NOAA CSC/CRS Cruise JUL98NAN: Nantucket Shoals Cruise

Metadata:
Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Ajit Subramaniam, REMSA, NOAA/NESDIS
Originator: Mary Culver, TPMC, NOAA Coastal Services Center
Originator: David Phinney, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Originator: Douglas Phinney, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Originator: Jeffery Brown, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
Originator: Brian Scheiber, SeaWiFS Project Office, NASA GSFC
Originator: John C. Brock, Center for Coastal Geology, USGS
Originator: David Eslinger, NOAA Coastal Services Center
Originator: Chrisropher Brown, NOAA/NESDIS
Publication_Date: 1999
Title: NOAA CSC/CRS Cruise JUL98NAN: Nantucket Shoals Cruise
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: profile
Series_Information:
Series_Name: CSC Technical Report
Issue_Identification: CSC/5-99/001
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Charleston, South Carolina
Publisher: NOAA Coastal Services Center
Online_Linkage: <http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/cruises/jul98nan/index.html>
Description:
Abstract:
Satellite ocean color imagery from the OCTS and SeaWiFS sensors show extremely high chlorophyll concentrations within Massachusetts Bay, and relatively high chlorophyll concentrations over Nantucket Shoals. It is uncertain how much of this chlorophyll signal detected by the satellite sensors was actually due to phytoplankton biomass and how much was due to other substances in the water such as colored dissolved organic matter and suspended sediments. We need to know the validity of the satellite data in these regions so we can better understand the true productivity of the Nantucket Shoals region and the impact of the highly urbanized coast around Boston on the water quality in Massachusetts Bay. The Coastal Services Center's (CSC) Coastal Remote Sensing (CRS) program is involved with the effort to validate ocean color algorithms to derive chlorophyll concentrations from the NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) ocean color satellite sensor. This program is funded in part through a NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies ( SIMBIOS) contract awarded to CRS and the Ocean Color Program at the NOAA NESDIS Office of Research and Applications. The JUL98NAN cruise was a cooperative effort of NOAA/CSC/CRS, the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences and the SeaWiFS Project Office at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Seventeen stations were occupied over five days in Massachusetts Bay, Buzzard's Bay, Nantucket Sound, and Nantucket Shoals. The OC2 algorithm (O'Reilley et al. 1998) consistently overestimates the chlorophyll concentration in Massachusetts Bay by at least a factor of 3, while it appears to be reasonably accurate in the Nantucket Shoals region. There is no relationship between the chlorophyll concentration and the extent of overestimation unlike in the South Atlantic Bight.
Purpose:
The objectives of this cruise were to obtain sub-surface downwelling irradiance, upwelling radiance, chlorophyll pigment concentration and total suspended sediment concentration in Massachusetts Bay and Nantucket Shoals. The remote sensing reflectance measurements calculated from these samples were used to evaluate and validate the OC2 version 2 (O'Reilly et al. 1998) algorithm for the NASA/OrbImage Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS).
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 19980706
Ending_Date: 19980710
Currentness_Reference: Publication Date
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Unknown
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.779
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.748
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.895
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.999
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: oceanography
Theme_Keyword: bio-optical
Theme_Keyword: turbidity
Theme_Keyword: water clarity
Theme_Keyword: algal blooms
Theme_Keyword: coastal water optics
Theme_Keyword: case II algorithms
Theme_Keyword: light attenuation
Theme_Keyword: reflectance difference
Theme_Keyword: in-situ optical profiling
Theme_Keyword: ocean color satellites
Theme_Keyword: coastal ocean algorithm development
Theme_Keyword: river plumes
Theme_Keyword: AVHRR
Theme_Keyword: downwelling irradiance
Theme_Keyword: upwelling radiance
Theme_Keyword: temperature
Theme_Keyword: chlorophyll
Theme_Keyword: particulate absorption
Theme_Keyword: colored dissolved organic matter
Theme_Keyword: salinity
Theme_Keyword: spectral attenuation
Theme_Keyword: spectral absorption
Theme_Keyword: beam attenuation
Theme_Keyword: scalar quantum irradiance
Theme_Keyword: light scattering
Theme_Keyword: fluorescence
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Bay
Place_Keyword: Nantucket Shoals
Place_Keyword: Massachusetts
Place_Keyword: United States
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Temporal_Keyword: Summer
Temporal_Keyword: July, 1998
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
This data was acquired for scientific research and is applicable for algorithm validation purposes. Knowledge of in-water optics is expected of users for interpretation of the data. Users of this data are required to provide appropriate attribution in the form of co-authorship for any publications that use this data, unless formal permission to do otherwise is granted by NOAA/CSC.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: NOAA Coastal Services Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 2234 Hobson Avenue
City: Charleston
State_or_Province: South Carolina
Postal_Code: 29405-2413
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (843) 740-1200
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (843) 740-1224
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: csc@csc.noaa.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8AM-5PM, M-F
Data_Set_Credit:
Captain Paul Pelletier and the crew of the R/V Gulf Challenger. A NASA SIMBIOS contract to Dr. Chris Brown and John Brock as well as a NOAA Coastal Ocean Program grant to Dr. Charles Yentsch and David Phinney contributed to this cruise.

Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Refer to the Process Step section for specific calibration information. The primary instrumentation on the cruise are sent to the respective manufacturers for calibration at least once per year. Calibration certificates for the relevant instrumentation are available in the full written report. Secondary instrumentation were calibrated only upon purchase. Calibration of the WetStar in situ Fluorometer is conducted during the cruise by comparing the fluorescence reading of a series of samples placed in the instrument with the measured chlorophyll concentration measured by extracting the samples for laboratory analysis. Laboratory calibrations of the Turner Designs fluorometer and the HPLC are conducted as needed using known concentrations of purified photosynthetic pigment extracts (measured using a spectophotometer) purchased commercially or isolated from algal cultures.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
The HydroScat-6 data were processed using IDL software. A calibrated data file was created using software provided by HOBI Labs, Inc. Data less than the dark threshold was replaced by -9.9x1035. The data were despiked, in two passes, with a difference threshold. A moving average was calculated for these channels. The data were separated into upcast and downcast profiles and then binned to 0.5-m bins.
Completeness_Report:
Refer to the separate sections of Logical Consistency, Methodology, and Process Steps for descriptions of completeness of the data.
Lineage:
Methodology:
Methodology_Type: Shipboard Deployments and sample and data collection.
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: bio-optical data
Methodology_Keyword: depth profiles
Methodology_Keyword: spectral downwelling irradiance measurement
Methodology_Keyword: spectral upwelling radiance
Methodology_Keyword: temperature measurement
Methodology_Keyword: bottle sampling
Methodology_Keyword: CTD profiles
Methodology_Keyword: water sampling
Methodology_Keyword: Niskin bottles
Methodology_Description:
An instrument cage consisting of a Sea-Bird CTD, the HydroScat-6, an AC-9, and the SPMR was deployed off the stern of the boat. The Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) instrument measured in-situ temperature, salinity, and density. The Hydroscat-6, manufactured by Hydro-Optics, Biology, and Instrumentation Laboratories, Inc., is a spectral backscattering sensor. The AC9 intake had a programable valve attached to it so that it measured total absorption on the down cast and dissolved absorption on the upcast. The SPMR was used to calculate the spectral attenuation coefficients only. The SMSR was floated about 50 -100 m away from the port side of the boat and was used to record the above surface downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance at 75 cm below surface. The Sunphotometer was used on cloud free days to measure the Aerosol Optical thickness at 5 wavelengths (440, 500, 675, 870, 936 nm). The instrument was pointed at the sun from the bow of the boat. A SIMBAD was used on the two clear days as well. The SIMBAD instrument is an above-water radiometer designed and manufactured by the University of Lile, France. It measures both water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness in 5 spectral bands centered at 443, 490, 560, 670, and 865 nm, by viewing the ocean surface (ocean-viewing mode) and the sun (sun-viewing mode) sequentially. The same optics, with a field-of-view of about 3 degrees, the same interference filters, and the same detectors are used in both ocean-viewing and sun-viewing mode. A different electronic gain, high and low, is used for each mode, respectively. The optics is fitted with a vertical polarizer, to reduce reflected skylight when the instrument is operated in ocean-viewing mode. Attached to the instrument is a GPS for automatic acquisition of geographic location at the time of measurement. Also acquired automatically are, pressure, temperature, and viewing angles. Niskin bottles were used to collect samples from 3 to 5 depths depending on the total depth of the water column. The samples were used to measure fluorometric chlorophyll, HPLC, TSS, CDOM, and particulate absorbance. The secchi depth was measured for each station.
