#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
Dr. Douglas Fenner
Dr. Charles Birkeland

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:

Douglas Fenner
Dept Marine & Wildlife Resources American Samoa
PO Box 3730
Pago Pago, AS 96799
USA
work phone 684  633 4456
douglasfenner@yahoo.com

Charles Birkeland
Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Research Unit
Department of Zoology
2538 The Mall, Edmondson 164
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, HI 96822
(808) 956-8678
FAX (808) 956-4238
charlesbirkeland@hotmail.com

#ORIGINATOR:
same

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
same

#TITLE: 
Benthic data for corals, macroalgae, invertebrates, and non-living bottom
types from Fagatele Bay, Pago Pago, and Fagasa, American Samoa, 2004-2008.

#ABSTRACT: 
This data set was derived from surveys in Fagatele Bay National Marine 
Sanctuary, Pago Pago (Rainmaker and Aua), and Fagasa (Sita Bay and Cape 
Larsen) conducted in 2004 and 2007-2008.  Parameters include coral, algal, or 
invertebrate species, coral colony diameter size, and non-living bottom type.  

Summaries of species identification from sites above and Ofu-Olosega Islands, 
Ta'u Island, Aunu'u, Manu'a, and Rose Atoll, based on historic surveys back 
to 1917 are also given in spreadsheets.  This is a working list put together by
Dr. Charles Birkeland.

Fish data were collected by Dr. Alison Green on the same dates and transects
and are available in a separate NODC accession.

#PURPOSE:  
The purpose of the ongoing monitoring of coral reef communities is to
document the recovery, or further decline, of coral and fish communities in
Fagatele Bay, and elsewhere around Tutuila, and to determine if reef
communities have changed substantially since the combined effects of A. planci
outbreaks and hurricanes that devastated American Samoa reefs in the past 30
years.

#FUNDING:
U.S. Department of Commerce                     
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
National Ocean Service                          
Office of National Marine Sanctuaries

American Samoa Government
Department of Commerce
Environment Division

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  14.366
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: S
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE:  14.282
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: S
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 170.769
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 170.630
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS: 
South Pacific, American Samoa, Tutuila Island, Fagatele National Marine
Sanctuary, Fagatele Bay, Aua, Fagasa, Sita Bay, Cape Larsen, Rainmaker
Hotel, Pago Pago

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
MAPS:
../data/1-data/Map_Fagatele_Transect_Locations.jpg
../data/1-data/Map_Survey_Locations_Tutuila.jpg

COORDINATES:
Pago Pago
Aua Transect            S 14 16.776'   W 170 40.068'
Rainmaker               S 14 16.708'   W 170 37.828'

Fagasa
Sita Bay                S 14 17.436'   W 170 44.463'
Cape Larsen             S 14 16.940'   W 170 43.982'

FAGATELE BAY
Transect 1 - 40 ft      S 14 22.214'   W 170 45.749'
Transect 2 - 10 ft      S 14 21.939'   W 170 45.791'
Transect 2 - 20 ft      S 14 21.785'   W 170 45.756'
Transect 2 - 30 ft      not available
Transect 2 - 40 ft      not available
Transect 3 - 30 ft      S 14 21.940'   W 170 45.762'
Transect 3 - 40 ft      S 14 21.878'   W 170 45.756'
Transect 4 - 10 ft      S 14 21.863'   W 170 45.744'
Transect 4 - 30 ft      not available
Transect 4 - 40 ft      S 14 21.863'   W 170 45.744'
Transect 5 - 20 ft      S 14 21.786'   W 170 45.832'
Transect 5 - 30 ft      not available
Transect 5 - 40 ft      S 14 21.779'   W 170 45.834'
Transect 6 - 30 ft      S 14 21.963'   W 170 46.135'
Transect 6 - 40 ft      not available

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
2004 - 2008

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
2004 (dates unconfirmed)
August 2007
May 2008
August 2008

#PARAMETERS: 
coral data:
coral species
coral colony diameter

benthic data:
Corals (branching, digitate, encrusting, foliaceous, massive, mushroom, plate)
Macroalgae (encrusting, blue green, Halimeda, macroalgae, crustose coralline
    algae - CCA)
Invertebrate (ascidian, clam, hydrozoan, soft coral, sponge, urchin,
    zooanthid); and
Non-living (crevice/hole; reef matrix, rubble, sand)

percent coverage of each benthic type (by species)

#METHODOLOGY:
Fagatele Surveys:
Corals
From 1985 to 2001, corals were surveyed using point-quarter method (Birkeland
et al 1987).  In 2004, the coral survey method was changed to belt transects
because they produce a much larger sample in an equivalent time period than
the point-quarter method (Green et al 2005).  This method is also directly
compatible with archipelago-wide surveys (Mundy, 1996; Fisk and Birkeland,
2002). Belt transect methods were used to survey coral communities in
2007/2008.

We recorded all corals whose center occurred in a 0.5 m wide belt transect
laid perpendicular to four of the six permanent transect lines in FBNMS
(Transects 2-5).  Transect tapes were 20 m long, but on occasion
dive time did not allow the completion of the full 20 m.  When that happened,
the length that was recorded was noted and the area adjusted accordingly.
Each coral was identified to species, and the maximum diameter measured.
Corals were then categorized into one of seven size classes based on the
maximum diameter of the colony; <5cm, 5-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-40cm, 40-80cm,
80-160cm, and >160cm.  We collected data at Sites 2 to 5, at 3, 6, 9, and 12 m
depth.  Weather and time did not allow collecting data on transects 1 and 6.
Coral data were collected in November, 2007 by Charles Birkeland and Douglas
Fenner, and May, 2005 by Douglas Fenner.

Benthos
Few benthic surveys have been conducted in Fagatele Bay and for those that
have been undertaken, methods, sampling intensity and time of year have all
varied. These differences make it very difficult to draw conclusions about
changes over time, especially for the algae, which are typically seasonal and
show changes in diversity and biomass throughout the year. Therefore the goal
in this survey was to provide data that could be easily compared to previous
studies and in particular, the study undertaken by Green et al in 2004, where
benthic organisms were identified to functional form. Consequently, for the
purposes of this study, benthic organisms were also identified to functional
form. Additionally, macroalgae were identified to the lowest taxonomic level
possible, with the exception of crustose coralline algae (CCA) and turf.

Benthic surveys were undertaken for Fagatele Bay, Pago Pago Harbor (at
Rainmaker and Aua) and for Fagasa (at Cape Larsen and Sita Bay). Following the
method established by Green et al (2004), forty-eight points were sampled
along the 30 m fish belt transects. The substrate under the tape was
identified every two meters and the substrate at a point approximately 1 m on
either side of, and perpendicular to the tape at 1m was also identified (NB:
except at Fagasa, where three 30 m transects were laid end to end, for a total
of 144 points per transect). The benthos was classified into one of the
following 23 categories:

Corals (branching, digitate, encrusting, foliaceous, massive, mushroom, plate)
Macroalgae (encrusting, blue green, Halimeda, macroalgae, crustose coralline
algae - CCA)
Invertebrate (ascidian, clam, hydrozoan, soft coral, sponge, urchin,
zooanthid); and
Non-living (crevice/hole; reef matrix, rubble, sand)

Additionally, macroalgae were identified to the lowest level possible. For
species that could not be identified in the field, representative voucher
samples were collected. Representative samples of CCA were collected in the
vicinity of the transects, when the surveys were complete. Coralline algae
require extensive laboratory analysis in order to make definitive
identifications. Tentative identifications of specimens collected in this
survey are included in the report and final identifications will be will be
submitted as an addendum when they are complete. Cheryl Squair collected the
benthic data.

Survey techniques: Pago Pago Harbor

The two sites in Pago Pago Harbor (Rainmaker Hotel and Aua), which
provide useful information for management (Birkeland et al 2004), were
resurveyed in 2007 in conjunction with the Fagatele Bay surveys.  At these two
sites, corals were surveyed at 3 m and 6 m depths on the reef slope.  Survey
methods were as described above, with corals surveyed in a single 30 x 0.5 m
belt transect at each depth and with each colony identified to species and
categorized into one of seven size classes.

The Aua Transect

The methods are described in detail in Green et al. (1997). The corals were
counted in 0.25 m2 quadrats that were tossed haphazardly within about 10 m to
either side of the transect, with an equal number of quadrats on each side,
within a set of zones between the shore and the reef crest.  The transect now
began 91 m from shore because this was now the seaward extent of the burrow
pit.

Data analysis

Coral data from Fagatele Bay and the two sites in Pago Pago Harbor were
summarized to determine the abundance and percent coral cover at each depth.
Percent cover was calculated according to Mundy (1996), based on using the
maximum diameter as the diameter of a circle, and using the mid-point of each
size class.

Percent cover was calculated from benthic data by dividing the number of
points of a given category, by the total number of points on the transect and
multiplying by 100. To allow for comparison between years, data were grouped
into the above categories, even where more detailed information was available.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
SCUBA
transect tape

#REFERENCES: 
Birkeland, C., Randall, R., Wass, R., Smith, B., Wilkins, S.  1987.
Biological resource assessment of the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary.
NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS MEMD 3.  232pp.

Birkeland, C., Green, A., Mundy, C., Miller, K.  2004.  Long term monitoring
of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Tutuila Island (American Samoa)
1985 to 2001: summary of surveys conducted in 1998 and 2001.  Report to the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
158 pp.

Fenner, D., Green, A., Birkeland, C., Squair, C.,  and Carroll, B., 2008. 
Long term monitoring of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Tutuila
Island, American Samoa: results of surveys conducted in 2007/8, including a
re-survey of the historic Aua Transect. Prepared for NOAA's Office of 
National Marine Sanctuaries and the American Samoa Department of Commerce,
Environmental Division.  58 pp.

Fisk, D., and Birkeland, C.  2002.  Status of coral communities in American
Samoa.  A re-survey of long-term monitoring sites.  Report to the Department
of Marine and Wildlife Resources, P.O. Box 3730, Pago Pago, American Samoa
96799.  134pp.

Green, A.L., Birkeland, C., Randall, R.H., Smith, B.D., Wilkins, S.  1997.  78
years of coral reef degradation in Pago Pago Harbour: a quantitative record.
Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 1883-1888.

Green, A., Miller, K., and C. Mundy.  2005.  Long term monitoring of Fagatele
Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Tutuila Island, American Samoa: results of
surveys conducted in 2004, including a re-survey of the historic Aua Transect.

Mundy, C.  1996.  A quantitative survey of the corals of American Samoa.
Report to the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, P.O. Box 3730, Pago
Pago, American Samoa 96799.  24 pp.


#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
email attachment

#FILE FORMATS: 
../data/0-data     Files as received by NODC from the originator

All *.xls files are MS Office Excel 97-2003 Worksheet format and the
*.doc file is MS Office Word 97-2003 Document

file: Fagatele_Squair_Edit_Aug_06.doc
content: technical data report (Fenner et. al., 2008)
(redundant copy in NODC archive format (pdf) in ../data/1-data)

2007/8 Benthic Survey Data Files
================================
file: FBMS Benthic Data.xls
content: Benthic data 2004-2007
mulitple sheets, see 1-data (below) for description of each sheet

Historic Comparison Files
=========================
file: Birkeland lists.xls
content: Working list of species based on historical literature
         from various principle investigators for Rose Atoll,
         Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, and Ta'u 
        *this is not considered part of this data set, it
         was provided with this data set for historical context

file: Corals Manua Rose.xls
content: Working list of species based on historical literature
         from various principle investigators for Rose Atoll,
         Tutuila, Ofu-Olosega, Ta'u, Manu'a 
        *this is not considered part of this data set, it
         was provided with this data set for historical context

file: Corals Tutuila Aunu'u.xls
content: Working list of species based on historical literature
         from various principle investigators for Tutuila and Aunu'u
        *this is not considered part of this data set, it
         was provided with this data set for historical context

2007/8 Coral Survey Files
=========================
file: aua2007_CS.xls
content:  Aua Village Survey (historic transect)
multiple sheets described below under ../data/1-data

file: Coral Totals Fagatele 2007.xls
content: 1)Composite of all August 2007 surveys for all transects (species and
           coral colony diameter size and data analysis (percent cover)
         2) includes summaries from Rainmaker and Aua

file: Doug 2nd trans of day 12 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T5, 12 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug 2nd trans of day 9m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T5, 9 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Aua 3 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Aua Transect, 3 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Aua 6 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Aua Transect, 6 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Rainmaker 3 m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Rainmaker Transect, 3 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Rainmaker 6 m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Rainmaker Transect, 6 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Site 2 3m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Site 2 (T2) Transect, 3 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug site 2 6m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Site 2 (T2) Transect, 6 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Site 2 9m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Site 2 (T2) Transect, 9 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug Site 2 12m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Site 2 (T2) Transect, 12 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug T2 3m second.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Site 2 (T2) Transect, 3 m depth, May 2008

file: Doug T3 9m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T3, 9 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug T3 12m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T3, 12 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug T4 9m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 9 m depth, August 2007

file: Doug T4 12m deep.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 12 m depth, August 2007

file: Fagatele T3 6 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T3, 6 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T3 9m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T3, 9 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T3 12m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T3, 12 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T4 3m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 3 m depth, 21 August 2008

file: Fagatele T4 6m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 6 m depth, 21 August 2008

file: Fagatele T4  9mT3 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 9 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T4 12 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T4, 12 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T5 6m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T5, 6 m depth, 21 August 2008

file: Fagatele T5 9m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T5, 9 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Fagatele T5 12 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Transect T5, 12 m depth, 20 August 2008

file: Rainmaker 3 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Rainmaker Transect, 3 m depth, 11 August 2008

file: Rainmaker 6 m.xls
content: species, number of species, colony diameter size (cm)
         for Rainmaker Transect, 6 m depth, 11 August 2008

../data/1-data   These files were made by NODC based on the original
                 files in ../data/0-data.  The *.doc file was dumped
                 into a PDF document for archival.  The *.xls files
                 were dumped into text Comma-Separated Version (CSV)
                 format for archival.

                 Filenames are same as the original files, except
                 spaces and apostrophies replaced by underscores.  

                 If an *.xls file has multiple sheets, then one CSV file
                 is created for each sheet.  The filename is the same
                 with the original name of the sheet appended with 
                 underscores added for spaces.

Files with multiple sheets are described below:
file: aua2007_CS_corals.csv
content:  Aua Village Survey, coral species 
fields: Distance along transect, Quadrat, Observer, Species, Size (cm)

file: aua2007_CS_macroinverts.csv
content:  Aua Village Survey, macroinvertebrate species 
fields: Distance along transect, Quadrat, Observer, Species, Number

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2004Raw_Benthic_Data.csv
content: benthic data by category, species from 2004 Fagatele Survey
fields: species name or type, species counts as a function of transect and depth

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2007Raw_Benthic_Data.csv
content: benthic data by species or type from August 7-21 2007 Surveys
         at Fagatele Bay, Fagasa (sita and Cape Larsen), and
         Pago Pago (Aua and Rainmaker)
fields: species name or benthic type as a function of transect and depth

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2007Fagatele_Data.csv
content: benthic data by species or type from August 7-21 2007 Fagatele Surveys
fields: species name or benthic type as a function of transect and depth

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2007Fagatele_Summary.csv
content: per cent coverage as function of species/benthic type, 2007 Fagatele
fields: location, transect, depth, species name, per cent coverage

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2007Site_Summary.csv
content: per cent coverage as function of species/benthic type, 2007 Surveys
         Fagatele, Fagasa, Pago Pago
fields: location, transect, depth, species name, per cent coverage

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2007Depth_Summary.csv
content: per cent coverage as function of species/benthic type, 2007 Surveys
         Fagatele, Fagasa, Pago Pago
fields: location, transect, depth, species name, per cent coverage

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2004_2007_Comparison.csv
content: sub-total benthic (by species/type) data Fagatele 2004 and 2007 Surveys
fields: transect, depth, species/type, category, year, subtotals

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_2004_2007Summary.csv
content: sub-total benthic (by category) data Fagatele 2004 and 2007 Surveys
fields: transect, depth, category, year, subtotals

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_Benthic_Categories.csv
content: describes benthic categories
fields: super category, category, description

file: FBMS_Benthic_Data_Tentative_Species_IDs.csv
content: list of species for Fagatele, Aua, Rainmaker
fields: transect, depth, species

file: Fagatele_Squair_Edit_Aug_06.pdf
content: PDF/A format copy of ../data/0-data/Fagatele_Squair_Edit_Aug_06.doc

#DATASET SIZE:
 7544 kbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
10 transects, 3 areas 

#MISCELLANEOUS:
Additional Coral/Benthic Surveys from American Samoa in the NODC Archive:

Accession   Comment
0000622     Birkeland, USGS, Fagatele, other sites Tutuila, 1995-1998  
0000735     Birkeland, USGS, multi-island, 2002
0001470     Birkeland, USGS, multi-island, 2002, includes additional fields
9800197     Friedlander, NOAA, Ofa, 1992
0001955     Fenner, ASDOC, Tutuila, 2003-2004
0001972     Mundy, Univ. Tasmania, multi-island, 1995 (also fish)
0002177     Coles, Bishop Museum, multi-island, 2002 (also fish)
0001973     Green, Nature Consv., multi-island, 1994-2002 (also fish)

