#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:


#ACCESSION NUMBER:


#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Roger S. Fujioka
Dr. Jamse E.T. Moncur
Dr. Richard E. Brock

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Dr. Roger S. Fujioka
Dr. Jamse E.T. Moncur
Water Resources Research Center
University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Dr. Richard E. Brock
Sea Grant
University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

#ORIGINATOR:
Dr. Richard E. Brock

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
Sea Grant
University Of Hawaii at Manoa
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

#TITLE: 
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISH AND MACROBETHOS
AT SELECTED SITES FRONTING SAND ISLAND, OAHU,
HAWAII, IN RELATION TO THE SAND ISLAND DEEP OCEAN 
SEWAGE OUTFALL, 1990-1998.

#PROJECT: 
Prepared for
Department of Environmental Services
City and County of Honolulu
Project Report
Assessment of the Impact of Ocean Outfalls
on the Marine Environment off Sand Island Outfall.
Project No.: C59390
Project Period: 21 December 1990 to 31 December 1994
Principal Investigator:  Roger S. Fujioka
Project No.: C39805
Project Period: 1 January 1995 - 30 September 1997
Principal Investigator:  Roger S. Fujioka
Project No.: C54997
Project Period: 1 January 1997 - 30 September 2002
Principal Investigator:  James E.T. Moncur


#ABSTRACT:
This report provides the results of nine years of an annual quantitative
monitoring of shallow marine communities inshore of the Sand Island Ocean Outfall, Oahu, 
Hawaii. This monitoring effort focuses on benthic and fish community structure and is 
designed to detect changes in these communities. Marine communities offshore of 
Honolulu have received considerable perturbation over the last 100 years. Dumping of 
raw sewage in shallow water, which occurred from 1955 to 1977, was halted in 1978; 
however, point and nonpoint sources of pollution from both urban activities and industry 
continue. All of these disturbances may serve to obscure any impacts that may be caused 
by treated effluent discharged from the deep-ocean outfall. 
The marine communities show a considerable range in development
that is probably related to historical impacts. Stations have been located to take advantage
of these gradients. Analysis of the nine years of data showed that there has been no
statistically significant change in any of the biological parameters measured in this study
other than for the mean number of invertebrate species and numbers of individual
invertebrates encountered per transect. In these cases the data for 1998 showed
significantly greater numbers of species and individuals over other years. These changes
are probably the result of higher than usual counts of the Christmas tree worm
Spirobranchus giganteus corniculatus as well as just more invertebrate species present at
most stations. All other measures of the communities in this study (i.e., percent coral
cover, number of coral species, number of fish species, total number of fishes counted,
and the biomass of fishes present at each station) showed no significant changes through
the period of this study. Hurricane Iniki, which occurred in September 1992, impacted
marine communities along the south shore of Oahu. Coral communities received
considerable damage, especially at the westernmost study station. Recovery in these
communities is evident from the six years of data collected since the storm. Thus far, this
study has not detected a quantifiable negative impact from the operation of the Sand
Island Ocean Outfall.

#PURPOSE: 
Determine the status of the marine resources in the vicinity of the discharge 
in an effort to quantitatively ascertain if any impacts are occurring to the 
coral reef biota.

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 21 16' 
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 21 17.5' 
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE:  157 55'
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE:  157 53'
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: Sand Island, Oahu, coastal Hawaii, North Pacific Ocean

#SAMPLING STATIONS:
Three stations were selected for the monitoring of benthic and fish community
response to possible sewage impacts. 
The stations are close to some stations previously used by Dollar (1979). The stations and
the rationale for their selection are given below:
Station A 
(Kewalo Landfill)
Utilized as a control area. This station lies east of the
present deep-ocean outfall in 17.0 to 18.2 m of water.
Prevailing currents create a westerly movement of
sewage effluent (Dollar 1979), thus the shallow Kewalo
Landfill area is probably not directly impacted. At this
location, corals occur in areas of emergent limestone.
Local coverage over short linear distances may exceed
30%. This station is in the vicinity of Dollar's (1979)
station 2.
Station B 
(Kalihi Channel)
Located about 120 m east of the Kalihi Entrance
Channel in approximately 15.0 m of water. This station
is about 900 m west of the bypass (old) outfall in an
area heavily impacted by the old (1955 to 1977)
shallow-water discharge and is very close to Dollar
(1979) station 14. There is emergent limestone at this
station, but coral coverage is low (less than 1%).
Station C 
(Reef Runway)
Located in an area of complex limestone substratum in
water ranging from 7.5 to 12.0 m in depth fronting
Honolulu International Airport's Reef Runway. This
station is located close to Brock's (1986) station that
was monitored quarterly in 1977-78 (AECOS, Inc.
1979) and again in 1986. It is close to Dollar's (1979)
station 19. This station was moderately impacted by the
old shallow-water sewage outfall (Dollar 1979).

