
#CONTRIBUTOR(S), INSTITUTE(S), CONTACT INFORMATION:
Dr. Eric Heinen De Carlo
Department of Oceanography
School of Oceanography and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawai’i at Manoa
1000 Pope Road MSB 509
Honolulu, HI 96822
E-mail: edecarlo@soest.hawaii.edu
Phone: (808) 956-5924
Fax: (808) 956-7112

#ORIGINATOR(S), INSTITUTE(S), CONTACT INFORMATION:
Eric Heinen De Carlo
Rachel F. Soloman
Patrick Drupp
Department of Oceanography
School of Oceanography and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawai’i at Manoa

#TITLE: 
Synoptic Bi-monthly and Storm Response Water Quality Sampling in Southern 
Kaneohe Bay, HI November 2007 - April 2009

#ABSTRACT: 
Synoptic sampling including water column profiles and collected surface water
samples was conducted on a bi-monthly basis throughout the rainy season
(October-May) and on a monthly basis in the dry season (June-September) at
nine locations in southern Kaneohe Bay in support of the Coral Reef
Instrumented Monitoring Platform (CRIMP) program.  Another dozen or so
ancillary stations were also monitored selectively.  Storm events were defined as
greater than 5.1 cm of rain at the Luluku rain gain in less than 24 hours.
The nine southern bay stations were sampled daily for one week after or
until no obvious viusal evidence of the storm runoff remained.  

This is the second set of data provided to NODC.  The first set encompasses 
2005 - October 2007 and is stored in NODC Accession 0060061.

#PURPOSE:  
The goals of our study are: (1) to quantify physical and chemical properties
of terrestrial runoff in "real time" as it enters the coastal water/coral reef
ecosystem of southern Kaneohe Bay, (2) to characterize temporally physical and
biogeochemical processes, that may affect the coastal/reef ecosystem, (3) to
obtain time-series data on the biogeochemical evolution of the water column
and reef study site under various environmental conditions, (4) to quantify
the importance of storm-derived nutrients in both the dissolved and
particulate load to productivity in the bay, and (5) to demonstrate that the
remobilization, remineralization, and resuspension of particulate nutrients
pulsed to the sea floor during storm plume events are important to nutrient
subsidies in bay waters and may be sustaining the productivity of nuisance
algae in the bay.

#PROJECT:
Coral Reef Instrumented Monitoring Platform (CRIMP)

#FUNDING:
University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-XM-05-01
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL)

#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Graduate students performed a majority of the field sampling and data
reduction: Patrick Drupp, Rachel Solomon, Chris Ostrander

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  21.4123
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  21.4949
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 157.8420
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 157.7807
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 
North Pacific, Hawaii, Oahu, Southern Kaneohe Bay

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
primary nine stations
site                            Lat N       Long W   Additional Names
Kaneohe Stream, KS              21.4123     157.7839
JD4                             21.4134     157.7823
JD5                             21.4139     157.7839
JD6                             21.4137     157.7856
E buoy                          21.4191     157.7807 E
D buoy                          21.4231     157.7830 D
CRIMP-CO2 buoy                  21.4281     157.7884 CRIMP,CO2Buoy2,C,oldCRIMP
Lilipuna Channel, LC            21.4299     157.7901
South Bay, SB                   21.4362     157.7727

Ancillary Stations:
Name         additional names   coordinates
CRIMP2                          21.4600     157.8000
HeeiaMooring HM                 21.4516     157.8085
midbay       CentralOn,MB       21.4508     157.8126
WS           Waikane            21.4859     157.8420
Ship         ShipChan           21.4949     157.8301
SP2                             21.4571     157.7860
R1           Reef               21.4590     157.7974
R2                              21.4606     157.7944
R3, specific coordinates not available but explained by P.Drupp as
"For some reason I don't have coordinates from R3.  However, if you form a
line from CRIMP2-R1-R2, R3 is located about 200m further out from R2 on that
line."
SP1, "SP1 is basically at the first marker for the Sampan channel in the
central sector of the bay.  It is a few hundred meters closer in from SP2"
Lilipuna Pier, "is the pier onshore that HIMB/Coconut Island use." 

Unknown sites (data collected by non_CRIMP investigators and
metadata not available): LH1, LH2, LH2a, LH3, LH4, LH5, edge1, edge2,
z1, z3, z3, z4, z5

#BEGIN AND END DATES: (YYYYMMDD)
20071105 - 20090416

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
Specific dates are given as directory and file names.

#PARAMETERS: 
water temperature
salinity
nitrate (NO3-) 
nitrite (NO2-) 
phosphate (PO43-) 
ammonium (NH4+)
dissolved silica (SiCo2)
chlorophyll-a
pH
SpCond                          
(SpCond is specific conductivity used to calculate salinity)
dissolved oxygen
dissolved oxygen charge
dissolved oxygen concentration
pHmV                            
florescence
turbidity
depth

#METHODOLOGY:
The following was extracted from Solomon, 2008 (citation below).

