SEDIMENT TRAPS

1 of 89

TI: Origin and decomposition of sinking particulate organic matter in the deep water column inferred from the vertical distributions of its delta super(15)N, delta super(13)C and delta super(14)C

AU: Nakatsuka,-T.; Handa,-N.; Harada,-N.; Sugimoto,-T.; Imaizumi,-S.

AF: Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19 Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060, Japan

SO: Deep-Sea-Res.-1-Oceanogr.-Res.-Pap. 1997 vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 1957-1979

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sinking particles were analyzed for their nitrogen isotopic ratio ( delta super(15)N) of total particulate nitrogen (PN), stable carbon isotopic ratio ( delta super(13)C) and radioactive isotopic ratio ( delta super(14)C) of total particulate organic carbon (POC), at three different latitudinal (temperate, subpolar and equatorial) and geomorphological (trench, proximal abyssal plain and distal abyssal plain) sites in the western North Pacific Ocean using year-long time series sediment trap systems, to clarify the common vertical trends of the isotopic signals in deep water columns. Although the delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C values of sinking particulate organic matter (POM) were partly affected by the resuspension of sedimentary POM from the sea floor, especially in the trench, the changes in delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C values owing to the resuspension could be corrected by calculation of the isotopic mass balance from delta super(14)C of sinking POC. After this correction, common downward decreasing trends in delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C values were obtained in the deep water columns, irrespective of the latitudes and depths. These coincidental isotopic signals between delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C values provide new constraints for the decomposition process of sinking POM, such as the preferential degradation of super(15)N- and super(13)C-rich compounds and the successive re-formation of the sinking particles by higher trophic level organisms in the deep water column.

AN: 4329562

2 of 89

TI: Particle fluxes, benthic processes and the palaeoenvironmental record in the northern Weddell Sea

AU: Pudsey,-C.J.; King,-P.

AF: British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK

SO: Deep-Sea-Res.-1-Oceanogr.-Res.-Pap. 1997 vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1841-1876

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: At the northern edge of the Weddell Gyre, Antarctica, fine-grained sediments accumulate beneath eastward-flowing Weddell Sea Bottom Water. We report on sediment trap material and core tops from four sites, with relevant water-column data. In this cold, low-productivity oceanographic setting it is the processes in the benthic nepheloid layer (resuspension, transport, winnowing of fines) and in the upper few cm of sediment (bioturbation, dissolution of biogenic silica and carbonate, degradation of organic matter) that dominate the palaeoenvironmental record. Biogenic productivity is low and seasonal because of sea-ice cover; terrigenous sediment is supplied by resuspension of Weddell Sea slope and rise sediments and by ice-rafting. The benthic nepheloid layer is up to 150 m thick, with particulate matter concentrations of up to 0.51 mg/l. Sediment traps moored for 2 years 827 m above the seabed collected mainly biogenic opal with well-preserved and diverse diatoms and radiolarians. Traps 21 m above the seabed recorded additional high fluxes of terrigenous silt and clay. Core tops are terrigenous with very little organic matter or opal except at the northernmost site and a very restricted diatom assemblage. Core tops consist of silty clay or sandy silty clay, depending on current regime; the proportion of fine sand is related to the annual frequency of high (> 15 cm/sec) current speeds at each site. AMS super(14)C dates on organic carbon in sediment traps are 965 plus or minus 50 and 1895 plus or minus 55 radiocarbon years, reflecting the high reservoir age of Southern Ocean surface waters. Core top ages of particulate organic carbon are 10500 and 13000 calendar years B.P. These high ages are related to the glacial-age source of resuspended slope and rise sediments. Cores from this area contain a textural record of Weddell Sea Bottom Water flow, but only fragmentary data on palaeo-surface conditions.

AN: 4315438

3 of 89

TI: Problems of sedimentation in small dams in Zambia

AU: Sichingabula,-H.M.

AF: Department of Geography, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia

CO: 5. Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), Rabat (Morocco), 23 Apr-3 May 1997

SO: HUMAN-IMPACT-ON-EROSION-AND-SEDIMENTATION. Walling,-D.E.;Probst,-J.-L. Institute-of-Hydrology IAHS-Press no. 245 311 pp

ST: IAHS-Publication ISBN-0-901502-30-9 1997 no. 245

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: An inventory of small dams in Zambia and the results of a preliminary analysis of sediment loads for rivers and reservoirs are reported. A regression approach was used to determine relationships between drainage area and sediment load for 21 rivers based on available sediment concentration and discharge data. The resulting regression equation was applied to the drainage areas of 66 small dams located in Southern Province and rates of sediment input to the reservoirs were computed. By assuming 95% trap efficiency for sediment by the dams, the expected useful life of the reservoirs was also calculated. Calculated annual rates of sedimentation in small dams were found to range from 2 to 183 m super(3) year super(-1) with a mean of 24.6 m super(3) year super(-1). The estimates of reservoir useful life ranged from 200 tp 5100 years with a mean of 7314 years. Anthropogenic factors contributing to sediment generation and sedimentation m reservoirs, community participation in dam construction and rehabilitation efforts together with conservation measures embarked on in the country are discussed. Qualitatively, it is concluded that sedimentation in the dams of Southern Province is serious. This calls for detailed quantitative research to assess the problem and to find ways of minimizing adverse impacts of soil erosion on environment and society.

AN: 4269105

4 of 89

TI: Floodplain biogeomorphology

AU: Hughes,-F.M.R.

AF: Dep. Geogr., Univ. Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK

SO: PROG.-PHYS.-GEOGR. 1997 vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 501-529

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: Floodplains are unique ecosystems because of their linear form, the sometimes extreme dynamism of their geomorphology and because they process large fluxes of energy and materials from upstream areas. This article focuses on the importance of hydrological inputs to floodplains through 1) their influence on the arrangement of landforms and vegetation communities and 2) the connections between flooding regimes and the regeneration and turnover time of floodplain vegetation. Many researchers have demonstrated close links between the arrangement of vegetation communities and sedimentary landform types, elevation, soil characteristics, tolerance to flooding and availability of soil moisture. It is suggested that plants on floodplains are found along a combined gradient of available moisture and oxygen which can be viewed simultaneously as a flooding frequency gradient and a complex soil moisture gradient. Discussion of experimental work on floodplains demonstrates the importance of these gradients to a range of floodplain species in different environments. The relationships between these environmental gradients and the apparent high level of overlap between planform patterns of landforms and vegetation communities on floodplains are related to lag times in different parts of vegetation communities. Flood regimes greatly influence the availability of areas suitable for vegetation regeneration from year to year and the age structure of floodplain communities over decadal time frames. Biotic factors also influence biogeomorphological relationships on floodplains and range from sediment-trapping by vegetation to the impacts of beaver and grazing animals on floodplain hydrology and vegetation. Restoration of floodplains is high on the agenda in many countries and it is argued that, for sustainable results, restoration of hydrological pathways is essential. Planned flood releases below dams in several African countries have had varied success rates but the development of models for managing flows to achieve different restoration targets is the start of an integrated approach to restoring complex floodplain ecosystems.

AN: 4348667

5 of 89

TI: An approach to particulate matter transfer studies in littoral zones of lakes with changing morphometry

AU: Shteinman,-B.S.; Parparov,-A.S.

AF: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Res., Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Lab., P.O. Box 345, Tiberias, 14102 Israel

CO: IAWQ/IWSA Joint Specialist Group on Particle Separation, 4. Int. Conf. on the Role of Particle Characteristics in Separation Processes, Jerusalem (Israel), 28-30 Oct 1996

SO: THE-ROLE-OF-PARTICLE-CHARACTERISTICS-IN-SEPARATION-PROCESSES. Ives,-K.J.;Adin,-A.-eds. vol. 36, no. 4 323 pp.

ST: WATER-SCIENCE-and-TECHNOLOGY ISBN-0-08-043372-3 0000 vol. 36, no. 4

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: An experimental approach based on combined usAgE of the fluorescent tracers, sediment traps and measurements of the parameters of the water mass motion enabled us to reveal the main features of bottom sediment transport in the littoral zone of Lake Kinneret, depending on granulometry, wave activities, and bottom slope. Direct observations of resuspension events at different layers of the stratified water column indicate existence of water mass movements capable to cause resuspension of bottom sediments of different origin (sands and silts). Based on analysis of the heterogeneity of the vertical distribution of the resuspension, we proposed two mechanisms of resuspended particle transfer in a stratified water mass.

AN: 4344976

6 of 89

TI: Dry weight deposition in polluted Onondaga Lake, New York, U.S.A.

AU: Effler,-S.W.; Brooks,-C.M.

AF: Upstate Freshwater Inst., P.O. Box 506, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA

SO: WATER,-AIR,-SOIL-POLLUT. 1998 vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 389-404

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980-1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m super(-2) d super(-1). These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.

AN: 4339140

7 of 89

TI: Temporal and spatial variability in rates of eolian transport determined from automated sand traps: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, U.S.A.

AU: Bennett,-S.W.; Olyphant,-G.A.

AF: Dep. Geol., Western Illinois Univ., Macomb, IL 61455, USA

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1998 vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 283-290

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Automated Sand Traps (ASTs) were deployed in four subenvironments of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNL) and were monitored, along with near surface wind speed and direction, on a semi-continuous basis for two field seasons. An analysis of several individual wind storms indicated that sand transport rates at the field site are strongly affected by transient factors such as antecedent soil moisture, rainfall, snowcover, and ground freezing. Plots of measured (AST) sand-transport rates versus wind speed (at 1.5 m) consistently exhibited a histeresis loop wherein the same wind speeds were associated with different transport rates at the beginning and end of wind storms. The simultaneous measurements of sand transport by identical ASTs indicated that rates consistently differ by one-to two orders of magnitude in the primary subenvironments of the backshore-foredune area at IDNL. The data collected in this study testify to a large degree of variability in sand transport rates that is not adequately accounted for in conventional eolian transport models which assume that an equilibrium condition exists between wind flow and sand transport.

AN: 4337201

8 of 89

TI: Production and transport of long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates in a sea water column in the northwestern Pacific off central Japan

AU: Sawada,-K.; Handa,-N.; Nakatsuka,-T.

AF: Institute for Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1997 vol. 59, no. 3-4, pp. 219-234

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sinking particles collected from year-long time-series sediment traps at 1674, 4180, 5687 and 8688 m depths, the underlying bottom sediment at 9200 m depth, and suspended particles from surface and subsurface waters in the northwestern North Pacific off Japan were analyzed for long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates (A & A) which are derived mainly from Gephyrocapsacean algae, especially Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Alkenone temperature records in sediment trap samples at 1674 m were almost similar to observed sea surface temperatures (SST) with a time delay of one half to one full month. However, alkenone temperatures in trap samples were about slightly lower than measured SST in late spring to early fall. The lowering might be caused by formation of the seasonal thermocline. Nevertheless, these temperature drops observed in trap samples were smaller than those actually observed in a subsurface layer off central Japan. Vertical profiles of A & A concentrations and alkenone temperatures in suspended particles collected from the subsurface waters in early fall indicated that these compounds were produced mostly in a surface mixed layer above the depth of the chlorophyll maximum even in warm seasons. These results suggested that alkenone temperatures strongly reflected SST rather than the temperatures of thermocline waters in these study areas even in such a warm season. Pronounced maxima in A & A fluxes found in sediment trap samples at 1674 m in late spring to summer showed that A & A productions were highest during the periods of spring bloom, according to a time delay between alkenone temperatures and observed SST. Seasonal patterns of alkenone records in trap samples at 4180 and 5687 m could also preserve SST signals well, suggesting that A & A in deep sea waters were mainly derived from primary products in the surface layer. A & A fluxes tended to decrease with water depth, and the ratios of A & A to particulate organic carbon (POC) rapidly decreased in underlying bottom sediment. This clearly indicates that A & A were decomposed and diluted by other refractory organic materials in either the water column or the sediment-water interface. However, A & A compositions were consistently uniform between the trap samples and the underlying bottom sediments, so that A & A could not qualitatively alter during early diagenetic processes.

AN: 4264082

9 of 89

TI: Diatom flux and species composition in the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea in 1991-1992

AU: Kohly,-A.

AF: Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, Universitat Kiel D-24118 Kiel Germany

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1998 vol. 145, no. 3-4, pp. 293-312

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Vertical diatom fluxes were investigated in sediment trap material from June 1991 to July 1992 from the Greenland Sea at 72 degree N, 007 degree W and the Norwegian Sea at 70 degree N, 000 degree E in order to determine seasonal species compositions and alterations that affect settling assemblages. Different hydrographical conditions, including seasonal ice coverage, are reflected in seasonal variations of total diatom flux and species composition. The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of pelagic and sedimentary processes. The quantification of the annual diatom fluxes with respect to accumulation rates of underlying sediments is a suitable approach in reconstructing palaeoceanographic changes and their effects on the productivity of the oceans. The influx of laterally advected material and the alteration of sedimenting assemblages due to silica dissolution are also considered in this approach. A strong pulse-like sedimentation pattern was observed in the Greenland Sea. Highest values of up to 7.7 x 10 6 valves m -2 d -1 were recorded during the summer (second half of July 1991). Allochthonous diatoms, such as benthic and subtropical-boreal, as well as enriched autochthonous species found in the deep water trap indicate the sporadic occurrence of lateral advection and resuspension processes in the Greenland Sea. In the Norwegian Sea, low diatom flux was observed and three distinct sedimentation events could be differentiated at 500 m water depth. At this site, zooplankton grazing pressure during spring is known to have more influence on the phytoplankton stock than in the Greenland Sea, which causes a delay in diatom accumulation. This is evident from maximum values of 0.3 x 10 6 valves m -2 d -1 during November /December 1991. Significant enrichment of Arctic diatom species suggests a transport from the Greenland Sea into the Norwegian Sea via deep currents. The assemblages of diatom species that are preserved in underlying surface sediments reflect the local oceanographic conditions and are quite similar to the assemblages found in deep water traps from both regions. However, they do not necessarily reflect the composition of the main sedimentation event, but rather the typical post-bloom species composition with stronger silicified diatoms. Despite the absence of weakly silicified species due to silica dissolution, diatom assemblages were useful in reconstructing modern and ancient oceanographic conditions.

AN: 4264107

10 of 89

TI: Total longshore sediment transport rate in the surf zone: Field measurements and empirical predictions

AU: Wang,-Ping; Kraus,-N.C.; Davis,-R.A.,Jr.