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
27 December 1990 - 28 August 1998

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
27-29 December 1990
5-6 December 1991
21-22 December 1992 
25 January, 7-9 September 1993
20 September, 13-14 October 1994
28 August, 7 and 26 September 1995
20-21 November 1996
14-15, 18 August 1997
28 August 1998


#PARAMETERS: 
substatum percent cover (coral, algal, rock, sand)
macroinvertebrate census
fish census
fish species
fish biomass
invertebrate species
coral species
algal species
percent oxygen concentration
temperature
salinity
water clarity (turbidity), extinction

#METHODOLOGY:
background:
-----------
In recent years controversy has arisen regarding the impact that sewage effluent
from the Sand Island Wastewater Treatment Plant may have on inshore coral reef species.
Much of the geographical area of concern in this study was impacted by the release of 62
mgd (3 m3/s) of raw sewage in 10 m of water off Sand Island from 1955 to 1977. Starting
in 1978 sewage received advanced primary treatment and was released farther offshore of
Sand Island from a deep-ocean outfall (67 to 73 m depth). Despite studies that
demonstrated the recovery of inshore benthic communities once the shallow sewage
stress was removed (e.g., Dollar 1979), concern continues over the possible impact that
the release of sewage effluent from the deep-ocean outfall may be having on the shallow
(less than 20 m depth) marine communities fronting Honolulu and Sand Island.
Accordingly, beginning in 1990, this study was undertaken in an attempt to quantitatively
ascertain the impacts that may be occurring. This document presents the results of the
ninth annual survey carried out in August and September 1998.

strategy:
---------
Marine environmental surveys are usually performed to evaluate the feasibility of
and ecosystem response to specific proposed activities. Appropriate survey
methodologies reflect the nature of the proposed action(s). An action that may have an
acute impact (such as channel dredging) requires a survey designed to determine the
route of least harm and the projected rate and degree of ecosystem recovery. Impacts that
are more chronic or progressive require different strategies for measurement.
Management of chronic stress to a marine ecosystem requires identification of system
perturbations that exceed boundaries of natural fluctuations. Thus a thorough
understanding of normal ecosystem variability is required to separate the impact signal
from background noise. Infrequent natural events may add considerably to the
variability or background noise measured in a marine community. In September 1992
Hurricane Iniki struck the Hawaiian islands and impacted some marine communities
along Oahus south shore. This rare event has provided this study with information on
the magnitude of such natural impacts.
Rare storm events not withstanding, the potential impacts occurring to the marine
ecosystem offshore of Sand Island and Honolulu are most probably those associated with
chronic or progressive stresses. Because of the proximity of the population center and
industry, marine communities fronting Honolulu are subjected to a wide array of impacts
not usually occurring in other Hawaii coral communities. Thus a sampling strategy must
attempt to separate impacts due to wastewater treatment plant effluent on coral reef
communities located at some distance shoreward from a host of other perturbations
occurring in the waters fronting Honolulu.
Honolulu Harbor has been the primary commercial port for the State of Hawaii
since before the turn of the century (Scott 1968). The harbor is the result of dredging
what was originally the drainage basin of Nuuanu Stream. Dredging began before 1900,
and periodic maintenance dredging still occurs. Until about 1960 spoils were dropped just
outside of the harbor, generally to the east of the Sand Island Ocean Outfall. Besides
shipping, the harbor is ringed with industry; pineapple canneries, gas and oil storage, and
numerous other businesses have operated or are still operating here. Storm drainage into
the harbor and nearby Keehi Lagoon carries runoff from Honolulus streets and suburbs
into the ocean. Pollution is well known in the harbor; conditions are described as early as
1920 in references cited by Cox and Gordon (1970). Sewage has been pumped into the
ocean offshore of Kewalo and Sand Island since the 1930s. The early inputs were all raw
sewage released in water not exceeding 20 m in depth. The actual point of release varied
through time as different pipes were constructed and used. The multitude of perturbations
that occurred in shallow water (less than 20 m) until the construction of the present deep-
water outfall in 1978 may serve to obscure the impacts from the present discharge.
The waters fronting Sand Island, into which the deep-ocean outfall discharges, may
be considered in terms of gradients. There are numerous gradients owing to point-
source and nonpoint-source (such as storm drains and streams) inputs into Honolulu
Harbor and the surrounding area from the above-mentioned activities. Because many of
these inputs have been occurring for a considerable period of time, the species
composition and functional relationships of the benthic and fish communities at any
given location in the waters offshore of Honolulu and the harbor are those that have
evolved under the influence of these ongoing perturbations.
As noted above, if impacts are occurring in the shallow marine communities
fronting Honolulu owing to sewage effluent discharged from the deep-ocean outfall, they
are probably chronic in nature, thus causing a slow decline in the communities so
affected. Gradients of stress or impact should be evident with distance from impact
source(s). Thus, to quantitatively define these impacts, one should monitor these
communities through time in areas suspected of being impacted as well as in similar
communities at varying distances away from the suspected source(s). This rationale has
been used in developing the sampling strategy for this study.