Synoptic sampling including water column profiles and collected surface water
samples was conducted on a bi-monthly basis throughout the rainy season
(October-May) and on a monthly basis in the dry season (June-September) at
nine locations in southern Kaneohe Bay.  Storm events were defined as
greater than 5.1 cm of rain at the Luluku rain gain in less than 24 hours.
The nine southern bay stations were sampled daily for one week after or
until no obvious viusal eveidence of the storm runoff remained.  Surface
seawater samples were collected in 10% HCI-washed, one-liter bottles to be
analyzed for chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nutrients.  These include
nitrate (NO3-) plus nitrite (NO2-), phosphate (PO43-), ammonium (NH4+), and
dissolved silica (SiCo2).  Water samples for nutrients and chlorophyll-a
were kept in a cooler while in the field, were stored in a laboratory
refrigerator until filtration (usually done immediately upon returning to
the lab, or later the same day), and were frozen after filtration until
analysis.

Surface water samples were also collected in 300 mL, borosilicate glass
(BOD-type) bottles for Total Alkalinity (TA) analysis.  The bottles were
rinsed three times with surface water, held just below the surface to collect
the sample, and then a small amount of water was removed from the bottle (to
about 2-3 cm below the stopper) to allow for equilibration of air and
seawater.  The samples were immediately poisoned with 200 uL of a staurated
mercuric chloride (HgCl2) solution to kill any organisms present in the
sample.  The bottles were then sealed usijng Apiezon (non silicone-based)
grease on the stopper and fastened using a rubber band and bottle clip.  The
TA samples were collected once or twice per month at the CRIMP-CO2 buoy
location.  On selectedsampling dates, duplicate BOD bottles were collected for
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) analysis.

Profiles of water column properties were also taken at each station using a
YSI 6600 sonde.  Parameters were measured at two-second intervals.  The sonde
was calibrated no more than two days prior to each sampling date and was
checked post-sampling to verify the calibration.  The chlorophyll calibration
was conducted in the dark and the sonde was always lowered off the shady side
of the boat in order to reduce light interference with the fluorescence
measurement.  At each station, the sonde was lowered through the water at a
rate no greater than 0.06-0.12 m/s (4-8 samples/m), and even slower near the
surface to maximize resolution of the surface layer.

Analyses
Total Alkalinity (TA)
TA samples were filtered through 0.45 um pore size Millipore type HA
(nitrocellulose) filters to remove particulate organic and inorganic matter
that could interfere with the analysis.  TA samples were analyzed using an
open cell, potentiometric Gran titration method in conjuction with a
computerized (Brinkmann Metrohm) titrator, Orion pH meter, and Accumet
colomel-reference combination pH electrode.  The pH electrode was calibrated
suing pH 4 and pH 7 (NBS) buffers.  The room temperature generally varied
between 20 - 23 degree C and was monitored throughout titrations.  The pH
electrode was recalibrated if the room temperature chane exceeded 1-2 deg C.
Electrodes were only used if the response was greater than 97% Nernstian.  The
0.1 N (analytical grade) hydrochloric acid (HCI) standard used for the
titrations contained 0.7 moles of NaCl to adjust to the ionic strength of
seawater.  The HCI titrant was standardized periodically with certified
reference material (CRM) to determine the exact concentration of the acid.
Approximately 40 mL of sample were weighed on an analytical balance and the
weights were entered into the computer program.  The samples were run in
duplicate (60%) or triplicate (40%), and a CRM sample was run at the start and
end of each day as well as between every five samples (to monitor accuracy).
If replicate analyses were not sufficiently precise (i.e., < 8 ueq/kg apart),
an additional replicate was run.  The average precision between replicate
samples for all TA titrations was 0.16%, and the average accuracy was +/- 4.22
ueq/kg.  The average standard deviation of TA sample replicates from the
CRIMP-CO2 buoy station was 2.55 ueq/kg.

Nutrients
Nutrient samples were stored in a refrigerator (to delay bilogical uptake),
generally for less than one day, before they were filtered with 1.2 um nominal
por size Whatman GF/C filters, which were pre-rinsed with HCI and DI water.
Filtered samples were then frozen utnil analysis.  Nutrient samples were
either sent out for analysis to an EPA certified lab, or were run using a
Technicon visible light spectrophotometer and auto-analyzer.  Samples
collected after June 15, 2006, were not analyzed for nutrients.

