Metadata:
  Identification_Information:
    Citation:
      Citation_Information:
        Originator: James E.T. Moncur, Principal Investigator
        Originator: Roger S. Fujioka, Project Coordinator
        Originator: William J. Cooke, Crustacean analysis and report
        Originator: E. Alison Kay, Mollusk analysis and report
        Originator: Richard C. Swartz, Statistical analysis and final report
        Originator: Ross S. Tanimoto*, coordinator for sediment grain size
        Publication_Date: Unknown
        Title: Benthic faunal sampling adjacent to the Sand Island
ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 1986-1998
    Description:
      Abstract: Benthic fauna in the vicinity of the Sand Island ocean outfall
were sampled from 1986-1998.  To assess the environmental quality,
sediment grain size and  sediment chemistry were measured.  To
identify the fauna, mollusk species and non-mollusk species 
sitings were tabulated.  Stations were located both within and
on the boundary of the zone of initial dilution (ZID) and at distances
of 1.2 to 2 km from the ZID boundary.  In summary, the response
patterns of benthic fauna near the Sand Island ocean outfall showed
little or no indication of a strong influence by the diffuser effluent.
      Purpose: Assess benthic environmental quality in region of sewer outfall.
      Supplemental_Information: NOAASupplemental: 
Entry_ID: Unknown 
Sensor_Name: van Veen grab sampler
Originating_Center: Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii 
Storage_Medium: Microsoft Excel (version 5.0)
Reference: None 
Online_size: 2500 kilobytes
    Time_Period_of_Content:
      Time_Period_Information:
        Range_of_Dates/Times:
          Beginning_Date: 198601
          Ending_Date: 199808
      Currentness_Reference: ground condition
    Status:
      Progress: Complete
      Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown
    Spatial_Domain:
      Bounding_Coordinates:
        West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.93
        East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.89
        North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.29
        South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.28
    Keywords:
      Theme:
        Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Theme_Keyword: Coastal studies
        Theme_Keyword: biological survey
        Theme_Keyword: benthic survey
        Theme_Keyword: chemical survey
        Theme_Keyword: mollusk species
        Theme_Keyword: sediment chemistry 
        Theme_Keyword: geochemical analyses (total organic carbon (TOC)
        Theme_Keyword: oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)
        Theme_Keyword: sediment oil and grease (O&G)
        Theme_Keyword: total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) 
        Theme_Keyword: grain size
      Place:
        Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean
        Place_Keyword: Hawaii
        Place_Keyword: Oahu
        Place_Keyword: Mamala Bay
        Place_Keyword: Honolulu
        Place_Keyword: Sand Island
      Stratum:
        Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
        Stratum_Keyword: Benthic
    Access_Constraints: None
    Use_Constraints: Dataset credit required
    Point_of_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Dr.James Moncur
          Contact_Organization: Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii
        Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical address
          Address: Saunders 530
          Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7143
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jmoncur@hawaii.edu
    Data_Set_Credit: Biological and Sediment Monitoring Program
on the Marine Communities Near the City's Ocean Sewer Outfalls
City and County of Honolulu
Department of Environmental Services
Water Resources Research Center
University of Hawaii
    Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Excel (version 5.0)
  Data_Quality_Information:
    Logical_Consistency_Report: see Process Step
    Completeness_Report: The surveys were 100% complete
    Lineage:
      Process_Step:
        Process_Description: SAMPLING STATIONS:
     latitude          longitude          depth (m)
B1   21 17'31"N        157 55'44"W        61.0
B2   21 17'23"N        157 55'24"W        64.0
B3   21 17'01"N        157 54'42"W        72.5
B4   21 17'01"N        157 54'24"W        58.2
Z    21 16'53"N        157 54'21"W        76.0
B5   21 17'00"N        157 54'03"W        71.3
B6   21 17'05"N        157 53'25"W        72.2

Station positioning was determined using the Motorola Mini-ranger
navigation system.

METHODOLOGY:
The sampling methodology used in this study generally followed
the recommendations of Swartz (1978) and US EPA guidelines
(EPA 1987a, 1987b), hereafter refered to as EPA procedures.

A modified 0.16-m2 van Veen grab sampler deployed from a stern-mounted
A-frame on the research vessel Noi I Kai was used to obtain bottom samples
at all seven stations.  Penetration of the sampler was adequate for 
all replicates.  The minimum penetration depth for all grabs was 6 cm
and the maximum was 13 cm.

Six van Veen grabs were taken at each station.  A subsample 7.6 cm
in diameter by 5 cm deep was taken from each grab sample for infaunal
analysis and a subsample 4.8 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep for mollusk
analysis.  Subsampling was necessary because the epifauna and infauna
in the area are known to be both small and abundant and processing
of the entire sample would be impractical.  Replicated grab samples
at each station, rather than replicated subsamples from one grab
sample, were used to provide information on intrastation variability.
All six nonmollusk subcores were processed on a 0.5-mm screen.

Samples for geochemical analyses (total organic carbon (TOC),
oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), sediment oil and grease (O&G),
total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and grain size) were obtained from the
grabs from which the biological subcores were taken.  Each replicate
van Veen grab contained more than enough sediment for both purposes
(methods HI0020117).  Three subsamples 7.6 cm in diameter by 5 cm
deep (one from each of three differnt grab samples) were taken from all
stations.  The top 2 cm of sediment of each subsample were used for
geochemical analysis.  Samples for TOC and sediment O&G analysis were
put in screw-cap jars, placed on ice, and taken to the laboratory for 
analysis.  Sediment analyses of sediment grain size, ORP, TKN, and O&G 
followed EPA procedures.  Analysis of TOC was carried out by Severn
Trent Laboritories (Colchester, Vermont), using the modified
Lloyd Khan method, which utiliezes an infrafred detector to measure
carbon dioxide.  Inorganic carbon was removed from the samples by
treating them with a 1:1 solution of hydrochloric acid prior to TOC
analysis.

Sample Processing:

Handling and processing of biological samples followed EPA procedures.
Nonmollusk sampleswere fixed with buffered 10% formalin for a minimum
of 24 hours.  The fixed samples were elutriated using the technique
of Saunders et al. (1965).  This method successfully removes
from the sediment all organisms that are not heavily calcified.  Samples 
were washed six times, and the water from each was poured through 0.5
mm mesh sieves.  Polychaetes and other invertebrates retained on the
sieve were transferred to alcohol, stained with rose bengal solution,
and stored in 70% ethanol.  The mollusk samples were fixed in 75%
alcohol for 24 hours, decanted, fixed again for another 24 hours, then
air dried.  Aliquot portions (15cm3) were then sorted following the
methods of Kay (1980) and Kay and Kawamoto (1983).

When large carbonate rubble fragments were collected in the samples, the
rubble fragments were carefully washed and visually examined to ensure that
any organisms on the external surfaces were removed.  The fragments were
then placed in a nitric acid bath for 24 hours to dissolve the carbonate
and to recover organisms living in burrows.  The acid dissolution
technique used was modified from the methods of Brock and Brock (1977),
as described in Nelson (1986).  

Because the biological subcores had to be processed using two different
procedures, one for mollusks and the other for all other organisms, the
components of the fauna were not directly comparable and thus were
analyzed separately.  Because the mollusks were not separated into living
and dead shell fractions, they represent time-averaged samples.  

All specimens were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible.
Voucher specimens were submitted to taxonomic specialists for verification
when necessary.  


#INSTRUMENT TYPES:
A van Veen grab sampler deployed from a stern-mounted
A-frame on the research vessel Noi I Kai was used to obtain bottom samples
at all seven stations.


#REFERENCES: 
Brock, R.R., and J.H. Brock. 1977. A method for quantitatively
assessing the infaunal community in coral rock.  Limnol. Oceanogr.
7:108-118.  

Nelson, W.G. 1986.  Benthic infaunal sampling in vicinity of the
Sand Island Ocean Outfall,
Oahu, Hawaii. Spec. Rep 6:20:86, Water Resources Research Center,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 117 pp.

Kay,E.A. 1980.  Micromollusks: Techniques and patterns in benthic
marine communities  In Environmental Survey Techniques for Coastal
Water Converence Proceedings, Water Resources Research Center and
Sea Grant, University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Hawaii Water Pollut.
Control Assoc., January, Honolulu, pp. 93-112.

Kay,E.A., and R. Kawamoto. 1983. Micromolluscan assemblages in 
Mamala Bay, Oahu 1974-1982.  Tech Rep. No. 158, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 73 pp.

Saunders, H., R. Hessler, and G. Hampson. 1965. An introduction to
the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages along the Gay Head-
Bermuda transect.  Deep Sea Res. 12:845-867.

Swartz,R.C. 1978. Techniques for sampling and analyzing the marine
benthos.  Doc. No. 600/3-789-030, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.

Swartz,R.C. and J.H.Bailey-Brock, W.J. Cook, E.A.Kay. 1999. Benthic 
faunal sampling adjacent to Sand Island ocean outfall, Oahu, Hawaii, 
August 1998.  Project Report PR-99-10.  Water Resources
Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, 172 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987a. Quality assurance and
quality control for 301(h) monitoring programs: Guidance on field and 
laboratory methods.  EPA 430/9-86-004, Office of Marine and Estuarine
Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 267 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987b. Recommended biological
indices for 301(h) monitoring programs. EPA 430/9-86-002, Office of 
Marine and Estuarine Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 
17 pp.
        Process_Date: Unknown
        Process_Contact:
          Contact_Information:
            Contact_Person_Primary:
              Contact_Person: Dr.James Moncur
              Contact_Organization: Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii
            Contact_Position: Principal Investigator
            Contact_Address:
              Address_Type: mailing and physical address
              Address: Saunders 530
              Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
              City: Honolulu
              State_or_Province: Hawaii
              Postal_Code: 96822
              Country: USA
            Contact_Voice_Telephone: 808-956-7143
            Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jmoncur@hawaii.edu
  Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
    Overview_Description:
      Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: FILE FORMATS: 
Microsoft Excel (version 5.0) and ascii dumps of each
sheet within each Excel file (with space delimiters, *.prn files).

#FILENAMES:
subdirectories:

gr_size/
mol_spec/
nonmol/
sed_chem/

./gr_size:
sigs.xls    full excel file

./mol_spec:
sims.xls    full excel file

./nonmol:
sins.xls    full excel file
 
./sed_chem:
sisc.xls    full excel file
      Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: None
  Distribution_Information:
    Distributor:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Organization_Primary:
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/National Oceanographic Data Center
          Contact_Person: Data Access Group, User Services Team
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing and physical
          Address: SSMC-3 Fourth Floor
          Address: 1315 East West Highway
          City: Silver Spring
          State_or_Province: MD
          Postal_Code: 20910-3282
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: 301-713-3277
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 301-713-3302
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: services@nodc.noaa.gov
        Hours_of_Service: 8am-5pm, Monday through Friday
    Resource_Description: NODC Accession Number 9900088
    Distribution_Liability: NOAA makes no warranty regarding these data,expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.  NOAA, NESDIS, NODC and NCDDC cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data, nor as a result of the failure of these data to function on a particular system.
    Standard_Order_Process:
      Digital_Form:
        Digital_Transfer_Information:
          Format_Name: MS Excel, and ACSII CSV
        Digital_Transfer_Option:
          Online_Option:
            Computer_Contact_Information:
              Network_Address:
                Network_Resource_Name: http://data.nodc.noaa.gov/accession/9900088
      Fees: Prices vary depending on data set, output medium and ordering mechanism. A standard handling charge, with additional costs for special handling, may be added to the basic cost of the data.
      Ordering_Instructions: Prepayment by check, money order or bank card is required. Orders may be placed via fax, email, regular mail, telephone or via the NNDC Online Store.
  Metadata_Reference_Information:
    Metadata_Date: 20090929
    Metadata_Contact:
      Contact_Information:
        Contact_Person_Primary:
          Contact_Person: Mr. Patrick C. Caldwell
          Contact_Organization: NOAA/NESDIS/NODC/NCDDC
        Contact_Position: Hawaii/US Pacific Liaison
        Contact_Address:
          Address_Type: mailing
          Address: 1000 Pope Road, MSB 316
          Address: Dept. of Oceanography
          Address: University of Hawaii at Manoa
          City: Honolulu
          State_or_Province: Hawaii
          Postal_Code: 96822
          Country: USA
        Contact_Voice_Telephone: (808)-956-4105
        Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (808) 956-2352
        Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: caldwell@soest.hawaii.edu
        Hours_of_Service: 8 AM to 5 PM weekdays
        Contact_Instructions: check services@nodc.noaa.gov if not available
    Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
    Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
