12 feet (3.7 m)
apart, alternating from one side of the pipe to the other. These ports are located at the
springline (midline) of the discharge pipe. The first 30 ports are not open because of the
less than maximum flow presently being discharged through the diffuser. The remaining
50 ports are operational, with the 20 most-shoreward ports being 4.5 inches (11.4 cm) in
diameter, the next 15 being 5 inches (12.7 cm) in diameter, and the final 15 being 5.5
inches (14.0 cm) in diameter. The diffuser terminates with a 5.5-inch-diameter port and a
half-circle port that is 8 inches (20.3 cm) in diameter.
Prior to the development of this plant and outfall, sewage from the Kailua area
received secondary treatment and was discharged into Kailua Bay via a relatively short
outfall offshore of Kapoho Point. The discharge depth was less than 12 m.
In recent years controversy has arisen regarding the impact that sewage effluent
discharged from the Mokapu Ocean Outfall may have on inshore coral reef species.
Because of these concerns, the City and County of Honolulu contracted the University of
Hawaii Water Resources Research Center to determine the status of the marine resources
in the vicinity of the discharge in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are
occurring to the coral reef biota. This report presents the findings of the first field survey
conducted in April and July 1998.

Strategy:
---------
Marine environmental surveys are usually performed to evaluate the feasibility of,
and ecosystem response to, specific proposed activities. Appropriate survey
methodologies reflect the nature of the proposed action(s). An action that may have an
acute impact (such as channel dredging) requires a survey designed to determine the
route of least harm and the projected rate and degree of ecosystem recovery. Impacts that
are more chronic or progressive require different strategies for measurement.
Management of chronic stress to a marine ecosystem requires identification of system
perturbations that exceed boundaries of natural fluctuations. Thus a thorough
understanding of normal ecosystem variability is required to separate the impact signal
from background noise. Infrequent natural events may add considerably to the
variability or background noise measured in a marine community.
Rare storm events not withstanding, the potential impacts occurring to the Kailua
Bay marine ecosystem are most probably those associated with chronic or progressive
stresses. Because of the proximity of urbanization, marine communities in Kailua Bay are
subjected to an array of impacts not encountered in Hawaii coral communities that front
undeveloped coastlines. Thus a sampling strategy must attempt to separate impacts due to
the discharge of wastewater treatment plant effluent on coral reef communities from a
host of nonpoint perturbations occurring in the waters of Kailua Bay.
Almost 42,000 people live in Kailua town (Statistics and Data Support Branch,
State of Hawaii, 1997). Growth of this windward community began in the mid-1950s
with improvements to the Pali Highway, making the commute between Kailua and
Honolulu much faster. In 1977 the Kailua Regional WWTP, with a design capacity of
15.25 mgd (0.67 m3/s), began operation to handle the wastewaters of the growing Kailua
population. In the outlying areas of Kailua (such as Lanikai), sewage continued to be
handled by cesspools. Cesspools and urban use of fertilizers, among other factors,
contribute toward providing opportunities for nonpoint-source materials to enter the sea.
The Mokapu Ocean Outfall discharge into Kailua Bay may be considered in terms
of gradients. There are numerous gradients owing to point-source and nonpoint-source
(such as Kawainui Canal and Kaelepulu Stream) inputs into Kailua Bay from the
urbanization of much of the watershed. Because many of these inputs have been
occurring for a considerable period of time, the species composition and functional
relationships of the benthic and fish communities at any given location in the waters of
Kailua Bay are those that have evolved under the influence of these ongoing
perturbations.
As noted above, if impacts are occurring to the coral reef communities in Kailua
Bay owing to sewage effluent discharged from the outfall offshore of Mokapu
Peninsula, they are probably chronic in nature and would probably be manifested as slow
shifts in the structure of the communities so affected. Gradients of stress or impact
should be evident with distance from the impact source(s). Thus, to quantitatively define
these impacts, one should monitor these communities through time in areas suspected of
being impacted as well as in similar communities at varying distances away from the
suspected source(s). This rationale has been used in developing the sampling strategy for
this study.