AF: Coastal Stud. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1998 vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 269-282

LA: English

AB: The total rate of longshore sediment transport was measured by streamer traps at 29 locations along the southeast coast of the United States and the Gulf Coast of Florida. The rate was also measured concurrently by traps and by short-term impoundment at Indian Rocks Beach, west-central Florida. Data on beach profiles, breaking wave conditions, and sediment properties were taken together with the transport rate. The measured total rates of longshore sediment transport were compared to predictions obtained with published empirical formulas, most of which have been calibrated mainly by sediment tracer measurements made on the (high-wave energy) Pacific coast. Transport rates measured in this study by the streamer sediment traps and the short-term impoundment along low-wave energy coasts were considerably lower than the rates predicted by empirical formulas. The empirical predictions appear to be unrealistically high for the low-wave energy settings investigated in this study. The linear relationship between wave energy flux factor and the total rate of longshore sediment transport contained in the commonly used CERC predictive formula is supported by the streamer trap measurements. However, a lower value of the empirical coefficient, 0.08 instead of the 0.78 recommended by the Shore Protection Manual, was determined by the trap data for low-energy coasts. The total rates of longshore sediment transport predicted by the Kamphuis (1991) formula which includes the influences of wave period, beach slope, and sediment grain size were about 3 times lower than the CERC predictions and closer to the measured values.

AN: 4337200

11 of 89

TI: A validated model for daily variations in the flux, origin, and distribution of settling particles within lakes

AU: Weyhenmeyer,-G.A.; Haakanson,-L.; Meili,-M.

AF: Inst. Earth Sci.,Dep. Sedimentology, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvaegen 18 B, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1997 vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1517-1529

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: We performed intensive sediment trap studies at different water depths and locations in nine Swedish lakes to determine the flux, distribution, and origin of settling particulate matter in the pelagic zone. From these data, we developed a dynamic model that includes important mechanisms controlling fluxes of autochthonous, allochthonous, and resuspended particles in lakes during both stratification and turnover. The data suggest that during the period of turnover, sediment resuspension is a function of direct wind/wave activities. During these periods, resuspended particles are quite evenly distributed in the water column. During stratification, however, particles in deeper lakes are enriched in the hypolimnion. We suggest that these particles are resuspended due mainly to internal water motions. The model describes how much and at which water depths material is resuspended, and how this material is distributed in the water column. This includes the process of sediment focusing. The model allows determination of sediment accumulation at different water depths and of the boundary between erosion, transportation, and accumulation of sediment. Furthermore, the model shows the time dependence of the flux and distribution of settling particles in relation to changes in wind speed. The model is driven by wind, stratification, and lake morphometric data that can be determined with good accuracy. Some coefficients describing particle dynamics are also needed, e.g. particle settling velocity, vertical water mixing velocity, and sediment resuspension rate. The most uncertain coefficients were subjected to sensitivity analyses. The model can explain differences over time in the flux, origin, and distribution of settling particles in different lakes. Because it has earlier been recognized that the flux and distribution of settling particles can be of great importance for the dispersal, burial, biouptake, and ecological effects of nutrients and contaminants, the model may provide valuable information for lake management.

AN: 4337137

12 of 89

TI: RRS Discovery Cruise 229, 02 Jul-31 Jul 1997. BENGAL: High resolution temporal and spatial study of the BENthic biology and Geochemistry of a north-eastern Atlantic abyssal Locality

AU: Bett,-B.J.; et-al.

SO: Southampt.-Oceanogr.-Cent.-Cruise-Rep. Southampton-UK Southampton-Oceanography-Centre 1998 no. 15, 69 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: RRS Discovery Cruise 229 was the fourth in a series of cruises within a 3-year contract (MAS3CT950018), BENGAL, funded under the MAST III programme of the EU, running from February 1996 to January 1999. The overall objective of the contract is to monitor the influence of the seasonal sedimentation of phytodetritus on the benthic biology and chemistry of a study site on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Cruise 229 was timed to follow the expected deposition of phytodetritus on the seafloor in May/June. Although little phytodetritus was apparent, the cruise recovered a very comprehensive set of water column and seafloor samples. Successful operations included: Multiple corer, box corer and Kasten core seabed sampling; CTD, rosette multi-sampler, marine snow profiler, stand-alone-pumping system and bottom water sampler studies of the water column; WASP seabed photography; semi-balloon otter trawl, chalut a perche (beam trawl) and epibenthic sledge megabenthos sampling; recovery and redeployment of long-term sediment trap, Bathysnap and Module Autonome de Colonisation moorings; and short-term operations of other landers and moorings, NIOZ benthic lander, BIOFEED enrichment experiment rig, DEMAR benthic amphipod trap and a moored stand-along-pumping system.

AN: 4334256

13 of 89

TI: Nitrogen elimination in two deep eutrophic lakes

AU: Mengis,-M.; Gaechter,-R.; Wehrli,-B.; Barnasconi,-S.

AF: Swiss Federal Inst. for Environ. Sci. and Technol. (EAWAG), Limnological Res. Cent., CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1997 vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1530-1543

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Nitrogen elimination was investigated in two eutrophic Swiss lakes with different hypolimnetic oxygen conditions. Nitrogen burial was estimated from sediment-trap and sediment-core studies. Denitrification and NO sub(3) super(-)-ammonification rates were quantified with super(15)NO sub(3) super(-) and acetylene incubation experiments and whole-lake mass balances. The study confirmed earlier reports that the acetylene-block technique yields denitrification rates that are systematically too low. Denitrification rates obtained from isotope tracer experiments were compatible with nitrogen consumption rates observed in flux chamber experiments and whole-lake mass balances. The NO sub(3) super(-)-ammonification contributed <5% to the NO sub(3) super(-) consumption rate in Lake Baldegg. Coupled nitrification-denitrification seemed to be insignificant at the deepest station of Lake Baldegg. The comparison of in situ denitrification rates measured at the deepest site (4.3 mmol m super(-2) d super(-1)) with the denitrification rate obtained from whole-lake mass balances (6.1 mmol m super(-2) d super(-1)) indicates that enhanced denitrification may be present in shallower sediments with a better supply of O sub(2). Mass transfer coefficients for NO sub(3) super(-) were similar in both lakes (21.7 and 21.4 m yr super(-1)). The NO sub(3) super(-) concentration seems to be a key parameter in determining denitrification rates.

AN: 4331990

14 of 89

TI: Vertical particle flux on the shelf off northern Spitsbergen, Norway

AU: Andreassen,-I.; Noethig,-E.-M.; Wassmann,-P.

AF: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsoe, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway

SO: Mar.-Ecol.-Prog.-Ser. 1996 vol. 137, no. 1-3, pp. 215-228

NT: Incl. bibliogr.: 54 refs.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Suspended and sedimented particulate matter was examined along transects on the continental shelf off northern Spitsbergen, Norway, during summer 1991. The transects were situated in non-ice-covered areas dominated by Atlantic water, areas with multi-year ice and the marginal ice zone. The variability of the sedimented matter with regard to composition, quantity and quality between the 7 investigated stations was considerable. The open Atlantic water showed the highest suspended biomass [100 to 280 mg particulate organic carbon (POC)/m super(3)] and the vertical flux was moderate (24 to 30 mg POC/m super(2)/d) and dominated by faecal matter. While the suspended biomass in areas covered by multi-year ice was low (<65 mg POC/m super(3)), the vertical flux was relatively high (18 to 76 mg POC/m super(2)/d) and dominated by terrestrial organic and faecal matter. The contribution of phytoplankton cells to the vertical flux of POC was small in areas covered by multi-year ice, on average about 1%. The contribution of phytoplankton cells to the vertical flux in the marginal ice zone was higher (5.6% of POC), consisting mainly of Chaetoceros socialis and Fragilariopsis, but a considerable amount of faecal matter also settled. At all stations zooplankton strongly influenced the vertical flux, not only by faecal pellet production but probably also by direct mediation of fluxes (e.g. coprophagy).

AN: 4213490

15 of 89

TI: Sediment trap experiment in the Okinawa Trough: behavior of lithogenic materials in the Okinawa Trough and its biogeochemical characteristics

OT: Okinawa torafu kaiiki ni okeru sejimento torappu jikken: riku kigen busshitsu no kyodo to Okinawa torafu kaiiki no seibutsu chikyu kagaku teki tokucho

AU: Honda,-Makio; Kusakabe,-Masashi; Nakabayashi,-Shigeto; Tanaka,-Takeo

CA: Japan Marine Science and Technology Cent., Yokosuka (Japan)

SO: Rep.-Japan-Mar.-Sci.-Technol.-Cent.-Kaiyo-Kagaku-Gijutsu-Senta-Shiken-Kenkyu-Hokoku 1997 no. 36, pp. 9-52

LA: Japanese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiment was carried out from 1993 to 1996 in the Okinawa Trough which is adjacent to the Asia continent and the East China Sea. Results show that major component of settling particles were lithogenic materials derived from the continent and the continental shelf, and most of the materials were rapidly transported vertically to the sea floor without significant lateral transport. Sea floor sedimentation rate was approximately 8 times higher than the total mass flux. This suggests that lithogenic materials are transported laterally along the sea floor into the Okinawa Trough, and that particles transported vertically do not play a significant role in the bulk of lithogenic sedimentation in the Okinawa Trough. In addition, carbon flux and the ratio of organic carbon to inorganic carbon (Co/Ci) in the Okinawa Trough was smaller than other areas such as the Northwestern North Pacific. This implies that biological activity in the Okinawa Trough does not work efficiently for the uptake of atmospheric CO sub(2).

AN: 4305580

16 of 89

TI: Seasonal dynamics of a mesohaline, soft-bottom, benthic community: Secondary production, sedimentation, predation and nutrition

AU: Marsh,-A.G.

CA: Maryland Univ., College Park (USA)

SO: DISS.-ABST.-INT.-PT.-B-SCI.-and-ENG 1989 vol. 50, no. 4, 176 pp

NT: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA8912325.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: A mesohaline, macroinvertebrate community was dominated by the bivalve Macoma balthica, the polychaetes Nereis succinea and Streblospio benedicti, and the amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. The seasonal timing of bursts in secondary production were consistent between years and sites providing a relatively predictable food resource for demersal-feeding, juvenile fish. Consumption estimates of epibenthic predators ranged from only 20 to 60% of benthic invertebrate production. Population dynamics of the opportunistic deposit feeders S. benedicti and L. plumulosus are related to successionary mechanisms described by the Resource-Ratio Hypothesis. A consistent pattern from year to year of gradual declines in nutrients availability is probably the seasonal pattern that determines the "boom and bust" population dynamics of opportunists. Different factors limit population growth at different times of the year. Growth was restricted in winter months by low water temperatures despite high food availabilities. In early spring, macrobenthic nitrogen requirements outstripped environmental availabilities. In late spring energy requirements outstripped sedimenting supplies. Sedimenting detritus supported high growth rates of juvenile Capitelli capitata in the spring but low growth rates in the summer, in correlation to the availability of essential fatty and amino acids. Population dynamics of these opportunistic deposit feeders were limited by food-supply during the summer, especially by micronutrients. The effects of amino and fatty acid levels on growth rates of juvenile C. capitata were determined for six different foods. Analyses of the food types indicated that growth rates were highly correlated to the levels of the amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid 20:5w3. Of these, histidine and phenylalanine levels were the most significant. Regressions of growth rates for all food types as a function of the level of these two amino acids suggest a maintenance ration between 0 to 300 pg per mg Nitrogen of biomass. Comparisons between spring and summer sediment-trap materials reveal the importance of micronutrients for the growth and survival of juvenile deposit feeders in the field (DBO).

AN: 4303205

17 of 89

TI: Net and gross sedimentation in relation to the phosphorus budget of Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin

AU: James,-W.F.; Barko,-J.W.

AF: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Stn., Eau Galle Aquatic Ecol. Lab., Spring Valley, WI 54767, USA

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA 1997 vol. 345, no. pt. 1, pp. 15-20

NT: Special issue: Sediment-Water Interaction 7.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: We compared P retention with direct measures of P sedimentation, estimated from sediment cores (annual P sedimentation) and sediment traps (daily P sedimentation), to quantify P sedimentation in Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin. Mean annual P retention was similar to mean annual P sedimentation, as estimated from sediment core rates integrated over the entire lake basin, indicating that annual P mass balance approximated annual net P sedimentation in this reservoir. However, sediment trap P rates, measured over the summer stratified period, overestimated P retention rates determined over the same period, suggesting substantial deposition of internally-derived P. Inclusion of measured internal P loadings from a variety of sources in Eau Galle Reservoir in a P mass balance only accounted for an additional 24% of the summer sediment trap P rate, indicating substantial uncertainty in the overall P budget. Imbalances in the P budget may also suggest deposition of sediment from other as yet unquantified internal sources. Potential internal sources of P include sediment resuspension and chemical release and direct uptake of P from the sediment by phytoplankton.

AN: 4292773

18 of 89

TI: Particle flux in the Ross Sea polynya: November and December 1994

AU: Asper,-V.L.; Diercks,-A.-R.; Tuel,-M.D.

AF: University of Southern Mississippi, Center for Marine Science, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA

SO: Antarct.-J.-U.S. 1995 vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 204-205

LA: English

AB: As part of a multidisciplinary program to investigate the dynamics of a large phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, we sampled the export of material from the upper water column. The particles exported derive from both the direct settling of algal cells and from the products of grazing, including fecal pellets. To intercept the settling particles, we deployed an array of sediment traps attached to a surface drifting array which was tracked using a surface buoy constructed of Kevlar registered and fiberglass. Inside this buoy were dual Argos registered transmitters which were tracked by satellite and the positions relayed to the ship (R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer) with a minimum 2-hour delay. Below this buoy were a bungee cord to absorb wave energy, 10 thermographs to record temperature and depth pairs during the deployment, five sediment traps, an electromagnetic current meter to monitor the flow of water relative to the array, and a special sediment trap, the marine aggregate flux investigation apparatus (MAFIA), that also incorporates cameras (Asper in preparation). At each of the five sediment trap depths (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 meters), 12 of the vertex multitrap (Knauer, Martin, and Bruland 1979) design particle interceptor traps (PITs) were deployed on a single supporting structure.

AN: 4261101

9806

19 of 89

TI: Use of reservoir deposits and caesium-137 measurements to investigate the erosional response of a small drainage basin in the rolling loess plateau region of China

AU: Zhang,-X.; Walling,-D.E.; Quine,-T.A.; Wen,-A.

