#TEMPORARY ACCESSION NUMBER:
#ACCESSION NUMBER:

#CONTRIBUTOR:
S.L. Coles (Bishop Museum)
R.C. DeFelice (Bishop Museum and Dept. of Zoology, UH)
J.E. Smith (Dept. of Botany, UH)
D.Muir (Bishop Museum)
L.G. Eldredge (Bishop Museum)

#CONTRIBUTOR INSTITUTION:
Hawaii Biological Survey
Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii

Department of Botany
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii

#ORIGINATOR:
S.L. Coles

#ORIGINATOR INSTITUTION:
Hawaii Biological Survey
Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii

Funding provided by:
Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission

#TITLE: 
Determination of Baseline Conditions for
Introduced Marine Species in Nearshore Waters
of the Island of Kaho'olawe, Hawaii in January 1998
Prepared for the Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission

#ABSTRACT: 
A survey of the marine macroalgae and invertebrates in the 
intertidal and subtidal zones was conducted at seven sites 
around Kaho'olawe Island from January 12 to 14, 1998. A 
total of 298 species were observed or collected, including 
152 taxa in the intertidal and 193 in the subtidal. Most of 
these are new reports for Kaho'olawe and include only 35 
species previously reported, which were mostly reef corals
and macroalgae.  Data are provided as derived from the report:

1998-002. Coles, S.L., R.C. DeFelice, J.E. Smith, D. Muir & 
   L.G. Eldredge. 1998. Determination of baseline conditions 
   for introduced marine species in nearshore waters of the 
   of Kaho`olawe, Hawai`i. Report prepared for the Kaho`olawe 
   Island Reserve Commission. 13 + [22] p.
   http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/kahoolawe.pdf

#PURPOSE:  
The primary purpose was to identify non-indigenous or 
invasive species in the nearshore marine ecosystem.

#LOCATION EXTREMES:
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 20.50833
SOUTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE: 20.59167
NORTHERNMOST LATITUDE HEMISPHERE: N
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 156.68833
WESTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W 
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE: 156.53333
EASTERNMOST LONGITUDE HEMISPHERE: W  

#LOCATION KEYWORDS:
Kaho'olawe, Hawaii, Central Pacific Ocean, Tropical Pacific 

#SAMPLING STATIONS: 
Site  Station Name           Date
1.    Hakioawa Bay,          12-Jan-1998
2.    Kamohio Bay,           12-Jan-1998
3.    Kuheia Bay             13-Jan-1998
4.    Honokainaia Bay        13-Jan-1998
5.    Kanapou Bay            14-Jan-1998
6.    Lae o Kaka             14-Jan-1998
7.    Honokoa Bay            14-Jan-1998

Surveys were made of the subtidal zone at all sites and
of the intertidal at all sites except Lae o Kaka.

#BEGIN AND END DATES: 
19980112 - 19980114

#SAMPLING PERIODS:
See #SAMPLING STATIONS:

#PARAMETERS: 
algal species
coral species
mollusk species
invertebrate species

#METHODOLOGY:
Two pairs of investigators made observations, with 
one team observing and sampling macroinvertebrates
and the other team concentrationg on macroalgae.  Species
observed as present were noted on underwater paper and 
samples of substratum and organisms not easily identified
in the field were collected, preserved in 70% ethanol and
returned to the laboratory for identification.  Subtidal
sampling was conducted at depths from approximately 5 to
30 m using SCUBA on dives approximately 50 minutes long.
Samples in both the intertidal and subtidal were taken on
a haphazard basis with the intention of obtaining as large
a variety of organisms as possible.