Materials and methods:
----------------------
The quantitative sampling of macrofauna in marine communities presents a number
of problems, many of which are related to the scale on which one wishes to quantitatively
enumerate organism abundance. Marine communities in Kailua Bay may be spatially
defined in a range on the order of a few hundred square centimeters (such as the
community living in a Pocillopora meandrina coral head) to many hectares (such as
areas which are covered by major biotopes). Because considerable interest focuses on
visually dominant corals, diurnally exposed macroinvertebrates, and fishes, we designed
a sampling program to delineate changes that may be occurring in communities at this
scale.
Fish abundance and diversity are often related to small-scale topographical relief
over short linear distances. A long transect may bisect a number of topographical features
(e.g., coral mounds, sand flats, and algal beds), thus sampling more than one community
and obscuring distinctive features of individual communities. To alleviate this problem, a
short transect (20 m in length), which has proved to be adequate for sampling many
Hawaii benthic communities (see Brock 1982; Brock and Norris 1989), is used.
Information is collected at each transect location using methods including a visual
assessment of fishes, a quadrat survey of the benthos for cover estimates of sessile forms
(e.g., algae, corals, and colonial invertebrates), and a visual assessment of diurnally
exposed motile macroinvertebrates. Fish censuses are conducted over a 4 m x 20 m
corridor (the permanent transect line). All fishes within this area to the water's surface
are counted. A single diver equipped with scuba, slate, and pencil enters the water, then
counts and notes all fishes in the prescribed area (method modified from Brock 1954).
Besides counting the individuals of all fishes seen, the length of each is estimated for
later use in the determination of fish standing crop by linear regression techniques
(Ricker 1975). Species-specific regression coefficients have been developed over the last
thirty years by the author and others at the University of Hawaii, the Naval Undersea
Center (see Evans 1974), and the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources using weight
and body measurements of captured fishes; for many species the coefficients have been
developed using sample sizes in excess of a hundred individuals. To reduce the bias
caused by the flight of wary fishes, the census taker enters the water, locates the transect
site, and commences with the census of fishes. The same individual (the author) performs
all fish censuses to reduce bias related to the experience or inexperience of the census
taker.
Besides divers frightening wary fishes, other problems with the visual census
technique include underestimating cryptic species such as moray eels (family
Muraenidae) and nocturnal species such as squirrelfishes (family Holocentridae) and
bigeyes or oaweoweo (family Priacanthidae). This problem is compounded in areas
of high relief and coral coverage that afford numerous shelter sites. Species lists and
abundance estimates are more accurate for areas of low relief, although some fishes with
cryptic habits or protective coloration, such as scorpionfishes or nohu (family
Scorpaenidae) and flatfishes (family Bothidae), might still be missed. Another problem is
the reduced effectiveness of the visual census technique in turbid water. This is
compounded by the difficulty of counting fishes that move quickly or are very numerous.
Additionally, bias related to the experience of the census taker should be considered in
making comparisons between surveys. Despite these problems, the visual census
technique is probably the most accurate, nondestructive assessment method currently
available for counting diurnally active fishes (Brock 1982).
A number of methods are utilized to quantitatively assess benthic communities at
each station, including the placing of 1 m x 1 m quadrats at marked locations on each
transect for repeated measurements. The quadrats are used to estimate coverage of corals
and other sessile forms. Cover estimates are all recorded as percent cover. Diurnally
exposed motile macroinvertebrates greater than 2 cm in some dimension are censused in
the same 4 m x 20 m corridor used for the fish counts.
Macrothalloid algae encountered in the 1 m x 1 m quadrats are quantitatively
recorded as percent cover. Emphasis is placed on those species that are visually
dominant, and no attempt is made to quantitatively assess the multitude of microalgal
species that constitute the algal turf so characteristic of many coral reef habitats.
During fieldwork, an effort is made to note the presence of any green sea turtles (a
threatened species) within or near the study sites.