AF: Dep. Geogr., Univ. Exeter, Exter EX4 4RJ, UK

SO: LAND-DEGRAD.-DEV. 1997 vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-16

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This paper reports the results of an investigation of the erosional response of the 3 super(.)86 km super(2) Zhaojia Gully catchment in the rolling loess plateau region of Zichan County, Shaanxi Province, China. In the absence of direct measurements, information derived from reservoir deposits and from caesium-137 measurements on both the catchment soils and reservoir deposits was used to obtain a retrospective assessment of the longer-term (ca. 30 year) erosional response of the catchment and of the relative contributions of the rolling plateau surface and the gully areas to the sediment output from the basin. Net erosion rates on cultivated land occupying the gentle crest slopes and steeper lower slopes of the rolling plateau and the steep gully slopes were estimated to be 4500 t km super(-2) year super(-1), 8584 t km super(-2) year super(-1) and 15 851 t km super(-2) year super(-1), respectively. Estimates of annual sediment yield from the study catchment based on analysis of sediment deposits in the two sediment-trap reservoirs ranged between 4627 and 32 472 t km super(-2) year super(-1). Almost all the sediment transported from the catchment was contributed by 2-4 large floods each year. Measurements of the caesium-137 content of recent sediment deposits in a sediment-trap reservoir allowed the relative contributions of the total sediment yield derived from the rolling plateau and gully areas of the catchment to be estimated at 23 and 77 per cent, respectively. Analysis of the sediment deposits dating from 1973-1977 in another sediment trap reservoir allowed individual flood event couplets to be identified and indicated that the sediment associated with the first one or two floods in a season, when the soils of the plateau area were relatively dry, was derived primarily from the gully areas. The cultivated soils of the rolling plateau contributed an increased proportion of the total sediment yield during the latter stages of the flood season when the soils were wetter, and surface runoff and erosion were more widespread. Based on analysis of the caesium-137 content of the sediment deposited in this sediment-trap reservoir, the relative contributions of sediment from the rolling plateau and gully areas over the period 1973-1977 were estimated to be 21 and 79 per cent, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate the potential for using caesium-137 measurements and analysis of reservoir deposits to document the erosional response of a drainage basin.

AN: 4259817

20 of 89

TI: Uptake and regeneration of inorganic nitrogen in coastal waters influenced by the Mississippi River: spatial and seasonal variations

AU: Bode,-A.; Dortch,-Q.

AF: Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, 8124 Highway 56, Chauvin, LA 70344, USA

SO: J.-Plankton-Res. 1996 vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2251-2268

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers introduce large amounts of nutrients to surface waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This paper reports the most complete data to date on inorganic nitrogen uptake and regeneration in a broad range of coastal environments influenced by the river water, along with information on nutrient concentrations and including pico-, nano-, and microplankton species composition. Nitrate in surface waters is greatly reduced near the river plume at salinities between 5 and 25 PSU, where the largest variance in uptake rates was observed, and was coincident with peaks in surface chlorophyll. Despite the depletion of nitrate, nitrogen limitation was a rare event during the study, because of relatively high ammonium concentrations (>1 [mu]mol NS4 super(+) 1 super(-1)) and regeneration rates. Two contrasting situations characterize the seasonal nitrogen dynamics in surface shelf waters. High nitrate input during the spring caused a large bloom in which the cells were well adapted to use nitrate. The dominant phytoplankton species were chain forming diatoms, also reported in sediment-trap studies in the area. Ammonium regeneration only accounted for a small fraction of the nitrogen requirements during the bloom. In contrast, the low flow of river water during summer resulted in low nitrate concentrations in surface water. In this case phytoplankton productivity was highly reduced and may depend greatly on 'in situ' ammonium regeneration.

AN: 4251537

21 of 89

TI: Settling, dissolution and burial of biogenic silica in the sediments off Somalia (northwestern Indian Ocean)

AU: Koning,-E.; Brummer,-G.-J.; Van-Raaphorst,-W.; Van-Bennekom,-J.; Helder,-W.; Van-Iperen,-J.

AF: Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1997 vol. 44, no. 6-7, pp. 1341-1360

NT: Special issue: Netherlands Indian Ocean Program 1992-1993: First results.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particle fluxes of biogenic silica through the water column, silica burial fluxes into the sediments, and the flux of dissolved silica across the sediment-water interface estimated from pore water profiles are used to assess the behaviour of biogenic silica at two stations 80 and 270 km offshore along a transect off the Somali coast in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Particulate biogenic silica fluxes varied from 0.3 mmol m super(-2) day super(-1) in the non-upwelling season to 6 mmol m super(-2) day super(-1) during upwelling on the Somali slope. Fluxes were lower in the Somali Basin, from 0.2 to 2.3 mmol m super(-2) day super(-1). Evaluation of the dissolution curves derived by wet chemical leaching in sediment trap and sediment samples shows that the K sub(m) values, the apparent reactivity rates in alkaline medium, are higher for the shallow sediment traps than for deep trap and boxcore sediments. Modelling of pore water profiles shows that in the sediment most dissolution occurs in the top half-centimetre, and pore water effluxes are in close agreement with those from in situ benthic incubations. Our results show that less than 10% of the biogenic silica arriving on the Somali Margin is buried in the sediments, giving a burial efficiency lower than the approximately 20% reported from the open Arabian Sea.

AN: 4292431

22 of 89

TI: A case study of seasonal variation in the chemical composition of accumulating suspended sediments in the central Gulf of Finland

AU: Leivuori,-M.; Vallius,-H.

AF: Finnish Institute of Marine Research, POB 33, FIN-00931 Helsinki, Finland

SO: Chemosphere 1998 vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 503-521

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A study was made of suspended sediments from a basin in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, in the central Gulf of Finland. In this investigation, moored sediment traps were used to collect suspended particulate material during the half-year period from April to October 1996. An equivalent to the primary net sedimentation was estimated through studies of the variations in the content of dry matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, titanium, vanadium, iron, manganese, aluminium and zinc in accumulated particulate matter through the period. Two algal blooms, the spring bloom and the summer bloom, were included in the period. The accumulation rate of total particulate matter (TPM) increased during the blooms by a factor of 2.5 - 3.0. In autumn there was clearly an additional period of increase in the TPM accumulation, not connected with an actual algal bloom. Metal accumulation was lowest during the spring bloom but started rising immediately after that, being highest in the autumn. Calculations show that the metal concentrations accumulated in the trap moored 20 m above the sea bottom correspond to 20-37% of the concentrations that are deposited in the bottom sediments. According to the TPM accumulation, resuspension seems to correspond to at least 10 - 35% of the matter in the trap moored 11 m above the sea floor.

AN: 4269000

23 of 89

TI: Siliceous microplankton fluxes in the eastern subarctic Pacific, 1982-1986

AU: Takahashi,-Kozo

AF: Dep. Earth and Planetary Sci., Fac Sci., Kyushu Univ., Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-81, Japan

SO: J.-Oceanogr. 1997 vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 455-466

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Siliceous microplankton such as radiolarians, silicoflagellates, and diatoms were examined for their fluxes in order to interpret temporal production changes in the upper ocean. The eastern subarctic Pacific was chosen as the study region for its high biological productivity as well as a large amplitude of seasonality. Automated time-series sediment traps were deployed at two different locations in the Gulf of Alaska during 1982-1986 and 1985-1986. Temporal fluxes of siliceous microplankton showed large seasonal and interannual productivity changes during the course of the four-year long and one-year long field experiments. Most significantly, a severe suppression in production of biota occurred during late 1983 and most of 1984, reflecting a drastic reduction in the mixing of upper water layers, and causing less nutrient supply. Temporal fluxes of Neodenticula seminae, a dominant pennate diatom contributing greater than 70% of diatom flux assemblages in valve number, paralleled with that of total mass, indicating that this taxon is a productivity indicator. Radiolarian diversity indices and nassellarian fluxes are anti-correlated. Their temporal changes also match with all other relevant productivity parameters examined. Temporal flux pattern of Ceratospyris borealis, a nassellarian radiolarian, resembles quite well with that of N. seminae, suggesting that this species is also a promising paleoproductivity indicator.

AN: 4281360

24 of 89

TI: A sediment trap experiment in the Vema Channel to evaluate the effect of horizontal particle fluxes on measured vertical fluxes

AU: Gardner,-W.D.; Biscaye,-P.E.; Richardson,-M.J.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843-3146, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1997 vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 995-1028

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps are used to measure fluxes and collect samples for studies in biology, chemistry and geology, yet we have much to learn about factors that influence particle collection rates. Toward this end, we deployed cylindrical sediment traps on five current meter moorings across the Vema Channel to field-test the effect of different horizontal particle fluxes on the collection rate of the traps - instruments intended for the collection of vertically settling particles. The asymmetric flow of Antarctic Bottom Water through the Vema Channel created an excellent natural flume environment in which there were vertical and lateral gradients in the distribution of both horizontal velocity and particle concentration and, therefore, the resulting horizontal flux. Horizontal effects were examined by comparing quantities of collected material (apparent vertical fluxes) with the horizontal fluxes of particles past each trap. We also looked for evidence of hydrodynamic biases by comparing and contrasting the composition of trap material based on particle size and the concentration of Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Mn, C sub(org) and CaCO sub(3). Experimental inverted traps and traps with only side openings were deployed to test a hypothesis of how particles are collected in traps. The vertical flux of surface-water particles should have been relatively uniform over the 45 km region of the mooring locations, so if horizontal transport contributed significantly to collection rates in traps, the calculated trap fluxes should be correlated positively with the horizontal flux. If the horizontal flow caused undertrapping, there should be a negative correlation with velocity or Reynolds number. The gross horizontal flux past different traps varied by a factor of 37, yet the quantity collected by the traps differed by only a factor of 1.4. The calculated horizontal fluxes were 2-4 orders of magnitude larger than the measured apparent vertical fluxes. Mean velocities past the traps ranged from 1-22 cm s super(-1) (Reynolds numbers of 3,500-43,000 for these traps with a diameter of 30.5 cm and an aspect ratio of similar to 3) and showed no statistically significant relationship to the apparent vertical flux. We conclude that at current speeds measured in a very large portion of the world's oceans, vertical fluxes measured with moored, cylindrical traps should exhibit little effect from horizontal currents.

AN: 4279671

25 of 89

TI: Temporal changes in the biochemical composition and nutritional value of the particulate organic matter available to surface deposit-feeders: A two year study

AU: Gremare,-A.; Amouroux,-J.M.; Charles,-F.; Dinet,-A.; Riaux-Gobin,-C.; Baudart,-J.; Medernach,-L.; Bodiou,-J.Y.; Vetion,-G.; Colomines,-J.C.; Albert,-P.

AF: Laboratoire Arago, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, URA CNRS no. 2071, BP no. 44, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France

SO: Mar.-Ecol.-Prog.-Ser. 1997 vol. 150, no. 1-3, pp. 195-206

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Gross sedimentation rates (GSR) were monitored together with the main characteristics of the collected material (i.e. organic content, C, N, total proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, available proteins and amino acids) over a 2 yr cycle at a shallow station (18 m) of the bay of Banyuls, France. In addition, sediment pigment concentrations and meiofaunal densities were recorded monthly during a 1 yr period. GSR ranged between 0.6 and 317.8 g DW/m super(2) /d. Spring and summer were characterized by relatively low and constant GSR whereas fall and winter were characterized by relatively high and highly variable GSR. There was a negative relationship between GSR and the organic content of material collected within the sediment traps, suggesting the importance of resuspension in controlling GSR. Growth rates of the deposit-feeding bivalve Abra ovata fed sediment trap material collected on 6 sampling dates were also measured. Significant changes in important nutrient components (e.g. available proteins) of sedimenting materials from these different sampling dates correlated with growth differences and confirmed the existence of temporal changes in the quality of the material collected in the sediment traps. The highest growth rate was obtained for the material collected during May 1993, which coincided with maximal meiofauna densities and maximal pigment concentrations at the surface of the sediment. The best description of growth was obtained when using available proteins and total lipids as the independent variables of simple linear regression models. This supports the use of these parameters as descriptors of food quality. The consequences of our results on the parameterization of changes in food quality within models of continental shelf food webs are discussed. It is suggested that such changes should be simulated through control functions based on available protein contents.

AN: 4257944

26 of 89

TI: [Effects of sediment traps in river mouths - a contribution to conservation of the Darss-Zingst-Bodden-Waters]

OT: Zur Wirkung von Sedimentationsfallen in Flussmuendungsgebieten -- ein Beitrag zu Schutz der Darss-Zingster Boddengewaesser

AU: Hantke,-H.; Schlungbaum,-G.; Berth,-U.

AF: Universitaet Rostock, FB Biologie, Angewandte Oekologie, D-18051 Rostock, FRG

SO: Rostock.-Meeresbiol.-Beitr. 1996 no. 4, pp. 33-45

LA: German

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Man made structures of forced sedimentation (sediment traps) situated in river mouths are substantial components of a concept to clear the estuary waters ("Bodden") south of the peninsula Darss-Zingst. One of these, the Barthe river sediment trap was dredged in 1988 with an original total volume of 13.400 cubic metres. Within the 8 years to 1996 the trap retained 11.000 cubic metres of sediment from the Barthe river runoff. Modern shallow water sediment echography allows to demonstrate the dynamics of the sedimentation process. The method thus contributes significantly to a better understanding of how sediment traps act.

AN: 4257570

27 of 89

TI: Trajectories of sinking particles in the Sargasso Sea: Modeling of statistical funnels above deep-ocean sediment traps

AU: Siegel,-D.A.; Deuser,-W.G.

AF: Inst. for Computational Earth System Sci. and Dep. Geogr., Univ. California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1997 vol. 44, no. 9-10, pp. 1519-1541

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Characteristics of statistical funnels above moored deep-ocean sediment traps at the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) site in the Sargasso Sea were determined by Lagrangian analysis of particles sinking through a realistic horizontal velocity field. Stochastic simulations support previous assertions that the trajectories of sinking particles are, for the most part, far from vertical, and that traps sample particles from rather large "catchment" areas when evaluated over long time scales (much greater than 1 year). The dimensions and geographic centers of these catchment areas are determined by the characteristics of the ocean flow field, particle sinking speeds and depth of the traps. The predicted extent and center of the 3200 m OFP trap is nearly identical to that inferred from a previous analysis of OFP trap fluxes and Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) imagery. Traps moored at different depths may collect particles originating in widely separated areas at the sea surface. This is an important issue when the catchment area is assessed over short time scales (less than 60 days), which typify the collection times of most moored sediment traps. Given the typically patchy distribution of particles and particle producers, this can result in short-period flux measurements that show little or no coherence between collections made at the same location for adjacent times or those made simultaneously but at different depths. The effects of eddy dispersion will be greater for most other oceanic regions, as the Sargasso Sea is characterized by relatively low levels of both eddy and mean kinetic energy. The results of this study demonstrate that an understanding of the temporal and spatial characteristics of the flow field above deep-ocean sediment traps is just as important to the interpretation of flux measurements as is the analysis of the material collected by the traps.

AN: 4254026

28 of 89

TI: Sediment budget analysis for river reservoirs

AU: Kern,-U.; Westrich,-B.

AF: Inst. Hydraulic Eng., Univ. Stuttgart, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany

CO: 7. Int. Symp.: The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, Baveno (Italy), 22-25 Sep 1996

SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution 1997 vol. 99, no. 1-4, pp. 105-112

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The sediment budget of a reservoir on the Neckar River, Germany, was investigated by means of experimental and numerical methods. Field measurements of channel bathymetry show that sedimentation and erosion occur primarily in the lower backwater-influenced section of the reservoir, which stores approximately 350,000 m super(3) of fine-grained deposits. Sediment load balances for two major storm events in Dec. 1993 and Apr. 1994 showed net erosion of 32,000 plus or minus 10,000 tonnes and 24,000 plus or minus 5,000 tonnes of sediment, respectively. A balanced sediment budget was found for a minor flood in Jan. 1995. In agreement with the field data, numerical simulation of sediment transport over a period of 45 years demonstrates that the river reservoir served initially as a sediment trap from 1950 to 1978, and since then as a temporary storage basin for sediment.

AN: 4238105

29 of 89

TI: Sedimentation in a large lake: The importance of fluctuations in water level

AU: Gibson,-C.E.; Guillot,-J.

AF: Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Agricultural and Environmental Science Division, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK

SO: Freshwat.-Biol. 1997 vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 597-604

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A sediment trap study was conducted in the central basin of Lower Lough Erne, Northern Ireland. The material caught was low in organic matter, ash weight was 77% of dry weight on average. Mass deposition of material was shown to be correlated with lake water level. When lake water level fell or rose above the middle range, the amount of material caught by the trap increased markedly. The effect was exaggerated by an unusually dry summer in 1995 which caused abnormally low water levels in the lake. Comparison of Erne data with Windermere shows similar deposition rate of many substances, but the deposition rate of iron is thirteen times higher in Erne than in Windermere, and iron made up 39% of the ash weight in the Erne trap data. Only 17% of the silica removed from the water column during diatom growth was recovered in the trap over the same time period. Trap data are compared with historical data for sediment deposition and the implications of sediment focusing are discussed.

AN: 4236096

30 of 89

TI: Seiche-induced resuspension in Lake Kinneret: A fluorescent tracer experiment

AU: Shteinman,-B.; Eckert,-W.; Kaganowsky,-S.; Zohary,-T.

AF: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Res., Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Lab., P.O. Box 345, Tiberias 14102, Israel

CO: 7. Int. Symp.: The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, Baveno (Italy), 22-25 Sep 1996

SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution 1997 vol. 99, no. 1-4, pp. 123-131

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In warm-monomictic Lake Kinneret, wind-induced internal waves with amplitudes of up to 10 meters are common during April - October. This study was aimed to follow the horizontal and vertical transport of resuspended particles due to internal wave activity using fluorescently-dyed sediment particles (lake sediments and lyophilized algal cells) as tracers. Color-coded (5 colors) tracers were deployed along a transect perpendicular to the shore, and their dispersion was followed by recovery of labeled particles in sediment traps and in bottom sediment samples using epifluorescence microscopy. Wind-induced internal seiches as the driving force for resuspension were followed using a thermistor chain and a current velocity profiler. Examination of sediment trap and bottom sediment samples indicated particle transport from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion that could be linked to the seiche activity. Horizontal transport of particles was most distinct for littoral sediments whereby particles placed at 5 m depth were exposed to a strong long shore transport.

AN: 4238103

31 of 89

TI: Probing particle processes in Lake Michigan using sediment traps

AU: Eadie,-B.J.

AF: NOAA-Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab. Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

CO: 7. Int. Symp.: The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, Baveno (Italy), 22-25 Sep 1996

SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution 1997 vol. 99, no. 1-4, pp. 133-139

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment trap sampling at an offshore site in southern Lake Michigan has continued for an 18 year period with a sampling frequency ranging from weekly to semi-annually. During the 6 month unstratified period sediment trap mass and tracer profiles are nearly constant and they have been used to describe the extent of sediment resuspension. After stratification, mass flux rapidly declines and particle tracers are removed from the epilimnion at the rate of 0.5-1 m.d super(-1). Exponential profiles of mass flux clearly show the persistence of a benthic nepheloid layer. High frequency sampling with near-bottom sequencing traps show order of magnitude ranges in mass flux over a few day period.

AN: 4238102

32 of 89

TI: RRS Discovery Cruise 226, 12 Mar - 10 Apr 1997. BENGAL: High resolution temporal and spatial study of the BENthic biology and Geochemistry of a north-eastern Atlantic abyssal Locality

AU: Rice,-A.L.et-al.

SO: Southampt.-Oceanogr.-Cent.-Cruise-Rep. Southampton-UK Southampton-Oceanography-Centre 1997 no. 13, 76 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Discovery Cruise 226 (Leg 2) was the second of a series of cruises within a 3-year contract (MAS3 CT950018), BENGAL, funded under the MAST III programme of the EU and running from February 1996 to January 1999. The overall objective of the contract is to monitor the influence of the seasonal sedimentation of phytodetritus on the benthic biology and chemistry of a study site on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. Cruise 226 was timed to precede the current year's input of phytodetritus expected in May/June. The intention was to obtain a series of samples and data as long as possible after the previous year's input and to service deployed moorings. The cruise experienced excellent weather and, with the exception of some gear failures and losses, the most serious being the loss of an imprint lander system, was very successful, achieving almost all of the intended sampling.

AN: 4236130

33 of 89

TI: Thermohaline front at the mouth of Ise Bay

AU: Yanagi,-Tetsuo; Guo,-Xinyu; Saino,-Toshiro; Ishimaru,-Takashi; Noriki,-Shinichiro

AF: Dep. Civil and Ocean Eng., Ehime Univ., Matsuyama 790, Japan

SO: J.-Oceanogr. 1997 vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 403-409

NT: Short Contribution.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The detailed structure of the thermohaline front at the mouth of Ise Bay during winter has been investigated by intensive field observation. The transport of suspended matter from Ise Bay to the Pacific Ocean through the thermohaline front has also been investigated using the data from a time-series sediment trap, a current meter and a nephelometer moored at the bay mouth station, The mixed coastal and offshore water at the surface of the thermohaline front sinks to a depth of about 200 m in the offshore area.

AN: 4235966

34 of 89

TI: Development and trial of a new unsophisticated automatic water sampling buoy system

AU: Zang,-Qiyun; Li,-Zelin; Zhou,-Xilin

AF: 1st Inst. Oceanogr., SOA, Qingdao 266003, People's Rep. China

SO: J.-Oceanogr.-Huanghai-Bohai-Seas-Huangbohai-Haiyang 1996 vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 62-68

LA: Chinese

AB: In this paper, firstly, a brief introduction is made of the purpose and significance for developing an automatic water sampling bouy, its structure, working principle and main function; secondly, by way of discussions on several trial conditions, the results indicated that this kind of buoy is a new simple, easy and ideal instrument to study transport of suspended sediment in storm wave, because it is simple in structure, and convenient to operate and gives reliable data; and finally, the ways of improving and perfecting the buoy are put forward according to practical circumstances.

AN: 4235039

35 of 89

TI: Trophic status and lake sedimentation fluxes

AU: Tartari,-G.; Biasci,-G.

AF: CNR Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Localita Occhiate, I-20047 Brugherio, Milan, Italy

CO: 7. Int. Symp.: The Interactions Between Sediments and Water, Baveno (Italy), 22-25 Sep 1996

SO: Water,-Air,-and-Soil-Pollution 1997 vol. 99, no. 1-4, pp. 523-531

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In limnological studies the measure of sedimentation fluxes of seston is neglected, in spite of the importance it can have in determining water quality, studying biogeochemical cycles, evaluating the distribution of chemical species, etc. Often sedimentation is obtained only from mass balance models, not taking into account the fact that the uncertainty of determining inputs and outputs makes this evaluation from their difference rather unreliable; other factors of the balance, such as exchanges with the atmosphere, between water and sediments, are equally difficult to define. Though the direct measurement of sedimentation also presents some methodological and logistic difficulties, such as resuspension of material from the bottom, grazing, etc., this does not justify the very scarce attention paid to this kind of determination. This paper reports the sedimentation fluxes of 39 lakes, in different parts of the world, having different limnological and trophic characteristics (0.4 < TP < 369 mu g L super(-1); 0.5 < chlorophyll a <50 mg m super(-3)). The fluxes of PM, C, N and P show a log-log relationship (r approximately 0.6, p less than or equal to 0.05) with the common trophic variables (Secchi disk, total phosphorus, chlorophyll and primary production), independently of the morphometric characteristic of lakes. Hence sedimentation seems not to be an intrinsic property of the environment but is related to the trophic state of the system. The results achieved tend to confirm that the nature of sedimenting seston is generally autochthonous, even though the poor correlation between PM and the same trophic variables suggests that PM is more influenced by allochthonous material.

AN: 4229774

36 of 89

TI: Marine snow derived from abandoned larvacean houses: Sinking rates, particle content and mechanisms of aggregate formation

AU: Hansen,-J.L.S.; Kioerboe,-T.; Alldredge,-A.L.

AF: Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Charlottenlund Castle, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark

SO: Mar.-Ecol.-Prog.-Ser. 1996 vol. 141, no. 1-3, pp. 205-215

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The dynamics and formation mechanisms of marine snow aggregates from abandoned larvacean houses were examined by laboratory experiments and field sampling during a spring diatom bloom in a shallow fjord on the west coast of the USA. Intact aggregates were sampled both from sediment traps and directly from the water column by divers. All aggregates were composed of 1 abandoned house of the larvacean Oikopleura dioica to which numerous diatoms, fecal pellets, ciliates, and amorphous detritus were attached. High vertical flux rates (20 000 to 120 000 houses/m super(2)/d) and settling velocities (average 120 m/d) imply a rapid turnover of suspended larvacean houses, and concentrations of diatoms and fecal pellets in the aggregates exceeding ambient concentrations by 3 to 5 orders of magnitude suggest their potential importance in driving the vertical flux of particles. Iden- tical particle assemblages were observed in aggregates collected in the water column and in sediment traps. Most of the fecal pellets found in the houses were most likely produced by the larvaceans themselves. Numbers of diatoms per house corresponded with the diatom concentrations in the ambient water and, on average, each aggregate contained diatoms in abundances corresponding to those found in 4.5 ml of ambient water. Laboratory measurements showed that larvacean houses scavenge diatoms and fecal pellets while sinking, and observed scavenging rates were similar to those predicted from theory. However, both predicted and observed scavenging rates in experiments were orders of magnitude too low to account for the particle content observed on aggregates from the water column. Based on models, shear coagulation was also assessed to be insignificant in forming aggregates. It is concluded that most of the particles become attached to the incurrent filters of the larvacean house while it is still inhabited, and that shear and sinking insignificantly contribute to particle collisions and adhesions on the abandoned house.

AN: 4213630

37 of 89

TI: Contribution of benthic cysts to the population dynamics of Scrippsiella spp. (Dinophyceae) in Onagawa Bay, northeast Japan

AU: Ishikawa,-A.; Taniguchi,-A.

AF: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Kamihama, Tsu, Mie 514, Japan

SO: Mar.-Ecol.-Prog.-Ser. 1996 vol. 140, no. 1-3, pp. 169-178

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In situ germination rate (cells/m super(2)/d) and cyst deposition rate (cysts/m super(2)/d) were monitored for Scrippsiella dinoflagellates (mostly S. trochoidea) in Onagawa Bay on the northeastern Pacific coast of Japan, using a 'germinating cell trap /sampler' and sediment traps, respectively. Seasonal relationships of each rate to the abundance of vegetative cells in the water column were investigated. Germination of the cysts on the surface sediment occurred throughout the year, but the germination rate varied seasonally and was strongly correlated with temperatures of the bottom water and the sediment, indicating that temperature is a principal factor controlling germination. Blooms occurred prior to the increase in germination rate in July, indicating that bloom initiation is not necessarily a direct consequence of mass cyst germination. Seasonal changes in recruitment ratio (ratio of the germination rate to standing crops of the vegetative cell population in the water column) revealed that, compared to summer, a large part of the winter population of vegetative cells was contributed by cyst germination but increased germination during periods of warmer temperatures contributed little to the bloom population - on the contrary, spring and summer populations appeared to be largely derived from vegetative growth. Sexual reproduction and encystment of Scrippsiella in natural populations seemed to be enhanced by serial, short-term depletion of nutrients during summer. Large encystment events appeared to result in bloom termination. These findings elucidate the population dynamics of Scrippsiella in Onagawa Bay. An annual budget of seed population was also calculated.

AN: 4213598

38 of 89

TI: Vertical particle flux on the shelf off northern Spitsbergen, Norway

AU: Andreassen,-I.; Noethig,-E.-M.; Wassmann,-P.

AF: Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsoe, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway

SO: Mar.-Ecol.-Prog.-Ser. 1996 vol. 137, no. 1-3, pp. 215-228

NT: Incl. bibliogr.: 54 refs.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 4213521

39 of 89

TI: Short-term sediment trap fluxes from Chatham Rise, southwest Pacific Ocean

AU: Nodder,-S.D.

AF: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, P.O. Box 14-901, Wellington, New Zealand

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1997 vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 777-783

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap, nephelometer, and particulate matter (PM) data were collected in the vicinity of the Subtropical Convergence, north of Chatham Rise (42-43 degree S), southwest Pacific Ocean, in austral autumn 1992. Free-floating cylindrical sediment traps were deployed below the euphotic zone at 200-, 300-, and 500-m water depths. Increases in total mass flux and concomitant proportional decreases in other particulate fluxes (total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) with depth reflected the collection of relatively refractory material, enriched in particulate carbon, as evinced by increases in C:N and C:P ratios below 300 m. Nephelometer and PM concentration profiles indicate that resuspension of sea-floor sediments from the nearby submarine high (Chatham Rise) probably contributed to the observed increase in total mass flux with depth. Published pCO sub(2) estimates, biological productivity data, and moderate particulate fluxes, as indicated by the present study suggest that oceanic water types east of New Zealand may be a biologically mediated regional sink for atmospheric CO sub(2).

AN: 4218502

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TI: The cycling of organic matter in food-limited environments

AU: Rowe,-G.T.

AF: Department of Oceanography, Texas A and M University, College Station Tx77843, USA

CO: Int. Symp. on Deep Sea and Extreme Shallow-Water Habitats, Vienna (Austria), Oct 1995

SO: Deep-sea-and-extreme-shallow-water-habitats:-Affinities-and-adaptations. Uiblein,-F.;Ott,-J.;Stachowitsch,-M.-eds. Wien-Austria Oesterreichische-Akademie-der-Wissenschaften 1996 no. 11 pp. 233-260

ST: Biosyst.-Ecol.-Ser. no. 11

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The abyssal plains below the central gyres of the major ocean basins are examples of extremely food-limited (oligotrophic) environments. Standing stocks are orders of magnitude below adjacent continental margins. This is assumed to be a function of the slow and meagre rain of particulate detritus from the euphotic zone. These abyssal deserts are also characterized by low rates of aerobic metabolism in and on oxic sediments, with minimal mineral accumulation. The low biomass and metabolism correlate well with the rate of particulate organic carbon (POC) input measured with sediment traps. The biomass distribution among size groups of organisms displays an increase in the relative percentages of microbiota (bacteria and meiofauna) and, in some systems, of the megafauna, but the latter may not be a universal trait. Data on standing stocks and community metabolism from several different food-limited systems are used in a mathematical model to simulate the community responses to pulses of organic matter and possible predator-prey interactions. Processes in the deep central North Pacific are compared with a polynya on the east coast of Greenland and the continental shelf of the western Gulf of Mexico. The simulated responses suggest that carbon cycling in some benthic sub-systems may be affected by "top down" (predation) as well as "bottom up" (POC sedimentation) processes.

AN: 4213152

41 of 89

TI: Describing additional fluxes to deep sediment traps and water-column decay in a coastal environment

AU: Timothy,-D.A.; Pond,-S.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 124

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1997 vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 383-406

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps were moored at three stations in Sechelt Inlet, a fjord in southern British Columbia, Canada, for five one-month deployment periods from late January to late June, 1991. On each mooring were traps at three depths; total and constituent fluxes often increased with depth. We present the flux data and describe an analytical model that is based on a set of simultaneous equations for which two unknowns are the decay rate of material representatively caught by two vertically-separated sediment traps and the composition of material causing observed increases in flux with depth. The unknowns are solved in a least-squares sense and the results indicate that 60-71% of organic carbon, 57-62% of nitrogen and 41-48% of biogenic silica were lost from the particulate phase over a 200 m depth interval during the study. The results also suggest that material contributing additional fluxes to deep traps was compositionally similar to material settling from traps above.

AN: 4207926

42 of 89

TI: super(234)Th and super(210)Pb evidence for rapid ingestion of settling particles by mobile epibenthic megafauna in the abyssal NE Pacific

AU: Lauerman,-L.M.L.; Smoak,-J.M.; Shaw,-T.J.; Moore,-W.S.; Smith,-K.L.,Jr.

AF: Mar. Biol. Res. Div. - 0202, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1997 vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 589-595

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particle-scavenged super(234)Th and super(210)Pb can be used to trace the fate of particulate matter reaching the deep-sea floor. We used this technique to demonstrate rapid ingestion of particles arriving at the sea floor (at a depth of 4,100 m) by mobile epibenthic holothuroids (Abyssocucumis abyssorum and Oneirophanta mutabilis). Excess super(234)Th and super(210)Pb activities of sediment trap material, detrital aggregates from the sea floor, and animal gut contents all were similar while activities of surface sediments (top 0-5 mm) were considerably lower. A simple calculation using the excess super(210)Pb concentration of two potential food sources, sediment trap material and surface sediments, shows that similar to 91% of gut content material of A. abyssorum must have come from material similar to that found in the sediment trap cups. By setting the sediment trap material as age 0, apparent ages of <0-20 d, >100 d, and 12-13 d were estimated for the aggregates, surface sediments, and A. abyssorum guts, respectively. The population of A. abyssorum at this site could potentially process 0.2-4% of the vertical mass flux (m super(-2) d super(-1)) during the high particle flux period between June and October 1994. The percentage of vertical flux processed could be substantially greater when all of the mobile epibenthic megafauna species are considered.

AN: 4206803

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TI: Biogeochemistry and cycling of water column particulates in southern Lake Michigan

AU: Shafer,-M.M.

AF: The University of Wisconsin - Madison

SO: DISS.-ABST.-PT.-B-SCI.-ENG. 1989 vol. 49, no. 12, 447 pp

NT: Diss. Ph.D.: DA8824112

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The biogeochemistry of suspended (standing crop) and settling (sediment trap collections) particles was studied at a 160 m station in central southern Lake Michigan. The spatial and temporal distributions of major particle components were documented, and major particle production and removal processes were quantified. A sampling system consisting of a pumping unit and sieving column coupled to continuous-flow centrifuges was developed to collect gram quantities of standing crop particles. Particle collections were fractionated into eight size classes by sieving. The spring diatom bloom was the largest autochthonous particle event, contributing 72 g m super(-2) of mass. A sub-thermocline peak at the deep chlorophyll maximum, a hypolimnetic particle minima, and a developing nepheloid layer characterized mid-summer particle profiles. Calcium carbonate precipitation dominated the late-summer to fall period, contributing 35 g m super(-2) of mass. The average mass flux was 0.44 g m super(-2) d super(-1) over the 180 day stratified period and 5.22 g m super(-2) d super(-1) over the unstratified period. Sediment traps were nearly 100% efficient for particulate aluminum and 85-90% efficient for diatoms and calcium carbonate. High fluxes measured during the unstratified period were not strictly a function of particle concentrations and intrinsic settling velocity. Seasonal variation in size structure of the particulate matter was explained by inputs of diatoms and calcite onto a background of small allochthonous particles. A size-specific component model was developed from elemental analyses and phase separations. The model phases (biogenic silica, organic matter, illite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, anorthite, microcline, albite, and iron oxide) accounted for 95.4% of the standing crop and 100.1% of the sediment trap particle mass. The component model was used to estimate particle phase and trace element delivery to the sediment surface. Diatoms accounted for 60.7% of the mass flux, followed by calcite (19.5%), and clay (6.5%). Diatoms were the major vector of trace element transport to the sediment surface, delivering over 80% of the lead and zinc, and at least 50% of the cadmium, chromium, and copper. Water column residence times ranged from 1.1 years for lead to over 15 years for copper (DBO).

AN: 4202694

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TI: A sediment trap for long-period studies of vertical material flux in the ocean.

OT: Sedimentatsionnaya lovushka dlya dolgoperiodnykh issledovanij vertikal'nykh potokov, veshchestva v okeane - KSL - 400/12

AU: Rusakov,-V.Yu.; Lukashin,-V.N.; Dozorov,-T.A.; Moskalev,-A.S.; Burovkin,-A.A.

AF: IORAN, Moscow, Russia

SO: OKEANOLOGIYA 1997 vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 303-306

LA: Russian

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The paper describes a long-term continuous operation conical sediment trap with 400 mm collecting cone diameter and 12 sample collectors (CST - 400/12) designed for studies of particulate fluxes in seas and oceans. Constructional features and mode of operation are shown. Material obtained in the nuclear submarine Komsomolets sinking area (Norwegian Sea) is briefly described.

AN: 4201366

45 of 89

TI: Reconstruction of seasonal variation in nutrient budget of a surface mixed layer using delta super(15)N of sinking particle collected by a time-series sediment trap system

AU: Nakatsuka,-Takeshi; Handa,-Nobuhiko

AF: Inst. Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060, Japan

SO: J.-Oceanogr. 1997 vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 105-116

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Seasonal variations in flux of sinking particulate nitrogen (PN), its isotopic ratios ( delta super(15)N) and radiocarbon isotopic ratios ( delta super(14)C) of sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) were examined at two different depths using time-series sediment trap systems in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean from June 1989 to May 1990. The delta super(15)N of sinking PN increased from July to October and then dropped down in November at the shallower trap depth (1335 m), while at deeper trap depth (4785 m) it remained high until next spring. The high delta super(15)N and low delta super(14)C at the deeper trap during winter could be attributed to the larger contribution of resuspended sedimentary particles there. The variations in delta super(15)N of sinking particles at 1335 m were consistent with the expected cycle of nutrient budget in a surface mixed layer controlled by the seasonal variations of physical and biologica1 processes. Knowledge about the relationship between nitrate concentration and its delta super(15)N in surface water was applied for reconstruction of mixed layer processes from the sinking PN delta super(15)N. Although there were only limited in-situ data, reasonable temporal variations on the depth and nitrate concentration of a mixed layer were obtained by this reconstruction model. While sensitivity tests demonstrated the robustness of this reconstructing procedure, it was also suggested that the complicated particle dynamics in surface water column may partly distort the result of the reconstruction during late summer and fall.

AN: 4117418

46 of 89

TI: Lithogenic fluxes in the Bay of Bengal measured by sediment traps

AU: Ramaswamy,-V.; Vijay-Kumar,-B.; Parthiban,-G.; Ittekkot,-V.; Nair,-R.R.

AF: Geol. Oceanogr. Div., Natl. Inst. Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1997 vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 793-810

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Lithogenic flux measured continuously for 1 year using time-series sediment traps at two sites in the Bay of Bengal show a strong seasonality with 43-49% of the fluxes to the deep traps occurring during the SW monsoon. Lithogenic fluxes increased with depth and the rate of increase was maximum during periods of high freshwater influx. Simultaneous sedimentation of lithogenic and organic matter is seen at both the sites. Clay mineral studies show that illite percentage decrease and smectite percentage increase with depth. Due to the prevailing circulation pattern, illite-rich suspended sediments from the Ganges-Brahmaputra Rivers are transported southwards in the surface low salinity layer while smectite-rich muds from the continental margins are resuspended and transported at depth in perhaps somewhat heavier clock-wise circulation.

AN: 4115746

47 of 89

TI: Sediment trap and global change study

AU: Chen,-Jianfang; Zheng,-Lianfu

AF: 2nd Inst. Oceanogr., SOA, Hangzhou 310012, People's Rep. China

SO: MAR.-SCI.-BULL.-HAIYANG-TONGBAO 1996 vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 41-47

LA: Chinese

AB: Marine particles contain a lot of information on chemical, physical, biological processes in the interior of the ocean. In the last decade, based on time series sediment trap experiments, multidisciplinary researches have been carried out in order to investigate particle flux and composition, their temporal and spatial changes as well as the controlling factors. These studies not only are very useful to answer how marine biogeochemical processes control the atmospheric CO sub(2) variations, but also make a great contribution to understanding the role of ocean in global change.

AN: 4104704

48 of 89

TI: Trace metal removal to sediments on the eastern Atlantic continental margins

OT: Entrainement des metaux vers les sediments sur les marges continentales de l'Atlantique Est

AU: Legeleux,-F.; Reyss,-J.L.; Floris,-S.

AF: Centre des faibles radioactivites, Domaine du CNRS, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France

SO: C.-R.-ACAD.-SCI.-SER.-2A-SCI.-TERRE-PLANET.-EARTH-PLANET.-SCI. 1995 vol. 320, no. 12, pp. 1195-1202

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: super(230)Th and super(231)Pa activities have been determined in trapped particulate matter and superficial sediments at three sites in the Tropical Atlantic. The evaluation of radionuclide FIP ratios (particulate flux/production in the overlying water column) shows that eastern Atlantic continental margins constitute an important sink for super(231)Pa. The removal of this radionuclide is greatly dependent on the total mass flux, while it is not the case for super(230)Th. These results strongly indicate that large amounts of trace metals may be stored in these continental margins.

AN: 4103624

49 of 89

TI: Sediment fluxes, re-suspension and accumulation rates at two wind-exposed coastal sites and in a sheltered bay

AU: Lund-Hansen,-L.C.; Valeur,-J.; Pejrup,-M.; Jensen,-A.

AF: Mar. Ecol., Aarhus Univ., Finlandsgade 14, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1997 vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 521-531

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment fluxes measured by sediment traps placed at different heights above the sea-bed at two near-coastal sites and in a sheltered bay are analysed in relation to wave and current conditions. Traps were deployed for 13, 15 (coastal sites) and 6 months and recovered with a mean period of 16.6, 14.0 and 30 days, respectively. The traps with an aspect ratio of 5 were placed at 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 m above the sea-bed at one location, whereas an aspect ratio of 2.3 was used at the second coastal location with similar trap intervals. The trap in the sheltered bay was placed at 1.0 m above the sea-bed. Results showed that sediment fluxes varied between 505.0 and 38.9 g m super(-2) day super(-1) at 0.3 m above the sea-bed at a coastal site, whereas only small flux variations occurred in the sheltered bay. Accumulation rates were measured by super(210)Pb at the three sites and was 2.4 g m super(-2) day super(-1) at the same site where fluxes varied between 505.0 and 38.9 g m super(-2) day super(-1) at 0.3 m above the sea-bed. This shows that re-suspension here is high and frequent. A similar pattern was found at the other coastal site, whereas accumulation rate and sediment flux were very similar in the sheltered bay. Analyses showed that re-suspension was induced both by surface wave activity related to periods of high wind speeds, and by current shear stress in more calm periods. Re-suspension is quantified as a time series by applying the introduced depth-integrated re-suspension flux (DIRF). High DIRF occurred during periods of high surface wave activity, and one re-suspension event accounted for about 25% of the total re-suspension flux at the site, although the event had a very low frequency of occurrence, less than 5% of the time. About 50% of the total re-suspension flux occurred in the interval between 0.0 and 20.0 g m super(-2) day super(-1). Comparison of different time scales for measuring sediment fluxes and re-suspension using sediment traps, shows that a time scale of 24-12 h gives an adequate resolution.

AN: 4094582

50 of 89

TI: RRS Discovery Cruise 222, Leg 2, 29 Aug - 24 Sep 1996. BENGAL: High resolution temporal and spatial study of the BENthic biology and Geochemistry of a north-eastern Atlantic abyssal Locality

AU: Rice,-A.L.; et-al.

SO: SOUTHAMPT.-OCEANOGR.-CENT.-CRUISE-REP. SOUTHAMPTON,-UK SOUTHAMPTON-OCEANOGRAPHY-CENTRE 1996 no. 4, 86 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Discovery Cruise 222 (Leg 2) was the first of a series of cruises within a 3-year contract (MAS3 CT950018), BENGAL, funded under the MAST III programme of the EU and running from February 1996. The contract will concentrate on a single north-eastern Atlantic abyssal locality centred on 48 degree 50'N: 16 degree 30'W and will study in detail changes in the benthic system over one 12-month period from March 1997 to March 1998, particularly in relation to the seasonal deposition of phytodetritus. This cruise was a lead-in to this series, with the objective of obtaining baseline data from benthic and mid-water sampling gears and from both short and long-term deployed moorings/landers. It was also an opportunity to test and refine new experimental procedures in preparation for the detailed studies in 1997-98.

AN: 4079060

51 of 89

TI: Comparison of Imbrie-Kipp transfer function and modern analog temperature estimates using sediment trap and core top foraminiferal faunas

AU: Ortiz,-J.D.; Mix,-A.C.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY, USA

SO: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 1997 vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 175-190

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 4075802

52 of 89

TI: Coccolithophore fluxes in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: Seasonality and assemblage alterations

AU: Andruleit,-H.

AF: Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1997 vol. 31, no. 1-2, pp. 45-64

LA: English

AB: Coccolithophore fluxes were investigated by sediment trap studies at two well separated oceanographic sites in the Norwegian and Greenland seas from 1990 to 1992. Each trap mooring comprised traps at 500 and 1000 m water depth and 300 m above the seafloor. Both sites were characterized by a strong seasonality in coccolithophore fluxes. In the Norwegian Sea fluxes were about 10 to 20 times higher than in the Greenland Sea. Maximum fluxes (13 x 106 ind. m-2 d-1 for the Norwegian Sea and 2.4 x 106 ind. m-2 d-1 for the Greenland Sea) were reached during high sedimentation phases in late summer and autumn. The settling assemblages represented already highly altered remnants of the former living communities. Dominant species were Emiliania huxleyi in the Norwegian Sea and Coccolithus pelagicus in the Greenland Sea. Despite severe alterations the coccolithophore assemblages of each site were characterized by a distinct signature reflecting the local oceanography. The settling assemblages underwent only minor alterations during sinking from 500 to 1000 m water depth. By contrast, resuspension and lateral advection within an extensive bottom nepheloid layer strongly influenced the assemblages of the deep sediment traps 300 m above the seafloor, wiping out the distinct seasonality in coccolithophore fluxes and diminishing the differences in assemblage compositions between the two sites.

AN: 4070916

53 of 89

TI: Seasonal variability in phosphorus speciation and deposition in a calcareous, eutrophic lake

AU: Penn,-M.R.; Auer,-M.T.

AF: Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931 USA

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1997 vol. 139, no. 1-4, pp. 47-59

LA: English

AB: Settling particulate matter was collected in sediment traps from the major depositional basin of Onondaga Lake, a calcareous, eutrophic lake in Syracuse, New York, U.S.A. Sediment traps were deployed at three depths from July to November and for a brief period under ice cover in February to investigate both vertical and seasonal variations in sedimentation. A sequential chemical extraction (fractionation) method was applied to the collected material to quantify the following phosphorus (P) fractions, or forms: loosely bound-P (sorbed-P, CaCO3 associated-P, and Fe and Al bound-P), extractable biogenic-P (easily degradable organic-P and biogenic inorganic polyphosphates), calcium mineral-P (e.g., apatite), and refractory organic-P. Extractable biogenic-P and refractory organic-P were strongly correlated, suggesting a common, autochthonous origin in plankton. Calcium mineral-P appears to be of terrigenous origin. A dramatic increase in the loosely bound-P content of the particulate matter was observed during fall turnover when dissolved Fe2+, which had accumulated in the anoxic hypolimnion, mixed with the surface waters and oxidized with attendant adsorption of P. We estimate that the labile-, or exchangeable-P (i.e. loosely bound- and extractable biogenic-P forms) content of the settling particulates constitutes similar to 50% of the total P influx to the sediments over the period of study. The labile-P flux over the July-November study period was 11mg Pm-2day-1 and the labile-P flux estimated from sediment traps deployed under ice cover was 6mg Pm-2day-1. From these values the annual average labile-P flux to the sediments was estimated to be 9mg Pm-2day-1, only slightly less than the estimated annual average sediment P release rate of 10mg Pm-2day-1. This indicates that the sediments are approximately at steady state with respect to current external P loadings to the lake.

AN: 4070902

54 of 89

TI: Evaluation of long-chain alkenones as paleo-temperature indicators in the Mediterranean Sea

AU: Ternois,-Y.; Sicre,-M.-A.; Boireau,-A.; Conte,-M.H.; Eglinton,-G.

AF: Cent. des Faibles Radioactivites, Lab. Mixte CNRS-CEA, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1997 vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 271-286

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Long-chain alkenones were analyzed in samples collected from February to July 1989 by a time-series sediment trap located at 200 m depth in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The alkenone temperature signal was calibrated using water column particles collected at the sediment trap mooring site. The calibration (U sub(3) super(K) sub(7) super(') = 0.041 T-0.21, r super(2) = 0.97, 13 degree C < T < 19 degree C), differed from the culture calibration of Prahl et al. and the calibration for the eastern North Atlantic waters between 16 degree C and 25 degree C. The slope of the calibration was, however, similar to the slope of the calibration established using all Pacific Ocean samples. The correlation of U sub(3) super(K) sub(8Me) and water temperature was also significant (U sub(3) super(K) sub(8Me) = 0.042T-0.25, r super(2) = 0.87). Sediment trap results revealed that the production of alkenones during high flux periods predominantly occurred in subsurface waters. This was further supported by the depth distribution of alkenones observed during the monthly cruises: C sub(37) alkenone concentrations in the upper 100 m of the water column indicated a subsurface maximum at approximately 50 m depth in May, June and July, whereas in March and November alkenones were more abundant in the upper 50 m. These results emphasize that accurate reconstruction of SST in core-tops must take into account the seasonality and depth variations of alkenone production. An intercalibration exercise, conducted on Mediterranean and Norwegian Sea water samples, demonstrated that high resolution chromatographic methods are essential to obtain reliable values of U sub(3) super(K) sub(7) super(') and avoid the overestimation of production temperatures, particularly for colder waters where alkyl alkenoates are abundant.

AN: 4068503

55 of 89

TI: Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral coiling) as paleoceanographic tracers in polar oceans: Evidence from Northeast Water Polynya plankton tows, sediment traps, and surface sediments

AU: Kohfeld,-K.E.; Fairbanks,-R.G.; Smith,-S.L.; Walsh,-I.D.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Dep. Earth and Environ. Sci. Columbia Univ. Palisades, NY, USA

SO: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 1996 vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 679-699

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 4066173

56 of 89

TI: Annual fluxes of particulate chemical trace compounds during the North-east Water Polynya experiment

AU: Schuessler,-U.; Schulz-Bull,-D.E.; Bauerfeind,-E.

AF: Univ. Bremen, FB2-Meereschemie, Postfach 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany

CO: Northeast Water Polynya Symp., Helsingor (Denmark), 1-5 May 1995

SO: J.-MAR.-SYST. 1997 vol. 10, no. 1-4, pp. 391-400

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate fluxes of organic marker substances (alkanes, wax esters, pristane, and alkenones) and trace elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb) were determined from identical samples of sediment trap material collected at Northeast Water Polynya (NEWP) locations E and F in the north-western Greenland Sea. Samples from the East Greenland Shelf were obtained with two sediment traps deployed at 130 m depth over a 331-day period from August 1992 to June 1993 within the NEWP experiment. Particulate fluxes of the chemical tracers showed a pronounced seasonality, which was largely consistent with ice-coverage data. Relative flux pattern exhibited initial maxima during August and September 1992. Fluxes were lowest during winter time (November 1992 to early March 1993), followed by an increase by a factor of 2-5 in mid-March 1993. In contrast, flux of n-alkanes occurred almost entirely in spring 1993. Flux of alkenones was not detectable throughout this experiment. Temporal variations of chemical tracer fluxes at trap location E were similar to those of station F during autumn 1992. Normalization calculations showed that lithogenic material was an important source for trace element fluxes, with an estimated lithogenic fraction of the bulk material flux increasing from autumn to spring. A non-lithogenic flux component was observed for Cd throughout the time of deployment. The chemical data indicate that during the peak flux periods a large proportion of the sinking particles consisted of fresh material. Differences in the patterns of the bulk material flux and the chemical tracer fluxes indicate that there must have been a substantial difference between autumn and spring in the gross chemical composition of the sinking material.

AN: 4066132

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TI: Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 1: Sea-ice parameters and particle flux

AU: Ramseier,-R.O.; Bauerfeind,-E.; Garrity,-C.; Walsh,-I.D.

AF: Microwave Group - Ottawa River, Inc., 3954 Armitage Ave., RR#1, Dunrobin, Ont. K0A 1T0, Canada

CO: Northeast Water Polynya Symp., Helsingor (Denmark), 1-5 May 1995

SO: J.-MAR.-SYST. 1997 vol. 10, no. 1-4, pp. 359-369

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Vertical particle flux was recorded in the Northeast Water polynya (NEW) by means of moored time series sediment traps from August 1992 to July 1993. Traps were deployed with USCGC Polar Sea at four positions in a trough of the polynya. The recorded annual flux varied between 4.2-9.8 g/m super(2) at 130 m and 26-33 g/m super(2) at 50 m above the sea bottom. The amount of settling particles in the NEW is controlled to a high degree by the ice regime (e.g., total ice concentration, variability, ice type fraction, snow and the melt period) due to its impact on the production of primary formed particles. By using passive microwave satellite data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager, it was possible to relate particle flux with total ice concentration and its changes on short (several days) and long term scales for individual sampling periods. In combination with the dry weight of the collected particles, it is possible to examine the relation of ice parameters and its impact on the sedimenting processes in the NEW. Of particular interest is the correlation of three sedimenting periods associated with ice formation in the fall, the effect of the winter polynya based on new ice formation, and the melt period.

AN: 4066111

58 of 89

TI: Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 2. Biochemical and microscopic composition sedimenting matter

AU: Bauerfeind,-E.; Garrity,-C.; Krumbholz,-M.; Ramseier,-R.O.; Voss,-M.

AF: Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Univ. Kiel, Heinr, Hecht Platz 10, D-24118 Kiel, Germany

CO: Northeast Water Polynya Symp., Helsingor (Denmark), 1-5 May 1995

SO: J.-MAR.-SYST. 1997 vol. 10, no. 1-4, pp. 371-389

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The annual pattern of vertical particle flux in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya was recorded from August 1992 to July 1993 by means of moored time-series sediment traps. A distinct seasonal pattern in sedimentation was observed, with highest flux rates during August-October 1992. During this time 40-70% of the annual total sedimented matter (dry weight, DW) and the components, carbonate, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON), particulate biogenic silica (bPSi) and biogenic matter were recorded: 9.83, 2.04, 1.03, 0.69, 0.14 and 5.55 g/m super(2), respectively. Microscopic analysis of the particles revealed that diatoms contributed about 10% of the POC flux, but up to 40% of the POC flux originated from the houses and faeces of appendicularians during the period of highest flux rates. In contrast, faecal pellets were only a minor component of sedimenting POC after the opening of the polynya in June 1993. During this period a sedimentation event of Melosira arctica dominated the microscopically recognizable fraction of the POC. Following the low winter values a significant deviation in POC flux in March documented an early onset of plankton growth and a rapid response to the formation of a winter polynya paralleled by a local change in ice conditions. This was supported by the stable nitrogen isotope signature of the sedimented matter, also indicating an early onset of plankton production in the NEW Polynya. However, the overall amplitude of the delta super(15)N signal in the sinking particles showed only small variations (<4ppt) and was significantly below the amplitude observed in sedimented material from the Northern North Atlantic ( approximately equal to 8ppt). The composition of the sedimented matter, comprising mainly fast sinking particles (appendicularian houses, faecal pellets and Melosira aggregates) lead us to conclude that sedimentation in the NEW Polynya was spatially heterogeneous.

AN: 4066110

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TI: Landscape evolution and human alterations of the aeolian sediment dynamics in the Jandia Isthmus (Fuerteventura, Spain)

AU: Alcantara-Carrio,-J.; Alonso,-I.; Hernandez,-L.; Perez-Chacon,-E.; Romero,-L.E.

AF: Dep. Fisica, Univ. Las Palmas de G.C., Apto. 550, 35080 Las Palmas, Spain

CO: LITTORAL '96: 3. Int. Conf. of the European Coastal Association for Science and Technology [EUROCOAST], Portsmouth (UK), 16-19 Sep 1996

SO: PARTNERSHIP-IN-COASTAL-ZONE-MANAGEMENT. Taussik,-J.;Mitchell,-J.-eds. CARDIGAN-UK SAMARA-PUBLISHING-LTD. 1996 pp. 283-290

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Analysis of the landscape evolution in the isthmus of Jandia (Fuerteventura, Spain) between 1963 and 1992 has been carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS). The effect of human alterations on the aeolian sediment transport across the isthmus is considered using GIS data, as well as from the spatial and temporal variability of the sediments. Measurements of the aeolian transport rates by means of sediment traps have allowed us to determine the predominant pathways of the aeolian sediment flux.

AN: 4060674

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TI: Coupling between SW monsoon-related surface and deep ocean processes as discerned from continuous particle flux measurements and correlated satellite data

AU: Rixen,-T.; Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.; Guptha,-M.V.S.; Nair,-R.R.; Schluessel,-P.

AF: Inst. fuer Biogeochemie und Meereschemie, Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES.-C-OCEANS 1996 vol. 101, no. C12, pp. 28569-28582

LA: English

AB: Particle flux data obtained by time series sediment traps deployed at water depths of approximately 3000 m in the western, central, and eastern Arabian Sea since 1986 were compared with wind speeds derived from measurements made by microwave radiometer flying on polar orbiting satellites and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) provided by the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This comparison has allowed us to trace the link between the oceanographic and biological processes related to the development of the SW monsoon with the pattern and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the interior of the Arabian Sea. We could recognize the well-known upwelling systems along the coasts of Somalia and Oman as well as open ocean upwelling at the beginning of the SW monsoon. Both open ocean upwelling and coastal upwelling off Oman cause a cooling of surface waters at our western and central Arabian Sea stations. When SSTs fall below their long-term average, an increase in fluxes which are dominated by coccolithophorid-derived carbonates occurs. The timing of this increase is determined by the rate of surface water cooling. Further intensification of upwelling as the SW monsoon progresses causes, additional increases in biogenic opal fluxes denoting diatom blooms in the overlying waters. The total fluxes during this period are the highest measured in the open Arabian Sea. At the central Arabian Sea location the fluxes are only randomly affected by these blooms. The particle flux in the eastern Arabian Sea is as high as in the central Arabian Sea but is influenced by a weaker upwelling system along the Indian coast. The observed interannual variability in the pattern of particle fluxes during the SW monsoons is most pronounced in the western Arabian Sea. This is controlled by the intensity of the upwelling systems on the one hand and the transport of cold, nutrient-poor, South equatorial water into the Oman region on the other. The latter effect, which is strongest during the SW monsoon with highest recorded wind speeds, reduces the influence of upwelling and the related particle fluxes at the western Arabian Sea station, where highest fluxes occur during SW monsoons with moderate wind speeds. Thus coastal and open ocean upwelling are most effective in transferring biogenic matter to the deep sea during the SW monsoons of intermediate strength.

AN: 4059340

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TI: Impact of PAH outlets from an oil refinery on the receiving water area-sediment trap fluxes and multivariate statistical analysis

AU: Pettersen,-H.; Naef,-C.; Broman,-D.