materials and methods:
----------------------
The quantitative sampling of macrofauna of marine communities presents a number
of problems; many of these are related to the scale on which one wishes to quantitatively
enumerate organism abundance. Marine communities in the waters fronting Sand Island
may be spatially defined in a range on the order of a few hundred square centimeters
(such as the community living in a Pocillopora meandrina coral head) to many hectares
(such as areas which are covered by major biotopes). Because considerable interest
focuses on visually dominant corals, diurnally exposed macroinvertebrates, and fishes,
we designed a sampling program to delineate changes that may be occurring in
communities at this scale.
At each station two transect lines were permanently established using metal stakes
and plastic-coated no. 14 copper wire. The transects are 20 m in length and have an
orientation that is perpendicular to shore. Two transects were established at each location
to provide some replication. Both sample approximately the same benthic communities.
On each transect are five permanently marked locations (0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, and 20
m) for the taking of photographs of the benthic communities. Cover estimates were also
made in the field with a 1 m x 1 m quadrat placed at the -1 to 0 m, 4 to 5 m, 9 to 10 m, 14
to 15 m, and 19 to 20 m marks on the transect line in each survey.
Fish abundance and diversity are often related to small-scale topographical relief
over short linear distances. A long transect may bisect a number of topographical features
(e.g., coral mounds, sand flats, and algal beds), thus sampling more than one community
and obscuring distinctive features of individual communities. To alleviate this problem, a
short transect (20 m in length), which has proved to be adequate for sampling many
Hawaii benthic communities (see Brock 1982; Brock and Norris 1989) is used.
Information is collected at each transect location using methods including a visual
assessment of fishes, benthic quadrats for cover estimates of sessile forms (e.g., algae,
corals, and colonial invertebrates), and counts along the transect line for diurnally
exposed motile macroinvertebrates. Fish censuses are conducted over a 20 m x 4 m
corridor (the permanent transect line). All fishes within this area to the water's surface
are counted. A single diver equipped with scuba, slate, and pencil enters the water, then
counts and notes all fishes in the prescribed area (method modified from Brock 1954).
Besides counting the numbers of individuals of all fishes seen, the length of each is
estimated for later use in the estimation of fish standing crop by linear regression
techniques (Ricker 1975). Species-specific regression coefficients have been developed
over the last 30 years by the author and others at the University of Hawaii, Naval
Undersea Center (see Evans 1974), and the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources using
weight and body measurements of captured fishes; for many species the coefficients have
been developed using sample sizes in excess of a hundred individuals. For the 1990
survey two weeks were allowed to elapse from the time of station selection and marking
to the time of the first fish census to reduce the bias caused by wary fishes. The same
individual (the author) performs all fish censuses to reduce bias.
Besides frightening wary fishes, other problems with the visual census technique
include the underestimation of cryptic species such as moray eels (family Muraenidae)
and nocturnal species such as squirrelfishes (family Holocentridae) and bigeyes or
oaweoweo (family Priacanthidae). This problem is compounded in areas of high
relief and coral coverage that afford numerous shelter sites. Species lists and abundance
estimates are more accurate for areas of low relief, although some fishes with cryptic
habits or protective coloration, such as scorpionfishes or nohu (family Scorpaenidae) and
flatfishes (family Bothidae), might still be missed. Another problem is the reduced
effectiveness of the visual census technique in turbid water. This is compounded by the
difficulty of counting fishes that move quickly or are very numerous. Additionally, bias
related to the experience of the census taker should be considered in making comparisons
between surveys. Despite these problems, the visual census technique is probably the
most accurate, nondestructive assessment method currently available for counting
diurnally active fishes (Brock 1982).
A number of methods are utilized to quantitatively assess benthic communities at
each station, including the taking of photographs at locations marked for repeated
sampling through time (each covering 0.67 m2) and the placing of 1 m x 1 m quadrats at
marked locations for repeated measurements. Both the photographs and quadrats are used
to estimate coverage of corals and other sessile forms. Photographs, which provide a
permanent record from which to estimate coverage, were used in the eight most recent
surveys (1991 through 1998); the 1 m x 1 m quadrats were used for an in-the-field
appraisal of coverage in all surveys. Cover estimates from photographs and quadrats are
all recorded as percent cover. Diurnally exposed motile macroinvertebrates greater than 2
cm in some dimension are censused in the same 4 m x 20 m corridor used for the fish
counts.
Macrothalloid algae encountered in the 1 m ? 1 m quadrats or photographs were
quantitatively recorded as percent cover. Emphasis was placed on those species that were
visually dominant, and no attempt was made to quantitatively assess the multitude of
microalgal species that constitute the algal turf so characteristic of many coral reef
habitats.
As requested by permit agencies, divers made simple physical measurements at the
three stations while in the field. Measurements of percent oxygen concentration and
temperature were made with a YSI Model 57 Oxygen meter, salinity was taken with a
hand-held refractometer, and water clarity was determined using a 12-inch secchi disk.
Data were subjected to simple nonparametric statistical procedures provided in the
SAS Institute statistical package (SAS Institute Inc. 1985). Nonparametric methods were
used to avoid meeting requirements of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance
in the data. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance to
discern statistically significant differences among ranked means for each transect site and
sampling period; this procedure is outlined by Siegel (1956) and Sokal and Rohlf (1995).
The
a posteriori Student-Newman-Keuls multiple-range test (SAS Institute Inc. 1985) was
also used to elucidate differences between locations.
During fieldwork, an effort was made to note the presence of any green sea turtles
(a threatened species) and protected marine mammals within or near the study sites.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
-SCUBA
-Visual census
-Photography
-Percent oxygen concentration and temperature were made with a YSI Model 57 Oxygen meter, 
salinity was taken with a hand-held refractometer, and water clarity was determined using 
a 12-inch secchi disk.