INSTRUMENT TYPES:
SCUBA
Visual census

REFERENCES: 
Alevizon, W., R. Richardson, P. Pitts, and G. Serviss. 1985. Coral zonation and patterns
  of community structure in Bahamian reef fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci. 36:304-318.
Anderson, G.R.V., A.H. Ehrlich, P.R. Ehrlich, J.D. Roughgarden, B.C. Russell, and F.H.
  Talbot. 1981. The community structure of coral reef fishes. Am. Nat. 117:476-495.
Brock, R.E. 1982. A critique on the visual census method for assessing coral reef fish
  populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:269-276.
Brock, R.E., C. Lewis, and R.C. Wass. 1979. Stability and structure of a fish community
  on a coral patch reef in Hawaii. Mar. Biol. 54:281-292.
Brock, R.E., and J.E. Norris. 1989. An analysis of the efficacy of four artificial reef
  designs in tropical waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44:934-941.
Brock, V.E. 1954. A preliminary report on a method of estimating reef fish populations.
  J. Wildlife Mgmt. 18:297-308.
Connell, J. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302-
  1310.
Dollar, S.J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs
  1:71-81.
Eckert, G.J. 1985. Settlement of coral reef fishes to different natural substrata and at
  different depths. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 5:385-390.
Evans, E.C. (editor). 1974. Pearl Harbor biological survey final report. Report No.
  NUC-TN-1128, Naval Undersea Center, Hawaii Laboratory.
Gladfelter, W.B., and E.H. Gladfelter. 1978. Fish community structure as a function of
  habitat structure on West Indian patch reefs. Rev. Biol. Trop. 26(Supplement 1):65-84.
Goldman, B., and F.H. Talbot. 1975. Aspects of the ecology of coral reef fishes. In
  Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Vol. III, Biology 2, ed. O.A. Jones and R.
  Endean, pp. 124-154. New York: Academic Press.
Grigg, R. 1983. Community structure, succession and development of coral reefs in
  Hawaii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11:1-14.
Grigg, R., and J. Maragos. 1974. Recolonization of hermatypic corals on submerged lava
  flows in Hawaii. Ecology 55:387-395.
Hiatt, R.W., and D.W. Strasburg. 1960. Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral
  reefs of the Marshall Islands. Ecol. Monogr. 30:65-127.
Hobson, E.S. 1974. Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral reefs in Kona,
  Hawaii. Fish. Bull. 72:915-1031.
Jones, R.S. 1968. Ecological relationships in Hawaiian and Johnston Island Acanthuridae
  (surgeonfishes). Micronesica 4:309-361.
Ogden, J.C., and J.P. Ebersole. 1981. Scale and community structure of coral reef fishes:
  A long-term study of a large artificial reef. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 4:97-104.
Parrish, J.D., and 22 others. 1984. Trophic relationships of nearshore fishes in the
  Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. In Proc. 2nd Symp. Resource Investigations
  Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, vol. 1, ed. R.W. Grigg and K.Y. Tanoue, pp. 221-
  225. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-MR-84-01, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College
  Program, Honolulu.
Parrish, J.D., M.W. Callahan, and J.E. Norris. 1985. Fish trophic relationships that
  structure reef communities. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr., Tahiti, vol. 4, pp. 73-78.
Ricker, W.E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish
  populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 191. 382 pp.
Risk, M.J. 1972. Fish diversity on a coral reef in the Virgin Islands. Atoll Res. Bull.
  153:1-6.
Sale, P.J. 1977. Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities. Am. Nat.
  111:337-359.
Shulman, M.J. 1984. Resource limitation and recruitment patterns in a coral reef fish
  assemblage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 74:85-109.
Shulman, M.J., J.C. Ogden, J.P. Ebersole, W.N. McFarland, S.L. Miller, and N.G. Wolf.
  1983. Priority effects in the recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes. Ecology
  64:1508-1513.
Statistics and Data Support Branch, State of Hawaii. 1997. State of Hawaii data book.
  Statistics and Data Support Branch, Research and Economic Analysis Division,
  Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii,
  Honolulu. 664 pp.
Walsh, W.J. 1983. Stability of a coral reef fish community following a catastrophic
  storm. Coral Reefs 2:49-63.
Walsh, W.J. 1985. Reef fish community dynamics on small artificial reefs: The influence
  of isolation, habitat structure, and biogeography. Bull. Mar. Sci. 36:357-376.
Woodley, J.D., and 19 others. 1981. Hurricane Allen\306s impact on Jamaican coral reefs.
  Science 214:749-755.
        Process_Date: Unknown
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Person_Primary:
              Contact_Person: Dr. Richard Brock
              Contact_Organization: Sea Grant/University of Hawaii
            Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: mailing address
              Address: 2525 Correa Rd, HIG 213
              City: Honolulu
              State_or_Province: Hawaii
              Postal_Code: 96822
              Country: USA
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-2859
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: brockr@hawaii.edu
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Overview_Description:
      Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: FILE FORMATS: 
All files given as MS WORD 97 documents and redundant text files.