Methodology_Type:
Lab calibration of fluorometer and analysis of chlorophyll extracts.
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: chlorophyll
Methodology_Keyword: fluorescence
Methodology_Keyword: fluorometer
Methodology_Keyword: extraction
Methodology_Description:
The concentration of purified chlorophyll a, dissolved in 90% acetone (10% water), was measured using a spectrophotometer and used to calibrate the Turner Designs Model 10-AU fluorometer. Aboard ship, a measured volume of seawater was filtered onto a Whatman GF/F filter and stored in liquid nitrogen until lab analysis. In the lab the filter was ground and extracted in 10 ml of 90% acetone and left in a freezer (-20 C) overnight. After centrifugation, the chlorophyll concentration in the supernatant was measured using the fluorometer.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: T.R. Parsons
Originator: Y. Maita
Originator: C.M. Lalli
Publication_Date: 1984
Title:
A manual for Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: New York, New York, USA
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Methodology_Type: HPLC calibration and analysis of phytoplankton pigments.
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: photosynthetic pigments
Methodology_Keyword: high performance liquid chromatography
Methodology_Keyword: chlorophylls
Methodology_Keyword: carotenoids
Methodology_Keyword: chemotaxonomy
Methodology_Description:
The concentration of purified photosynthetic pigments were measured using a spectrophotometer. In a series of runs, known amounts (generally 1 to 100 ng) were injected into the HPLC to establish the retention time and define a calibration curve for each pigment. Aboard ship, a measured volume of seawater was filtered onto a Whatman GF/F filter which was stored in liquid nitrogen. In the lab the filter was ground and extracted with 1.5 ml of 90% acetone, placed in the freezer overnight to extract. After centrifugation, 0.5 ml of the supernatant was diluted with 0.25 ml water. 0.5 ml was injected into the HPLC to quantify the pigments present.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: S.W. Wright
Originator: S.W. Jeffrey
Originator: R.F.C. Mantoura
Originator: C.A. Llewellyn
Originator: T. Bjornland
Originator: D. Repeta
Originator: N. Welschmeyer
Publication_Date: 1991
Title:
Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Marine Ecology Progress Series
Issue_Identification: Volume 77: 183-196.
Methodology_Type: Measurement of total suspended solids
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: total suspended solids
Methodology_Keyword: suspended particulate matter
Methodology_Description:
A measured volume of seawater was filtered through a dried and pre-weighed Whatman GF/F filter. The filter was subsequently dried at 60C and re-weighed.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: T.R. Parsons
Originator: Y. Maita
Originator: C.M. Lalli
Publication_Date: 1984
Title:
A manual for Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: New York, New York, USA
Publisher: Pergamon Press
Methodology_Type: Absorption measurement of suspended particulate matter.
Methodology_Identifier:
Methodology_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Methodology_Keyword: suspended particulate matter
Methodology_Keyword: absorption spectrum
Methodology_Keyword: particulate absorption
Methodology_Description:
A measured volume of seawater was filtered through a Whatman GF/F filter. The absorbance spectrum between 250 and 850 nm was measured using a dual-beam spectrophotometer equipped with a scattered-transmittance accessory (end-on photomultiplier tube [PMT] with sample compartment and diffusing plate immediately in front of the PMT window in accordance with the SeaWiFS protocol. Beta correction for this specific instrument was determined using suspended versus filtered samples for cultured phytoplankton, and had a polynomial formulation. The filter was placed back on the filtration rig and soaked in methanol heated to 45C for 15 minutes to extract photosynthetic pigments. The methanol was pulled through the filter and the filter was rinsed with filtered seawater. The absorbance spectrum between 250 and 850 nm was measured again.
Methodology_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: D.A. Phinney
Originator: C.S. Yentsch
Publication_Date: 1991
Title:
On the contribution of particles to blue light attenuation in the sea.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Journal of Plankton Research
Issue_Identification: Volume 13, supplement: 143-152.
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.L. Mueller
Originator: R.W. Austin
Publication_Date: 1995
Title: Ocean optics protocols for SeaWiFS validation, Revision 1.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: SeaWiFS Technical Report Series
Issue_Identification: Volume 25, 66 pp.
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.R. Nelson
Originator: S. Guarda
Publication_Date: 1995
Title:
Particulate and dissolved spectral absorption on the continental shelf of the southeastern United States.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research
Issue_Identification: Volume 100 (C5): 8715-8732.
Citation_Information:
Originator: B.G. Mitchell
Publication_Date: 1990
Title:
Algorithms for determining the absorption coefficient of aquatic particulates using the quantitative filter technique (QFT).
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Ocean Optics
Issue_Identification: X
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Orlando, Florida, USA
Publisher: SPIE
Citation_Information:
Originator: J.S. Cleveland
Originator: A.D. Weidermann
Publication_Date: 1993
Title:
Quantifying absorption by aquatic particles: A multiple scattering correcting for glass fiber filters.
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Limnology and Oceanography
Issue_Identification: Volume 38(6): 1321-1327.
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Calibration of the Hydroscat6 in situ Backscattering Sensor.
Process_Date: 19970527
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: HOBI Labs
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 55 Penny Lane, Suite 104
City: Watsonville
State_or_Province: California
Postal_Code: 95076-6017
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (408) 768-0680
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Calibration of the SeaCat CTD.
Process_Date: 19951012
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 1808 136th Place NE
City: Bellevue
State_or_Province: Washington
Postal_Code: 98005
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (206) 643-9866
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Calibration of the AC-9 Spectral Absorption and Attenuation meter.
Process_Date: 19960821
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: WET Labs, Inc.
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 620 Applegate Street
City: Philomath
State_or_Province: Oregon
Postal_Code: 97370
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (541) 929-5650
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Calibration of the Microtops II Sun Photometer
Process_Date: 19980129
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: NASA/GSFC Code 970.2
Contact_Person: Tom Riley, SIMBIOS Project
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: Building 28, Room W108
City: Greenbelt
State_or_Province: Maryland
Postal_Code: 20771
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Calibration of Satlantic SPMR (SeaWiFS Profiling Multichannel Radiometer).
Process_Date: 19980310
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Satlantic, Inc.
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 3295 Barrington Street
City: Halifax
State_or_Province: Nova Scotia
Postal_Code: B3K 5X8
Country: Canada
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (902) 492-4780
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Calibration of SIMBAD
Process_Date: 19980301
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: NASA/GSFC Code 970.2
Contact_Person: Tom Riley, SIMBIOS Project
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: Building 28, Room W108
City: Greenbelt
State_or_Province: Maryland
Postal_Code: 20771
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone:

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Nantucket Shoals, Gulf of Maine, Maine, USA.

Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: NOAA Coastal Services Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 2234 Hobson Avenue
City: Charleston
State_or_Province: South Carolina
Postal_Code: 29405-2413
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (843) 740-1200
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (843) 740-1224
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: csc@csc.noaa.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8AM-5PM, M-F
Resource_Description: JUL98NAN Cruise Report
Distribution_Liability: None
Custom_Order_Process:
Contact the distributor for a paper copy of the technical report, or the data can be accessed on-line at <http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/cruises/jul98nan/.>

Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 19990312
Metadata_Review_Date: 19990312
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: NOAA, Coastal Services Center
Contact_Position: Metadata Specialist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 2234 Hobson Avenue
City: Charleston
State_or_Province: South Carolina
Postal_Code: 29405-2413
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (843) 740-1200
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (843) 740-1224
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: crs@csc.noaa.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8AM-5PM, M-F
Metadata_Standard_Name:
Content Standard for National Biological Information Infrastructure Metadata.
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Generated by mp version 2.3.6 on Tue Aug 10 16:50:52 1999