#REFERENCES: 

AECOS, Inc. 1979. Postconstruction water quality, benthic habitat and epifaunal survey
  for the reef runway, Honolulu International Airport. Final report, Part B: Benthic
  biology. In Honolulu International Airport reef runway post-construction
  environmental impact report, vol. 2, technical report, ed. G.A. Chapman (unlisted
  appendix, 69 pp.). Prepared by Parsons Hawaii for Air Transportation Facilities
  Division, Department of Transportation, State of Hawaii.
Alevizon, W., R. Richardson, P. Pitts, and G. Serviss. 1985. Coral zonation and patterns
  of community structure in Bahamian reef fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci. 36:304-318.
Anderson, G.R.V., A.H. Ehrlich, P.R. Ehrlich, J.D. Roughgarden, B.C. Russell, and F.H.
  Talbot. 1981. The community structure of coral reef fishes. Am. Nat. 117:476-495.
Brock, R.E. 1982. A critique on the visual census method for assessing coral reef fish
  populations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 32:269-276.
Brock, R.E., C. Lewis, and R.C. Wass. 1979. Stability and structure of a fish community
  on a coral patch reef in Hawaii. Mar. Biol. 54:281-292.
Brock, R.E. 1986. Postconstruction biological survey for the Honolulu International
  Airport reef runway: Eight years later. In Survey of the water quality, benthic
  habitat and infaunal populations for Keehi Lagoon, Hickam Harbor and marine
  pond, Honolulu International Airport, ed. OI Consultants, Inc., B1-B28. Prepared
  for KFC Airport, Inc., Honolulu.
Brock, R.E., and J.E. Norris. 1989. An analysis of the efficacy of four artificial reef
  designs in tropical waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44:934-941.
Brock, V.E. 1954. A preliminary report on a method of estimating reef fish populations.
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Brock, R.E. 1992a. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, in relation to the Sand Island deep ocean outfall,
  December 1990 survey. Special Report 03.24:92, Water Resources Research
  Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 27 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1992b. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, in relation to the Sand Island deep ocean outfall,
  December 1991 survey. Special Report 04.30:92, Water Resources Research
  Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 36 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1993. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, in relation to the Sand Island deep ocean outfall, year
  3 -  1992. Special Report 01.29:93, Water Resources Research Center, University of
  Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 37 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1994. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
  year 4 -  1993. Project Report PR-94-14, Water Resources Research Center,
  University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 36 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1995. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
  year 5 -  1994. Project Report PR-95-08, Water Resources Research Center,
  University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 37 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1996. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
  year 6 -  1995. Project Report PR-96-05, Water Resources Research Center,
  University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 38 pp.
Brock, R.E. 1997. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
  year 7 -  1996. Project Report PR-97-04, Water Resources Research Center,
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Brock, R.E. 1998. Community structure of fish and macrobenthos at selected sites
  fronting Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, in relation to the Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
  year 8 -  1997. Project Report PR-98-07, Water Resources Research Center,
  University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. 39 pp
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Dollar, S.J. 1982. Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs
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  populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 191. 382 pp.
Risk, M.J. 1972. Fish diversity on a coral reef in the Virgin Islands. Atoll Res. Bull.
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Scott, E.B. 1968. The saga of the Sandwich Islands. Crystal Bay, Lake Tahoe, Nevada:
  Sierra-Tahoe Publishing Co. 933 pp.
Shulman, M.J. 1984. Resource limitation and recruitment patterns in a coral reef fish
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Shulman, M.J., J.C. Ogden, J.P. Ebersole, W.N. McFarland, S.L. Miller, and N.G. Wolf.
  1983. Priority effects in the recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes. Ecology
  64:1508-1513.
Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York:
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Sokal, R.R., and F.J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in
  biological research. 3d edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Co. 887 pp.
Walsh, W.J. 1983. Stability of a coral reef fish community following a catastrophic
  storm. Coral Reefs 2:49-63.
Walsh, W.J. 1985. Reef fish community dynamics on small artificial reefs: The influence
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Woodley, J.D., and 19 others. 1981. Hurricane Allen\306s impact on Jamaican coral reefs.
  Science 214:749-755.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
FTP

#FILE FORMATS: 
All files given by the originators as MS WORD 97 documents.

subdirectory: /data      All data files

Subdirectory /data/0-data   Original files as received by NODC
Subdirectory /data/1-data   Files created by NODC from originals

/data/0-data: si90to98.doc
Summary of Biological Parameters Measured at the 
Six Transect Locations in the Nine Annual Surveys 1990-1998

/data/1-data: si90to98.txt  redundant text copy of si90to98.doc

The original set contained a subdirectory for each year.  The data are
embedded in Word documents.  Tables with data as Word documents (*.doc) 
within these documents were extracted to /data/1-data/year (year denotes 
specific year) and redundant text copies (*.txt) made using the same 
filename root.