FILENAME    SIZE    COMMENT
MOFM98.DOC  267776  Original data report with tables
mo98doc.txt 40246   Original data report in text format without tables

mo98app.doc 46080   
mo98app.txt 3183    Appendix:  Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish 
                    Censuses Conducted at Five Locations in Kailua Bay,
                    Oahu, Hawai, in 1998

mo98tb1.doc 27136
mo98tb1.txt 1323    TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations made 
                    at Transect T-1 on the Mokapu Ocean Outfall 
                    Diffuser on 27 July 1998.

mo98tb2.doc 26112
mo98tb2.txt 1357    TABLE 2. Summary of Biological Observations made 
                    at Transect T-2, 15 m North of and Parallel to the
                    Mokapu Ocean Outfall Diffuser Pipe on Natural 
                    Substratum, on 31 July 1998.

mo98tb3.doc 27648
mo98tb3.txt 1386    TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations made 
                    at Transect T-3 (Station B) South of Mokolea Rock 
                    in Kailua Bay on 27 April 1998.

mo98tb4.doc 27648
mo98tb4.txt 1361    TABLE 4. Summary of Biological Observations made 
                    at Transect T-4 (Station B) South of Mokolea Rock 
                    in Kailua Bay on 27 April 1998.

mo98tb5.doc 28672
mo98tb5.txt 1491    TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations made 
                    at Transect T-5 Inshore of Mokolea Rock in Kailua Bay 
                    on 27 April 1998.

mo98tb6.doc 24064
mo98tb6.txt 735     TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Parameters Measured 
                    at the Five Transect Locations in the 1998 Survey

NOTE: the text version of the MS WORD tables is of the following form:

column header(s)
row header(s)
  (row for each column header field)
additional row header(s)
  (row for each column header field given above,
   if a value is not given, then the respective row is blank)
additional row header(s)
  ....
  ....

For example, the text version of mo98tb6.doc starts out:

Transect
Parameter

T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5

No. of Algal Species
2
0
2
2
2

this would appear in the mo98tb6.doc file as:

                                Transect
Parameter                T-1    T-2    T-3    T-4    T-5
No. of Algal Species       2      0      2      2      2
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None
  Distribution_Information:
    Distributor:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center
          Contact_Person: Data Access Group, User Services Team
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical
          Address: SSMC-3 Fourth Floor
          Address: 1315 East West Highway
          City: Silver Spring
          State_or_Province: MD
          Postal_Code: 20910-3282
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3277
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3302
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: services@nodc.noaa.gov
        Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
    Resource_Description: NODC Accession Number 0000173
    Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
    Standard_Order_Process:
      Digital_Form:
        Digital_Transfer_Information:
          Format_Name: MS Excel, and ACSII CSV
        Digital_Transfer_Option:
          Online_Option:
            Computer_Contact_Information:
              Network_Address:
                Network_Resource_Name: http://data.nodc.noaa.gov/accession/0000173
      Fees: Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.
      Ordering_Instructions: Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 20090915
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
        Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing
          Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
          Address: Dept. of Oceanography
          Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
        Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
        Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
    Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