AF: Dep. Analytical Chem., Stockholm Univ., S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden

SO: MAR.-POLLUT.-BULL. 1997 vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 85-95

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: PAH concentrations (15 compounds) in settling particulate matter (SPM) collected in the waters outside a petroleum refinery on the Swedish Baltic coast, and in samples of particulate and dissolved fractions in the wastewater from the refinery were determined. SPM concentrations varied between 550 and 4250 ng x g dw super(-1) and the corresponding calculated fluxes varied between 0.1 and 3.7 ng x cm super(-2) x day super(-1). Both concentrations and fluxes did not differ significantly from background coastal or offshore locations in the Baltic. PAH profiles of the SPM samples were compared with the wastewater samples and SPM samples from background areas in the Baltic, using pattern recognition techniques. This analysis showed that the SPM samples from the petroleum refinery displayed a PAH composition similar to that found in background reference sites in the Baltic, and that the SPM samples could not be connected to the wastewater samples from the refinery. This indicates that Nynas AB is not a significant source of PAHs to the waters in its immediate surroundings, i.e. the waters in the Nynaeshamn area, and/or that the hydraulic residence time of the water outside the refinery is low. A budget calculation showed that the wastewater outlet from Nynas AB is only a minor contributor of the PAH load to the waters outside the refinery.

AN: 4055357

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TI: Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium

AU: Carpenter,-E.J.; Harvey,-H.R.; Fry,-B.; Capone,-D.G.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1997 vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 27-38

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We examined the utility of several biogeochemical tracers for following the fate of the planktonic diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium in the sea. The presence of a (C sub(10)) fatty acid previously reported was observed in a culture of Trichodesmium but was not found in natural samples. This cyanobacterium had high concentrations of C sub(14) and C sub(16) acids, with lesser amounts of several saturated and unsaturated C sub(18) fatty acids. This composition was similar to that of other marine cyanobacteria. The major hydrocarbon identified was the C sub(17) n-alkane, which was present in all samples from the five stations examined. Sterols common to algae and copepods were observed in many samples along with hopanoids representative of bacteria, suggesting a varied community structure in colonies collected from different stations. We found no unique taxonomic marker of Trichodesmium among the sterols. Measurements of the delta super(15)N and delta super(13)C in Trichodesmium samples from the SW Sargasso and NW Caribbean Seas averaged -0.4ppt (range from -0.7 to -0.25ppt) and -12.9ppt (range from -15.2 to -11.9ppt), respectively, thus confirming previous observations that this cyanobacterial diazotroph has both the lowest delta super(15)N and highest delta super(13)C of any marine phytoplankter observed to date. A culture of Trichodesmium grown under diazotrophic conditions had a delta super(15)N between -1.3 and -3.6ppt. Our results support the supposition that the relatively low delta super(15)N and high delta super(13)C values observed in suspended and sediment-trapped material from some tropical and subtropical seas result from substantial input of C and N by Trichodesmium.

AN: 4051874

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TI: Temporal variation in the sedimentation of arsenic in a temperate lake

AU: Faye,-M.S.; Diamond,-M.L.

AF: Dep. of Geogr., Univ. Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada

CO: 37. Conference of the International Association of Great Lakes Research and Estuarine Research Federation, Windsor, ON (Canada), 5-9 Jun 1994

SO: 37TH-CONFERENCE-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH-AND-ESTUARINE-RESEARCH-FEDERATION:-PROGRAM-AND-ABSTRACTS. International-Assoc.-for-Great-Lakes-Research,-Buffalo,-NY-USA BUFFALO,-NY-USA IAGLR 1994 166

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Moira Lake, in eastern Ontario, is subject to continuing arsenic contamination due to leaching from an abandoned mine and mineral processing site upstream of the lake. Arsenic (As) concentrations in the lake vary annually from under 10 mu g/L during most of the year, to over 100 mu g/L in late summer. This variation prompted a study of As sorption, particularly to biogenic particles, and sedimentation, which removes As from the water column. Moira Lake was studied over a one year period. Water samples were tested for dissolved and particulate arsenic, and the partition coefficient, K sub(D), was calculated. Sediment traps were deployed to measure the settling As flux and K sub(D). The relationship of the biological cycle to arsenic flux and K sub(D) was investigated by measuring dissolved and particulate organic carbon, and chlorophyll a. Arsenic partitioning between sorbed and dissolved phases was minimally related to suspended particle composition, but followed the particle concentration effect, i.e., K sub(D) decreased with increasing suspended particle concentration. The As concentration in sediment trap material was constant in spite of wide variations in dissolved and particulate As. It is believed that sediment trap particles were derived mainly from resuspended surficial sediment with a minor contribution from suspended particles. During stratification, As concentrations in sediment trap material were higher than that of the surficial sediment and may indicate the existence of a nepheloid layer. Student contribution (DBO).

AN: 4049346

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TI: Residence times of super(234)Th and super(7)Be in Lake Geneva

AU: Dominik,-J.; Schuler,-C.; Santschi,-P.H.

AF: Institut F.-A. Forel, Universite de Geneve, 10 Route de Suisse, CH-1290 Versoix (Switzerland)

SO: EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.-LETT. 1989 vol. 93, no. 3-4, pp. 345-358

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The activities of two short-lived natural radionuclides, super(234)Th and super(7)Be, were measured in Lake Geneva water, suspended solids and sediments, in order to obtain their removal residence times in the lake. Four independent methods of estimation are presented and compared. The calculated residence times of super(234)Th and super(7)Be vary from 60 to 280 days and from 60 to 1100 days, respectively, depending on season and the method used. In general, super(7)Be residence times are significantly longer than those of super(234)Th. For both nuclides the removal residence times are significantly longer than their respective radioactive mean-lives. As a consequence, the estimates based on their water column inventories are not as reliable as the estimates obtained from the measured fluxes of these nuclides into sediment traps. Estimates based on the bottom sediment inventories are similar in magnitude to those obtained from flux into sediment traps, but occasionally are erroneous because of small-scale sediment heterogeneity (DBO).

AN: 4049218

65 of 89

TI: Particulate removal of super(230)Th and super(231)Pa in the biologically productive northern North Pacific

AU: Taguchi,-K.; Harada,-K.; Tsunogai,-S.

AF: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041 (Japan)

SO: EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.-LETT. 1989 vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 223-232

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Settling particles were collected by sediment traps at four stations in the high latitudes of the North Pacific and analyzed for super(234)Th, super(232)Th, super(230)Th, super(228)Th and super(231)Pa. In the northern North Pacific, including the Bering Sea, the average activity ratio of unsupported super(230)Th to super(231)Pa in settling particles was 5.5, whereas that in the Gulf of Alaska in the eastern North Pacific was about 14. The northern North Pacific may be an efficient sink for super(231)Pa relative to super(230)Th because the average ratio in the world ocean is equal to the production ratio of 10.8 in seawater. The activity ratios of super(230)Th/ super(231)Pa of the settling particles agree well with those of the surface sediments at the respective stations. This indicates that both nuclides in the surface sediments originated from settling particles and their dissolution or uptake during early diagenesis are not effective. The ratio of the particulate nuclide flux (F) to the overlying water column production rate (P) did not correlate well with the total mass flux for super(230)Th. However, that for super(231)Pa increased almost linearly with increase in total mass flux and reached unity when the total mass flux was about 110 mg/m super(2) d. This suggests that super(231)Pa transported from oligotrophic regions is being actively removed in the biologically productive northern North Pacific (DBO).

AN: 4049173

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TI: A comparison of sediment trap records of particle fluxes from 19 to 48 degree N in the northeast Atlantic and their relation to surface water productivity

AU: Jickells,-T.D.; Newton,-P.P.; King,-P.; Lampitt,-R.S.; Boutle,-C.

AF: Sch. Environ. Sci., Univ. East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1996 vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 971-986

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap data from four sites in the northeast Atlantic (48 degree N 20 degree W, 28 degree N 22 degree W, 24 degree N 23 degree W, 19 degree N 20 degree W) are presented for fluxes of total mass, organic matter, calcium carbonate, opal and lithogenous material. The results from these sites are compared with other published sediment trap data from this area to consider regional scale variations in the quantity and composition of settling ocean particulate matter along a transect at 20 degree W from 48 degree N to 19 degree N. There are clearly gradients of decreasing mass flux going south from 48 degree N which reverse around 25-30 degree N to increase again toward the North Africa upwelling regime. Flux seasonality is greater at the more northern sites. Opal fluxes are high at the more northern sites and the flux of lithogenic material is greater further south. Plankton species composition also changes along the transect. The changes in the mass and composition of sedimenting material along the transect are consistent with known changes in surface water plankton abundance and with fluxes inferred from sediment core results. Carbon fluxes measured by sediment traps and inferred from sediment core data in this area appear to be consistent with one another. These results provide increased confidence in the use of various ocean flux measurement techniques to derive estimates of ocean carbon cycling.

AN: 4041003

67 of 89

TI: Short-term sedimentation pulses recorded with a fluorescence sensor and sediment traps at 900-m depth in the Canary Basin

AU: Fischer,-G.; Neuer,-S.; Wefer,-G.; Krause,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Univ. Bremen, Bibliothekst., 28359 Bremen, Germany

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1996 vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1354-1359

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We observed short-term peaks in pigment fluorescence and backscattering using optical sensors combined with time-series sediment traps at similar to 900-m depth at an oligotrophic site in the Canary Island region. These events were observed in late winter to early spring and lasted only a few hours to a few days. The events generally coincided with late winter to early spring flux maxima recorded by the traps. Surprisingly, microscopic analyses showed no evidence of sedimentation of intact phytoplankton cells during the fluorescence peaks. However, we observed well-preserved zooplankton fecal pellets containing densely packed coccoliths and, presumably, large amounts of chlorophyll-derived pigments.

AN: 4040461

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TI: Towards a new generation of sediment traps and a better measurement/understanding of settling particle flux in lakes and oceans: A hydrodynamical protocol

AU: Juerg,-B.

AF: Swiss Federal Inst. for Environ. Sci. and Technol. (EAWAG) CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

SO: AQUAT.-SCI. 1996 vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 283-296

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This article is aimed at established sediment trap specialists as well as young learning scientists. The development of sediment trap techniques and hydrodynamics are briefly reviewed, with special emphasis on the experimental and in-situ trap calibration. The ongoing controversy within the trap community on the validity of flux data obtained by sediment traps can only be overcome by understanding the effects of hydrodynamics on the entrapping of settling particles in turbulent waters. A proper trap protocol is still missing. Also, the problems of entering swimmers and preservatives are not yet fully solved. Innovative ideas and robust data are needed to improve our knowledge on trapping efficiency, particle settling flux data, and the interpretation of lake and oceanic nutrient cycles. It is emphasized that controversial papers should be published when based on documented experiments and/or theory applied.

AN: 4036590

69 of 89

TI: Particle accumulation in a cylindrical sediment trap under laminar and turbulent steady flow: An experimental approach

AU: Gust,-G.; Bowles,-W.; Giordano,-S.; Huettel,-M.

AF: Arbeitsbereich Meerestechnik 1, Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, 21079, Hamburg, Germany

SO: AQUAT.-SCI. 1996 vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 297-326

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The hydrodynamical, fluid and particle parameters which control flushing rates, flow cells, and accumulation rates of particulate matter in cylindrical (MultiPIT) sediment traps were quantified in a flume simulation using a seeding technique for 25-45 mu m particles. Particle collection was found to be a trap- and particle-specific filtering process encompassing advective and gravitational entry of particles over a reduced trap aperture area, and gravitational-turbulent removal of particles at the bottom of the internal flow cell. Trapping efficiency increased up to 10-fold with increasing horizontal flow velocity (1-30 cm/s). For given flow velocity, the trap over- and undercollected particles relative to their weight, i.e. (theoretical) Stokes settling velocity. The trapping efficiency increased with increasing trap Reynolds number Re sub(T), changed by the approaching velocity in our experiments. Opposite findings from earlier experiments using the flume seeding technique and changing Re sub(T) by altering the trap diameter (Butman, 1986) are discussed. Semi-empirical equations are derived for the accumulation process of light, heavy and intermediate particles. From these, measured trap fluxes can be converted into in-situ verticle particle flux except for light particles.

AN: 4036589

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TI: super(234)Th scavenging and particle export fluxes from the upper 100 m of the Arabian Sea

AU: Sarin,-M.M.; Rengarajan,-R.; Ramaswamy,-V.

AF: Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, India

SO: CURR.-SCI. 1996 vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 888-893

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We have determined the particle scavenging rates, export fluxes of super(234)Th and settling particles from the upper 100 m of the Arabian Sea as a part of the JGOFS (India) Programme. The spatial and temporal measurements made in the open ocean profiles reveal close similarities in the dissolved super(234)Th: super(238)U disequilibria, suggesting that the rates of particle-associated scavenging processes are generally uniform in the central Arabian Sea. The observed disequilibrium integrated for the upper 100 m yields a mean scavenging residence time of mu 30 days and a removal rate of mu 3400 dpm m super(-2) d super(-1) for super(234)Th, from dissolved to particulate phases. The deficiency of total super(234)Th (dissolved + particulate) relative to super(238)U allows us to compute the vertical export flux of particulate super(234)Th. The flux data for the upper 100 m show spatial variations with enhanced export fluxes centered around 22 degree N 67 degree E, a region characterized by higher rates of column primary productivity. Using the super(234)Th export fluxes and the measured specific activity of super(234)Th in the sediment traps, we have computed th eparticle and carbon fluxes at 100 m. These results reveal that the particle fluxes determined from sediment traps are systematically low and the estimated C export fluxes are grossly out of proportion with the column primary production.

AN: 4034487

71 of 89

TI: Downward fluxes of fatty acids and hydrocarbons during a phytoplankton bloom in the austral summer in Breid Bay, Antarctica

AU: Hayakawa,-K.; Handa,-N.; Ikuta,-N.; Fukuchi,-M.

AF: Lake Biwa Res. Inst., 1-10 Uchidehama, Otsu, Shiga 520, Japan

SO: ORG.-GEOCHEM. 1996 vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 511-521

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Vertical fluxes of fatty acids and hydrocarbons were measured in sinking particles collected by a time-series sediment trap in Breid Bay, Antarctica during the austral summer December 1985 to February 1986. Temporal variations in fatty acid fluxes were related to changes in growth of the overlying diatom population. High contents of 21:6 alkenes and 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 20:5 acids of the sinking particles supported the idea that the source of the sinking organic matter was mainly diatoms. 21:6 Alkenes and 20:5 acids increased in the late exponential phase of the overlying diatom bloom. Branched C sub(25) alkenes were detected in the sinking particles. Measurements of changes in the fatty acid composition of the sinking particles were shown to provide useful information on the ecophysiological status of the phytoplankton population as the bloom progressed. Unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratios in the sinking particles indicated active growth of diatoms during the observations. High fluxes of 20:5 acids suggested a late exponential phase and a stationary phase of the overlying diatom bloom.