0-data/1990:
SIFM90.DOC    complete MS WORD data report 

1-data/1990:
si90doc.txt   text version of data report without tables

0-data/1991:
SIFM91.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1991:
si91doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si91tb02.doc
si91tb02.txt  TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR PHOTO QUADRAT SURVEY, 1991

si91tba1.doc
si91tba1.txt  APPENDIX TABLE A. RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE VISUAL CENSUSES
              CONDUCTED AT SIX LOCATIONS OFFSHORE OF SAND ISLAND, OAHU, 
              5-6 DECEMBER 1991

si91tbb1.doc
si91tbb1.txt  APPENDIX TABLE B. RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE VISUAL CENSUSES
              CONDUCTED AT SIX LOCATIONS OFFSHORE OF SAND ISLAND, OAHU, 
              27-29 DECEMBER 1990

0-data/1992:
SIFM92.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1992:
si92doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si92tb02.doc
si92tb02.txt  TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR PHOTO QUADRAT SURVEY, 1992

si92tba1.doc
si92tba1.txt  APPENDIX TABLE A. RESULTS OF QUANTITATIVE VISUAL CENSUSES 
              CONDUCTED AT SIX LOCATIONS OFFSHORE OF SAND ISLAND, OAHU, 
              21 DECEMBER 1992 (STATIONS 1-4) AND 25 JANUARY 1993 
              (STATIONS 5 AND 6)

0-data/1993:
SIFM93.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1993:
si93doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si93tb01.doc
si93tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A),
              7 September 1993

si93tb02.doc
si93tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results of the Photographic Quadrat 
              Survey, September 1993

si93tb03.doc
si93tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A), 
              7 September 1993

si93tb04.doc
si93tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each 
              of Three Locations in the Vicinity of Transect Pairs, 
              6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, and 9 September 1993

si93tb05.doc
si93tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of Kalihi Entrance Channel (Station B, 
              About 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in Keehi Lagoon), 
              8 September 1993

si93tb06.doc
si93tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of Kalihi Entrance Channel (Station B, 
              About 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in Keehi Lagoon), 
              8 September 1993

si93tb07.doc
si93tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of Honolulu 
              Airport Reef Runway (Station C), 8 September 1993

si93tb08.doc
si93tb08.txt  TABLE 8. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-6, Approximately 840 m Offshore of Honolulu 
              Airport Reef Runway (Station C), 8 September 1993

si93tba1.doc
si93tba1.txt  APPENDIX. Results of Quantitative Visual Fish Censuses 
              Conducted at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island, 
              Oahu, Hawaii, 7-8 September 1993


0-data/1994:
SIFM94.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1994:
si94doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si94tb01.doc
si94tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 20 September 1994

si94tb02.doc
si94tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results for the Photographic 
              Quadrat Survey for 1994

si94tb03.doc
si94tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 20 September 1994

si94tb04.doc
si94tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each of 
              Three Locations in the Vicinity of the Transect Pairs on 
              6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, and 
              14 October 1994

si94tb05.doc
si94tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in 
              Keehi Lagoon) on 13 October 1994

si94tb06.doc
si94tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island 
              in Keehi Lagoon) on 13 October 1994

si94tb07.doc
si94tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 13 October 1994

si94tb08.doc
si94tb08.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 13 October 1994

si94tba1.doc
si94tba1.txt  Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish Censuses Conducted 
              at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island, Oahu,
              Hawaii, 20 September and 13-14 October 1994


0-data/1995:
SIFM95.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1995:
si95doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si95tb01.doc
si95tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 28 August 1995

si95tb02.doc
si95tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results for the Photographic 
              Quadrat Survey for 1995

si95tb03.doc
si95tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 28 August 1995

si95tb04.doc
si95tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each 
              of Three Locations in the Vicinity of the Transect Pairs 
              on 6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, 
              14 October 1994, and 26 September 1995

si95tb05.doc
si95tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel (Station B, 
              about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in Keehi Lagoon) 
              on 28 August 1995

si95tb06.doc
si95tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel (Station B, 
              about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in Keehi Lagoon) 
              on 28 August 1995

si95tb07.doc
si95tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 7 September 1995

si95tb08.doc
si95tb08.txt  TABLE 8. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-6, Approximately 840 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 7 September 1995

si95tba1.doc
si95tba1.txt  APPENDIX. Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish Censuses 
              Conducted at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island, Oahu, 
              Hawaii, 28 August and 7 September 1995

0-data/1996:
SIFM96.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1996:
si96doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si96tb01.doc
si96tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 20 November 1996

si96tb02.doc
si96tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results for the Photographic 
              Quadrat Survey for 1996

si96tb03.doc
si96tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made 
              at Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 20 November 1996

si96tb04.doc
si96tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each 
              of Three Locations in the Vicinity of the Transect Pairs 
              on 6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, 
              14 October 1994, 26 September 1995, and 21 November 1996

si96tb05.doc
si96tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island 
              in Keehi Lagoon) on 20 November 1996

si96tb06.doc
si96tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island 
              in Keehi Lagoon) on 20 November 1996

si96tb07.doc
si96tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 21 November 1996

si96tb08.doc
si96tb08.txt  TABLE 8. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-6, Approximately 840 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 21 November 1996

si96tba1.doc
si96tba1.txt  APPENDIX.  Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish 
              Censuses Conducted at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island,
              Oahu, Hawaii, 20 and 21 November 1996

0-data/1997:
SIFM97.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1997:
si97doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si97tb01.doc
si97tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 14 August 1997

si97tb02.doc
si97tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results for the Photographic 
              Quadrat Survey for 1997

si97tb03.doc
si97tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 14 August 1997

si97tb04.doc
si97tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each 
              of Three Locations in the Vicinity of the Transect Pairs 
              on 6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, 
              14 October 1994, 26 September 1995, 21 November 1996, 
              and 15 August 1997

si97tb05.doc
si97tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island 
              in Keehi Lagoon) on 14 August 1997

si97tb06.doc
si97tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island 
              in Keehi Lagoon) on 14 August 1997

si97tb07.doc
si97tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 18 August 1997

si97tb08.doc
si97tb08.txt  TABLE 8. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-6, Approximately 840 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 18 August 1997

si97tba1.doc
si97tba1.txt  APPENDIX. Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish Censuses 
              Conducted at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island, Oahu, 
              Hawaii, 14 and 18 August 1997

0-data/1998:
SIFM98.DOC  complete MS WORD data report

1-data/1998:
si98doc.txt text version of data report without tables

si98tb01.doc
si98tb01.txt  TABLE 1. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-1, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 28 August 1998

si98tb02.doc
si98tb02.txt  TABLE 2. Summary of Results for the Photographic Quadrat 
              Survey for 1998

si98tb03.doc
si98tb03.txt  TABLE 3. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-2, Offshore of Kewalo Landfill (Station A) 
              on 28 August 1998

si98tb04.doc
si98tb04.txt  TABLE 4. Summary of Physical Measurements Made at Each of 
              Three Locations in the Vicinity of the Transect Pairs on 
              6 December 1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, 
              14 October 1994, 26 September 1995, 21 November 1996, 
              15 August 1997, and 28 August 1998

si98tb05.doc
si98tb05.txt  TABLE 5. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-3, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel 
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in 
              Keehi Lagoon) on 28 August 1998

si98tb06.doc
si98tb06.txt  TABLE 6. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-4, East of the Kalihi Entrance Channel
              (Station B, about 2.2 km Offshore of Mokauea Island in 
              Keehi Lagoon) on 28 August 1998

si98tb07.doc
si98tb07.txt  TABLE 7. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-5, Approximately 760 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) on 
              12 August 1998

si98tb08.doc
si98tb08.txt  TABLE 8. Summary of Biological Observations Made at 
              Transect T-6, Approximately 840 m Offshore of the Honolulu 
              International Airport Reef Runway (Station C) 
              on 12 August 1998

si98tba1.doc
si98tba1.txt  Results of the Quantitative Visual Fish Censuses Conducted 
              at Six Locations Offshore of Sand Island, Oahu, Hawaii, 
              12 and 28 August 1998


NOTE: the text version of the MS WORD tables is of the following form:

column header(s)
row header(s)
  (row for each column header field)
additional row header(s)
  (row for each column header field given above,
   if a value is not given, then the respective row is blank)
additional row header(s)
  ....
  ....

For example, the text version of mo98tb6.doc starts out:

Transect
Parameter

T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
T-5

No. of Algal Species
2
0
2
2
2

this would appear in the mo98tb6.doc file as:

                                Transect
Parameter                T-1    T-2    T-3    T-4    T-5
No. of Algal Species       2      0      2      2      2


#DATASET SIZE:
6.2 mbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
6 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Similar datasets exist for sewage outfalls on Oahu, Hawaii
at Barbers Point, Mokapu, and Waianae.