#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
SCUBA

#REFERENCES: 

Brock, R. E and Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1993. Anchialine resources of 
   Kaho'olawe, Hawai'i, p. 133-155. In: Jokiel, P. L., Cox, E. F. 
   and Crosby, M. P., An Evaluation of the Nearshore Coral Reef
   Resources of Kaho'olawe, Hawai'i. Final Report for NOM Cooperative 
   Agreement No.  NA27OM0327.
Brock, R. E and Bailey-Brock, J. H. 1998. An unique anchialine 
   pool in the Hawaiian Islands. Intern.  Rev. Hydrobiol. 83:65-75.
Cox, E. F., Jokiel, P. L., Te, F. T. and Stanton, F. G. 1993. Coral 
   reefs of Kaho'olawe, Hawai'i: I.  Community structure of corals 
   and reef fish, p. 38-72. In: Jokiel, P. L., Cox, E. F. and Crosby, 
   M. P., An Evaluation of the Nearshore Coral Reef Resources of 
   Kaho'olawe, Hawai'i. Final Report for NOM Cooperative 
   Agreement No. NA27OM0327.
Coles, S. L., Defelice, R. C., Eldredge, L. G. and Carlton, J. T. 1997. 
   Biodiversity of marine communities in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii with 
   observations on introduced exotic species. Bishop Museum Tech. Rep. 
   No.10, Honolulu.
DeFelice, R. C., Coles, S. L., Muir, D and Eldredge, L. G. 1998. 
   Investigation of the marine communities of Midway Harbor and adjacent 
   lagoon, Midway Atoll, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Final report to 
   the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Area Office, Honolulu.
   DLNR. 1972. Kaho'olawe fish survey. State of Hawai'i Div. Aquatic Resource. 
   Dep. Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu.
DLNR. 1993. Kaho'olawe Island nearshore marine resource inventory. State 
   of Hawai'i Div. Aquatic Resource. Dep. Land and Natural Resources.
   Hodges, M. 1996. Na Maka'ala volunteer coastal monitoring team. Final 
   Report to Hawai'i State Dep. of Health and the Hawaiian Islands Humpback 
   Whale National Marine Sanctuary, Honolulu.
Hodgson, L. M. 1994. Maui algae final report. Final Report to Hawai'i 
   State Dep. Health, Honolulu.  Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission. 
   1997. Ola I ke kai o Kanaloa. Kaho'olawe Ocean Management
   Plan. Prepared for the Kaho'olawe Island Reserve Commission, Honolulu.
Kawamoto, K. E., Bulseco, D. A., and Kobayashi, T. Y. 1981. The effects 
   of siltation on the nearshore marine environment of Kaho'olawe. 
   Project Report for NSF Grant No. SPI-8004745.
National Research Council. 1995. Understanding Marine Biodiversity. 
   A Research Agenda for the Nation.  National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Ruiz, G. M., Carlton, J. T., Grosholz, E. D. and Hines, A. H. 1997. Global 
   invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: 
   mechanisms, extent and consequences. Am. Zool.  31:621-632.

#SUBMITTING MEDIUM:
MS Excel, PDF file

#FILE FORMATS: 
The following files are provided in ../../data/PDF :

FILE                    FORMAT      CONTENT
kahoolawe.pdf           PDF         complete report
kahoolawe.ps            PostScript  same

map.jpg                 JPEG        station map
  
table01.jpg             JPEG        Number of taxa found 
                                    at sampling stations
table01.txt             ASCII       same

appA.txt                ASCII       MACROALGAL AND INVERTEBRATES 
appB.txt                ASCII       INTERTIDAL MACROALGAL AND 
                                    INVERTEBRATES LISTED BY COLLECTION SITE
appC.txt                ASCII       SUBTIDAL MACROALGAL AND INVERTEBRATES 
                                    LISTED BY COLLECTION SITE

The following files are provided in ../../data/EXCEL :

FILE                                CONTENT
Kahoolawe.xls                       Excel spreadsheet with the following
                                    pages that have been saved as ASCII
Kahoolawe_Intertidal_Organisms.csv
Kahoolawe_Intertidal_Portrait.csv   self explanatory
Kahoolawe_Sub_and_Intertidal.csv
Kahoolawe_Subtidal_Organisms.csv
Kahoolawe_Subtidal_Portrait.csv

#DATASET SIZE:
4.511 mbytes

#NUMBER OF DATA UNITS:
7 stations

#MISCELLANEOUS:
