Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: Dr. Roger Lukas
        Publication_Date: Unknown
        Title: Niskin Bottle Data of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program 
in the North Pacific 100 Miles North of Oahu, Hawaii for Cruises 
HOT189-198 during 2007
    Description:
      Abstract: The HOT program makes repeated observations of the physics, biology and 
chemistry at a site approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii. Two stations 
are visited about once a month: Kahe Point (Station 1:  21.34N, 158.27W) and 
Station ALOHA (Station 2: 22.75N, 158W).  Various other stations are made
intermittently in support of similar research objectives or mooring 
deployments.  

Samples of water column chemical analyses were collected
mostly in the upper 1000m using Niskin bottles mounted on a rosette.
The strategy was to sample at density horizons within the main thermocline
at pressure horizons above and below this region (i.e., <150 dbar
and >2000 dbar).  Care was applied to ensure the highest possible
accuracy and precision.

This NODC Accession contains Niskin Bottle data for HOT cruises 189-198
during 2007.  CTD and thermosalinograph data from the same cruises
are available in separate Accessions.
      Purpose: The objective of the physical component of HOT is to describe and understand the ocean climate and variability at a deep-water site in the North Pacific subtropical gyre near Hawaii. This requires a long time series of physical oceanographic variables, including water mass properties and currents,supporting and complementing the objectives of the biogeochemical component of HOT.
      Supplemental_Information: NOAASupplemental:Entry_ID: Unknown
Sensor_Name: Sea-Bird CTD SBE-9/llPlus system
Sensor_Name: Niskin bottles
Source_Name: ship
Project_Campaign: Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT)
Originating_Center: University of Hawaii
Storage_Medium: ASCII
Reference: None
Online_size: 602 Kbytes
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Range_of_Dates/Times:
          Beginning_Date: 200701
          Ending_Date: 200712
      Currentness_Reference: ground condition
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: quasi-monthly cruises
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.27
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.00
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 22.75
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.34
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Theme_Keyword: hyrdorgraphic data
        Theme_Keyword: profile data
        Theme_Keyword: CTD
        Theme_Keyword: Niskin Bottles
        Theme_Keyword: CTD Pressure (Decibars)
        Theme_Keyword: CTD Temperature (ITS-90)
        Theme_Keyword: CTD Salinity (PSU-78)
        Theme_Keyword: CTD Oxygen (umol/kg)
        Theme_Keyword: Potential Temperature (ITC-90)
        Theme_Keyword: Potential Density (kg/m3)
        Theme_Keyword: Bottle Salinity (PSS-78)
        Theme_Keyword: Bottle Oxygen (umol/kg)
        Theme_Keyword: Phosphate (PO4) (umol/kg)
        Theme_Keyword: Nitrate + Nitrite (NO2+NO3) (umol/kg)
        Theme_Keyword: Silicate (SiO4) (umol/kg)
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Place_Keyword: Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOT)
        Place_Keyword: Station Aloha
        Place_Keyword: Kahe Point
        Place_Keyword: Kaena Point
        Place_Keyword: Oahu
        Place_Keyword: Hawaii
        Place_Keyword: HALE ALOHA
        Place_Keyword: Pacific
        Place_Keyword: central north Pacific
      Stratum:
        Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Stratum_Keyword: complete ocean profile surface to bottom
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Dr. Roger Lukas
          Contact_Organization: Department of OceanographySchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii
        Contact_Position: Principal Investigator-- Physical data (non-ADCP)
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: Mailing and physical address
          Address: 1000 Pope Rd
          Address: Marine Science Bldg. Room 418
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: HI
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7892
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rlukas@soest.hawaii.edu
    Data_Set_Credit: Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) was initiated and funded through grants from the National Science 
Foundation under the auspices of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study 
(JGOFS) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The
field phase of these programs has ended, but support from the Ocean 
Sciences Division of NSF has enabled continuation of our basic HOT 
measurement program. The physical oceanographic component contributes to 
the objectives of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) 
Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Programme by providing 
information on interannual to decadal variability of the North Pacific Ocean.
The US CLIVAR Office funded the physical oceanographic data during
2007.
    Native_Data_Set_Environment: ASCII text files, FORTRAN/C ready
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Logical_Consistency_Report: see methodology
    Completeness_Report: quality control completed
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: Generalities are given below.  Please see REFERENCES for additional
information. 