Chlorophyll
Approximately 70 mL of a samples were filtered through a Whatman GF/C filter
for chlorophyll analysis.  Filters were stored in small glass centrifuge tubes
in the freezer until analysis.  Chlorophyll was determined using the
fluorometric method for acetone-extracted samples.  The fluorometer was
calibrated using a two-point calibration using acetone and a commercial
chlorophyll source from Sigma Chemical (which contains no phaeophytin).  This
analysis was performed before and after the sample was acidified with 0.1 N
HCl in order to determine the amount of chlorophyll-a present in the sample as
well as the concentration of degraded (phaeophytin) pigments.  The detection
leimit and precision of this method are 0.01 ug/L and 5%, respectivley.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
YSI 6600 Multi-parameter monitoring system
Sea Bird Electronics Microcat CT model 37-SMP
Sequoia Scientific LISST-100 particle size analyzer

#REFERENCES: 
Solomon, R., 2008. Effects of local climatic forcing on CO2 dynamics and
air-sea exchange in southern Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii.  Masters Thesis.
Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, May 2008.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
FTP

#DIRECTORY ORGANIZATION, FILE NAMES AND FORMATS:
Directory 0-data
  This contains the original files as provided by Patrick Drupp.
Directory 1-data
  These are files created by NODC liaison Patrick Caldwell.  All Microsoft
Word and Excel files were copied to redundant text files for archival
purposes.  Directory names in 1-data are altered in some cases to have the 
date given as year-month-day, such that the directories are chronologically
ordered.  Also, spaces and dashes in original file and directory names (0-data)
are changed to underscores, or "_", to be more compatible to a variety of
operating systems.

directory 0-data
subdirectory: YSI Data 2007_present 
comment: holds all data directories and files, as defined as follows
note: if date within a spreadsheet does not match the date of the 
directory, then the date of the directory is the correct one.

SUBDIRECTORY: 0-data/YSI Data 2007_present/Bi-Monthly Sampling 8_07 to8_08/
comment: all data for the bi-monthly and monthly synoptic sample program
         during November 2007 and August 2008
  SUBDIRECTORY naming convention: YSI Data (date)
  comment: 1) note sometimes YSIData or YSI_Data
           2) date as month_day_year
           3) Data begin in November 2007
  data files within each subdirectory:
    MS Excel spreadsheet name: All_Data_(date).xls, note (date varies)
      comment: 1) holds all data in sheets 
             2) station given on separate sheet, sheet name = location
             3) for each station, column headers define variables and units, 
                the given variables from date to date are not always the same
    MS Word document name: NOTES for KB Sampling (date), note (date varies)
      comment: field notes
SUBDIRECTORY: 0-data/YSI Data 2007_present/Bi-Monthly Sampling9_08 to/
  comment: all data for the bi-monthly and monthly synoptic sample program
         during September 2008 - April 2009
      SUBDIRECTORY naming convention: YSI Data (date)
      Further comments same as above for Bi-Monthly Sampling 8_07 to8_08/
SUBDIRECTORY: 0-data/YSI Data 2007_present/Storm Response
comment: all data for the post-storm sample program
  subdirectory naming convention: 1) One for each field survey, mm_dd_yy_Storm
                                     where month_day_year is mm_dd_yy
                                  2) There are typically several days of
                                     monitoring after each storm, each in
                                     its own subdirectory
     subdirectories: File naming convention for each day of a survey has two types:
                     1) YSIData_mm_dd_yy or
                     2) mm_dd_yyStorm Response
                     Within each subdirectories, file names and contents are the 
                     the same described above (All_Data_(date).xls and 
                                      NOTES for KB Sampling_Date.doc)

directory 1-data                   
comment: Redundant copies of 0-data as .csv and .pdf files made by NODC
SUBDIRECTORY: 1-data/YSI_Data_2007_present
comment: note underscore "_" used for spaces in original
comment: directory tree mirrors 0-data 
         (with some directory/filename adjustments)

SUBDIRECTORY: 1-data/YSI_Data_2007_present/Bi_Monthly_Sampling_8_07_to_8_08/
  comment: contains directories for each sampling date
        subdirectory names: YSIdata(date) where date is YYYYMMDD
         filenames: 1) same as 0-data except for use of "-" as described above
                    2) all spreadsheets (each individual sheet) in the original
                       (0-data) MS Excel file were dumped as Comma-Separated 
                       Version (CSV) text format in single files, with filename 
                       as the name of the original appended with _location
                       (use exactly the name of the sheet in the original 
                        for the location)
                    3) if a sheet was empty in the original MS Excel file, then
                       there is not a separate file under 1-data
SUBDIRECTORY: 1-data/YSI_Data_2007_present/Bi_Monthly_Sampling9_08_to/
   comments for directly above pertain to explanations of subdirectory and 
   filenames 
SUBDIRECTORY: 1-data/YSI_Data_2007_present/Storm_Response/
   subdirectory names: StormResponse(date) where date is YYYYMMDD
      For each subdirectory (representing a storm), there are more
      subdirectories for each consecutive field day of surveys.  These
      subdirectories have the naming convention either:
                    MM_DD_YYStorm_Response or
                    YSIData_MM_DD_YY
         filenames: 1) all spreadsheets (each individual sheet) in the original
                       (0-data) MS Excel file were dumped as Comma-Separated
                       Version (CSV) text format in single files, with filename
                       as the name of the original appended with _location
                    3) if a sheet was empty in the original MS Excel file, then
                       there is not a separate file under 1-data

#DATASET SIZE:
10,934 kbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
nine primary stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Similar Data Sets at NODC:
NODC Accession 0060061 
title: Synoptic Bi-monthly and Storm Response Water Quality Sampling in
Southern Kaneohe Bay, HI, 2005 - October 2007