Each of the (approximately monthly) HOT cruises follows the same basic
pattern with some flexibility for ancillary projects to be done after the
core sampling has been completed. During transit from Honolulu to the
time-series station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) one
weight test is done to between 700 and 1000 m at station 1 off Kahe Point
(16 km offshore from the western tip of Oahu, 21 20.6' N, 158 16.4' W,
1500 m water depth). Following the successful winch test, a CTD/rosette cast
to 1000 m is conducted. This cast serves as a "shakedown" for the remainder
of the cruise, and the functioning of the components of the CTD/rosette
system as well as coordination between winch, deck and console operators can
be tested. The training of new personnel in activities such as taking
meteorological observations, and sampling salinities is also done in this
station. The data taken at Kahe Point (station 1) represent an additional
time-series of water properties at a near-shore site.
 
Upon arrival at ALOHA (station 2), operations commence with a deep cast
(maximum depth approximately 4750 m), 36-hour burst sampling3 of the upper
1000 m at the same location, plus CTD casts to support ancillary JGOFS work
of about an extra 12 hours duration. Time permitting, the last CTD cast of
the cruise will be a deep cast. On occasion, one cast will be done at
station 3 (40 miles north of ALOHA at 23 25' N, 158 W).

The second and following casts at station ALOHA are sampled to at least 1000
m depth. Cast 2 is called a "density cast" because water samples are taken
at a number of specified density values ranging from [sigma-theta]= 27.37 to
the surface with the intent to resolve the profiles of salinity, dissolved
oxygen, and nutrients in potential density coordinates Depths sampled during 
the following casts within the 36-hour burst sampling period are chosen both 
by the JGOFS group and the WOCE team, who have to ensure that at least one 
water sample each is taken within the mixed layer, the shallow salinity 
maximum, the intermediate salinity minimum and the deepest position of 
the rosette for calibration of the CTD conductivity sensor. If oxygen 
bottles will be taken from the cast, then the sampling should include 
at least the mixed layer, oxygen maximum, oxygen minimum and the deepest 
rosette position for calibration of the CTD oxygen sensor. The second 
deep cast of the cruise (if there is one) should include sampling of 
oxygen bottles in at least seven levels appropriate for calibration of 
the CTD oxygen sensor, i.e. in the oxycline and two more levels below 
the oxygen minimum, in addition to the four levels mentioned before.

Water samples are collected during HOT cruises using a 24 place
rosette. Samples of salinity, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate and
silicate are regularly taken from both shallow and deep water casts.
Salinity samples are taken back to the University of Hawaii where
they are measured using an Autosal salinometer . Phosphate, nitrate
and silicate samples are also measured at the University of Hawaii
while oxygen measurements are conducted aboard ship during the
cruises.

The primary objective of the HOT program is to assess variability in the
central Pacific Ocean on annual and interannual time scales. One of our most
important concerns, therefore, is to ensure that the highest possible
precision and accuracy is consistently maintained for all water column
chemical measurements. In order to achieve the highest possible data
quality, we have instituted a quality-assurance/quality-control program,
and have attempted to collect all ancillary information necessary to
ensure that our data are not biased by sampling artifacts.

Because sampling is over 36 hours, one can average out the effects
short-term changes of the depth of density surfaces and the magnitude of
hydrographic and nutrient variables (inertial, tidal, and shorter periods).

INSTRUMENT TYPES:
i) CTD

The underwater CTD hardware consists of a main pressure housing containing
power supplies, acquisition electronics, telemetry circuitry, and a pressure
transducer. This system has the ability to acquire various channels of data
at the rate of 24 scans per second. It has five frequency encoded channels
for two temperature, two conductivity and one pressure sensors, and eight
A/D channels for oxygen sensors, fluorometer and altimeter. The suite of
modular sensors is attached externally. The three primary sensors used
during WOCE/JGOFS work are a temperature sensor, a conductivity sensor for
measuring salinity, and a dissolved oxygen sensor. An underwater pump is
connected to the temperature sensor and conductivity cell via a tc-duct,
which then connects to the oxygen sensor to provide rapid and constant flow
of water past the sensors. The Sea-Bird 9/11 Plus system provides us with a
redundant set of temperature, conductivity and oxygen sensors connected to
another pump. In addition we have the ability to measure natural
fluorescence using a Sea-Tech Flash Fluorometer. For deep casts a Datasonics
programmable sonar altimeter (Model PSA-900) is connected to the CTD. 

ii) SeaBird Carousel
 
The SeaBird carousel is an electro-mechanical device that uses a magnetic
trigger to trip Niskin bottles upon command. This is accomplished when the
release device inside the carousel housing receives a signal from the
SeaBird deck box, which causes it to advance one position per command. This
in turn releases the lanyard for a specific Niskin bottle, assuming the
bottles were cocked beforehand.
 
iii) Niskin bottles
 
It is part of the pre-cruise preparations to log the rosette configuration
which matches Niskin bottles with rosette position. An update of this
information should be done in the Science Log if the Niskin bottles are
changed for any reason. Note that the rigging of Niskin lanyards and
inspection of Niskin bottles requires considerable experience to be done
properly.

Water samples were collected using a 24-place aluminum rosette manufactured
by Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Oceanographic Data Facility (ODF).
Twelve-liter polyvinylchloride sampling bottles, also made by ODF, were used
on this rosette. These sample bottles were equipped with Buna-N rubber
O-rings, teflon-coated steel springs and standard General Oceanics samping
valves.

REFERENCES: 
1990 Chiswell, S., E. Firing, D. Karl, R.  Lukas and C. Winn. Hawaii
   Ocean Time-series Program Data Report 1, 1988-1989. SOEST Tech. Rept.
   1, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univ. of Hawaii,
   Honolulu, HI, 269 pp.

2006 Fujieki, L.A., F. Santiago-Mandujano, P. Lethaby,
   R.  Lukas, and D. Karl. Hawaii Ocean Time-series Program Data
   Report 18, 2006.  School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology,
   Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 475 pp.
        Process_Date: Unknown
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Person_Primary:
              Contact_Person: Dr. Roger Lukas
              Contact_Organization: Department of OceanographySchool of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii
            Contact_Position: Principal Investigator-- Physical data (non-ADCP)
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: Mailing and physical address
              Address: 1000 Pope Rd
              Address: Marine Science Bldg. Room 418
              City: Honolulu
              State_or_Province: HI
              Postal_Code: 96822
              Country: USA
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7892
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: rlukas@soest.hawaii.edu
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Overview_Description:
      Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Directories and files:
/data             root data directory
/0-data           Files as received by NODC from the originator

  /bottle         Bottle data.  Filenaming convention:

                  hotccc.sea      where ccc is cruise number

  /woce_sum       WOCE-type sum file which gives details on
                  position and parameters taken of each cast and
                  station of each cruise.  Filenaming convention:

                  hotccc.sum      where ccc is cruise number


BOTTLE FORMAT:
Format for *.sea files:
-----------------------

        Welcome to the HOT Water Sample Data Base

Water sample data from HOT are written according to the *.sea
files specified by the WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, for
submission of these data to the WHP. One file is written for
each HOT cruise (e.g., hot1.sea contains the data from HOT-1).
Files from the ALOHA-Climax (AC) cruises have the prefix ac
(e.g., ac1.sea contains the data from AC-1).

Formats for these files are detailed in the WHP Office Report
WHPO 90-1, available from Steve Diggs, WHPO Data Manager, 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 
CA 92093-0214.

The files are self-explanatory, one column is written for each
measured parameter.  Missing data are filled with -9.  A 5-line
heading labels each column. 

The first year's temperatures are reported in IPTS-68.  Subsequent
temperature are reported in ITS-90 units. Since temperature
sensor calibrations were done in IPTS-68 units, and the UNESCO
routines require IPTS-68 temperature, all intermediate
processing was done in IPTS-68. As a final step, temperature and
potential temperature were converted to ITS-90 using
t_90 = 0.99976 t_68.

Variables having 7 asterisks on the 4th heading line have a quality
flag associated with them.  These 1-digit quality flags are concate-
nated to form quality word which is listed as the last variable in 
each row.  The values each digit can assume and their meanings are
listed below:

Bottle quality flag definitions:

 Byte Value  Definition
     1       Not assigned.
     2       No problems noted.
     3       Leaking.
     4       Did not trip correctly.
    5-8      Not assigned.
     9       Samples not drawn from this bottle.
 
     
Water sample quality flag definitions:    

 Byte Value  Definition
     1       Sample for this measurement was drawn from water bottle
             but analysis not received.
     2       Acceptable measurement.
     3       Questionable measurement.
     4       Bad measurement.
     5       Not reported.
     6       Mean of replicate measurements.
     7       Manual chromatographic peak integration.
     8       Irregular digital chromatographic peak integration.
     9       Sample not drawn for this measurement from this bottle.
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none
  Distribution_Information:
    Distributor:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center
          Contact_Person: Data Access Group, User Services Team
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical
          Address: SSMC-3 Fourth Floor
          Address: 1315 East West Highway
          City: Silver Spring
          State_or_Province: MD
          Postal_Code: 20910-3282
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3277
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3302
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: services@nodc.noaa.gov
        Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
    Resource_Description: NODC Accession Number xxxxxxx
    Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
    Standard_Order_Process:
      Digital_Form:
        Digital_Transfer_Information:
          Format_Name: ASCII
        Digital_Transfer_Option:
          Online_Option:
            Computer_Contact_Information:
              Network_Address:
                Network_Resource_Name: http://data.nodc.noaa.gov/accession/xxxxxxx
      Fees: Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.
      Ordering_Instructions: Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 20081114
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
        Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing
          Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
          Address: Dept. of Oceanography
          Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
        Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
        Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
    Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC CSDGM
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