AN: 4031884

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TI: Fluxes and balance of super(210)Pb in the tropical Northeast Atlantic

AU: Legeleux,-F.; Reyss,-J.-L.; Etcheber,-H.; Khripounoff,-A.

AF: Cent. des Faibles Radioactivites, Lab. Mixte CNRS-CEA, Domaine du CNRS, Ave. de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1996 vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1321-1341

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Activities of the natural radionuclide super(210)Pb in particulate matter are reported from sediment traps deployed in the tropical Northeast Atlantic at two sites, oligotrophic and mesotrophic, of the French EUMELI programme (EUtrophic, MEsotrophic and oLIgotrophic). Whereas super(210)Pb specific activities in settling particles do not vary with time at the oligotrophic site, they exhibit marked temporal variations at the mesotrophic site. Relationships between activities of super(210)Pb sub(xs) (i.e. that scavenged from seawater) and major constituents of trapped particles are examined in order to determine the influence of particle composition on super(210)Pb partitioning between solution and particles. In this oceanic area, super(210)Pb scavenging is directly related to the composition of particulate matter, and micro-particles of aluminosilicate are shown to be the primary phases carrying this radionuclide from the water column to the sea floor. Particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes also appear to play an important role. super(210)Pb sub(xs) fluxes are linearly related to POC fluxes, as observed elsewhere, up to 10 mg m super(-2) day super(-1), but are limited to near-constant values when POC fluxes are higher than 10-20 mg m super(-2) day super(-1). This limit is ascribed to the depletion of the suspended aluminosilicate particle standing crop in the water column. To assess the relative importance of vertical and horizontal transport on scavenging processes, an oceanic super(210)Pb mass balance is drawn up for the tropical northeast Atlantic. This budget clearly demonstrates that this area of the tropical Atlantic eastern margin constitutes a significant sink for super(210)Pb.

AN: 4029369

73 of 89

TI: Diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes at the Walvis Ridge: An environment influenced by coastal upwelling in the Benguela system

AU: Treppke,-U.F.; Lange,-C.B.; Donner,-B.; Fischer,-G.; Ruhland,-G.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Univ. Bremen, Klaggenfurter Str., Postfach 33 04 40, 28359 Bremen, Germany

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1996 vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 911-1016

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Seasonal fluctuations in the total particle, biogenic opal, diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes were observed in sediment traps deployed at 599 m and 1648 m in the Walvis Ridge area, within the Benguela upwelling system, from March 1989 to March 1990 (station WR 2: 20 degree 02.8'S, 09 degree 09.3'E). Fluxes were directly related to wind stress variations (wind maxima preceding flux maxima by several weeks), and inversely related to SST changes (derived from measured concentrations of C sub(37) alkenones; range: 14.6 degree -23.6 degree C). The biogenic particle composition at different depths reflected the complicated hydrology of the area with a combination of tropical, temperate and subantarctic water masses. Biogenic opal content varied from about 2 to 12% of the total mass flux in the upper trap and from about 4 to 17% in the lower trap. Diatoms were the main contributor to the opal fraction (mean daily flux of ca. 5.5 * 10 super(6) valves m super(-2) day super(-1)), followed by silicoflagellates (ca. 2.6 * 10 super(5) skeletons m super(-2) day super(-1)). Two seasonal maxima, in May and June (austral autumn) and from October to November (austral spring), were observed; silicoflagellates yielded also a third moderate maximum in August/September (austral winter). At 1648 m fluxes peaked from May to July (data were available for the period 18 Mar to 27 Aug 1989 only). Few diatoms were abundant; 19 taxa accounted for 50% of all the diatoms identified, and about 32 for the 75% level. Specific diversity of diatoms at 599 m was highest during times of lowest fluxes, in the austral winter, late spring and summer. The diatom taxa occurring at 599 m and at 1648 m were the same, with some flux enrichment with depth due to advection of particles into the lower trap by resuspension and downslope movement. The relatively high concentrations of the Antarctic-Subantarctic species Fragilariopsis kerguelensis in the upper trap solely, was probably linked to selective entertainment and transport within a ring of southerly origin (south of the Subantarctic/Subtropical Convergence Zone). The enrichment of moderately resistant and robust taxa in the sediments in conjunction with the rarity or absence of delicate taxa points to preferential concentration in the sediments of some taxa and dissolution of others. The occurrence of phytoliths in the traps and in the sediment sample can be linked to the "berg" winds, which are typical for the entire Benguela region during fall and winter.

AN: 4017609

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TI: Studies on the swimming behavior of Phaenopsectra kizakiensis larvae (Diptera:Chironomidae) in Lake Kizaki, Japan

AU: Hirabayashi,-Kimio; Ichimura,-Tadashi; Hayashi,-Hidetake

AF: Liberal Art (Biology), Yamanashi Women's Coll., Kofu 400, Japan

SO: JAP.-J.-LIMNOL. 1996 vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 99-106

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The larvae of Phaenopsectra kizakiensis (TOKUNAGA) were collected by sediment traps set at 6 different depths, from 13 May 1985 to January 8 1986, in Lake Kizaki (29 m depth). The total number of captured larvae was 165 individuals from all traps during the investigation periods. The maximum number of larvae trapped was 57 individuals by a 15 m sediment trap during the 7 days from 13 to 20 October. Many larvae were collected from late July to mid-December, especially mid-October to early November when the oxygen concentration of bottom water fell below 1 mg/l. It was concluded that P. kizakiensis larvae of the late 4th instar stage showed swimming behavior. It seems that they migrate up in the water in order to escape from the anaerobic conditions.

AN: 4016043

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TI: Accumulation of nutrients in the sediments of Maaleh Hakishon reclaimed effluents reservoir

AU: Avnimelech,-Y.; Wodka,-M.

AF: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

SO: WATER-RES. 1988 vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1437-1442

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps, sediment cores and nutrient input-output data were collected in Maaleh Hakishon reservoir, a newly constructed reservoir storing treated sewage effluents. Accumulation of organic carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus was computed using the three sets of data. Nutrient accumulation occurred mainly at the top 5 cm layer of the sediments. The organic carbon concentration in this layer increased by about 10-fold during the first 2 years of the reservoir operation, nitrogen and phosphorus increased by about 2 to 3-fold, and ammonium nitrogen by 100-fold. The site of nutrient accumulation was associated with the presence of fine flocculant particles, the presence of which is affected by water currents and basin morphology. Phosphorus accumulation was computed from input-output and from sediment cores; data were very similar. The equivalent value obtained from sediment trap results was about twice as high, which is indicative for the effect of bottom sediments resuspension. The analysis of the three sets of computed accumulation data (using input-output data, sediment coring and sediment trapping) for the organic carbon and nitrogen allowed a construction of a nutrient flow sheet for the reservoir (DBO).

AN: 4015240

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TI: The fate of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site -- sediment trap study results

AU: Hunt,-C.D.; Dragos,-P.; King,-K.; Albro,-C.; West,-D.; Uhler,-A.; Ginsburg,-L.; Pabst,-D.; Redford,-D.

AF: Battelle Ocean Sci., 397 Washington St., Duxbury, MA 02332, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-ENVIRON.-ENG. 1996 vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 285-323

NT: Special issue: Offshore disposal. Results of the 106-Mile Dumpsite Study. Part 2. Water column and sediment fates.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The fate of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site was investigated by deploying ten deep-sea moorings each equipped with sediment traps located at depths of 100 m and 1000 m and within 250 m of the ocean floor. The moorings were deployed in May 1990, recovered and redeployed in the fall of 1990, and recovered in June 1991. The total mass flux in the sediment traps was similar for both deployments. Several parameters including the metals Ag, Cu, Pb, organic compounds (linear alkyl benzenes (LAB), sterols, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur were found to be effective tracers of sludge transport and fate. The highest fluxes of sludge tracers were measured in the surface and mid-depth traps on the moorings located within 20 nmi of the 106-Mile Site during the first deployment period. Fluxes of these sludge tracers decreased with increasing distance from the site. Elevated fluxes of these tracers were found up to 60 nmi downcurrent from the Site. Stable isotope ratios in particulate material from three moorings located within 28 nmi of the site were sufficiently different from background oceanic values to detect the presence of sludge. Total LAB and silver were found to be the best tracers of the sludge due to low and uniform background concentrations and had enrichment factors of 50 to 100 times background. Copper, total PAH, and coprostanol were all found to be good tracers of the sludge; maximum enrichments factors of 6 to 20 times background were observed for these tracers near the 106-Mile Site. Fluxes of the chemical tracers from four moorings positioned across the continental slope to the west and southwest of the Site did not show substantial cross-slope dispersion of the sludge and supported model conclusions that sludge did not move onto the continental shelf. Substantially lower fluxes of the tracers and less distinct stable isotope signatures were observed during the second deployment period relative to the first but the spatial trends were similar. Estimates of the particle transit time to the moorings determined by evaluating the variability in the characteristic southwest flow in the slope sea (present 80% of the time during the first deployment period but only 65% during the second deployment period), the frequency that currents were likely to transport sludge to the mooring locations, and the influence of warm core rings on the dispersion characteristics of the Site revealed real differences in the likelihood of sludge transport between the two deployment periods and that lower fluxes would be measured during the second period. Thus, the observed differences in the tracer fluxes between the two deployment periods can be clearly related to the different physical oceanographic regimes manifest in the slope sea during the deployment periods.

AN: 4010062

77 of 89

TI: Inputs and outputs -- first order mass balance estimate of sewage sludge derived contaminants to the sediments near the 106-Mile Site

AU: Hunt,-C.D.; Peven,-C.S.; Pabst,-D.; Redford,-D.

AF: Battelle Ocean Sci., Duxbury, MA 02332, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-ENVIRON.-ENG. 1996 vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 259-283

NT: Special issue: Offshore disposal. Results of the 106-Mile Dumpsite Study. Part 2. Water column and sediment fates.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A total of 42 million (38.2 million metric) wet tons of sewage sludge were deposited at the 106-Mile Site between 1986 and 1992. Approximately 9 million (8.2 million metric) wet tons were dumped during each of the three peak years (1988-1990). On a dry weight basis, 1.5 million (1.36 million metric) tons were dumped. The fraction of the sewage sludge particles reaching the sediments in the vicinity of the Site was estimated by a simple mass balance approach that used information on the input and deposition of chemical tracers of the sewage sludge such as Ag, Cu, Pb, total linear alkyl benzenes (LAB), total polychlorinated biphenols (PCB), and coprostanol. The total amount of these tracers dumped were calculated from the amount of sewage sludge dumped at the Site, chemical characterization studies of the sludge, the depositional area developed from numerical simulation models, and the flux of these tracers measured from 10 sediment trap/current meter moorings positioned within the depositional footprint of the sludge. During the period that the sediment traps were deployed (May 1990 through June 1991), approximately 322 thousand (293 thousand metric) dry tons of sewage sludge were dumped at the Site. This represents 22% of the sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site between 1986 and 1992. Contaminant concentrations in the sewage sludge were calculated from data generated during routine sewage sludge characteristics monitoring by the permittees using the 106-Mile Site and special studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency. The calculated input of these tracers during the sediment trap deployment period ranged from a low of 85 kg for total PCB to approximately 465 thousand kg of coprostanol, a natural mammalian sterol. About 277,000 kg of Zn, 275,000 kg of Cu, 22,600 kg of silver and 71,000 kg of lead are estimated to have been dumped during the period that sediment traps were deployed. The amount in metric tons of these sewage sludge tracers estimated to have been dumped between 1986 and 1992 are PCB, 0.4; PAH, 10.8; Ag, 102; LAB, 127; Pb, 320; Cu, 1,235; Zn, 1,246; and coprostanol, 1,920. The measured near-bottom flux of these tracers were used in conjunction with the areal extent of the deposition estimated from numerical model runs to estimate the amount of the tracers reaching the seafloor. Two different sewage sludge settling rate scenarios were used to develop this estimate. Comparison of the deposition and input estimates suggests that approximately 30% of the LAB, PAH, Pb reached the seafloor. Only 5%, 10%, and 15% of the Ag, Cu, and coprostanol, respectively, were calculated to reach the sediments. The fraction of each of these tracers reaching the seafloor was found to be independent of the settling rate scenario used to model the depositional area. These estimates compare to deposition estimates derived from the numerical models of 25% and 75% for the two settling rate scenarios. The different amounts of sewage sludge estimated to have been deposited based on the chemical signatures suggests that these chemicals behaved differently during transport to the seafloor. The tracers exhibiting the smaller fraction reaching the sediments (Ag, Cu) generally have lower partitioning coefficients and are more likely to mobilize into dissolved phases than those exhibiting the larger fraction reaching the seafloor (Pb, LAB, PCB). The difference may also be explained by differential association with sewage sludge particles of different size. If such differential associations occurred, the former elements may also have been associated with very fine, slowly settling particles.

AN: 4007138

78 of 89

TI: The use of xylem tracheids for monitoring sewage sludge transport at the 106-Mile Site

AU: Hillman,-R.E.; Ginsburg,-L.; Peven,-C.S.; Redford,-D.; Pabst,-D.

AF: Environ. Prot. Agency, Office Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Oceans and Coastal Prot. Div., 401 M St., Washington, DC 20460, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-ENVIRON.-ENG. 1996 vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp. 227-236

NT: Special issue: Offshore disposal. Results of the 106-Mile Dumpsite Study. Part 2. Water column and sediment fates.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: As a continuation of an exercise to determine the feasibility of using a unique and inexpensive method of tracing sewage sludge transport at the 106-Mile Dump Site, the presence of xylem tracheids, plant cells that conduct water in plant stems, was monitored in sediment trap samples collected at the site. Using a modified method involving microscopic examination of sediment removed from the traps, xylem tracheids were identified in material from traps deployed at three levels during May 1990, retrieved in September 1990, redeployed in December 1990, and retrieved in June 1991. Trochoides were found at all mooring sites, including those farthest from the dump site, during at least one deployment. In most cases, tracheids were found at all three levels. These results indicate that xylem tracheids can be used effectively and inexpensively, in a semi-quantitative manner, to trace the distribution of sewage sludge in sediments.

AN: 4007135

79 of 89

TI: Distributions of oxygen, carbon, and respiratory activity in the deep layer of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and their implications for the carbon cycle

AU: Savenkoff,-C.; Vezina,-A.F.; Packard,-T.T.; Silverberg,-N.; Therriault,-J.-C.; Chen,-W.; Berube,-C.; Mucci,-A.; Klein,-B.; Mesple,-F.; Tremblay,-J.-E.; Legendre,-L.; Wesson,-J.; Ingram,-R.G.

AF: Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Department Fisheries Oceans, Box 1000, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada

SO: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI.-J.-CAN.-SCI.-HALIEUT.-AQUAT. 1996 vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 2451-2465

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: The Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) is a semi-enclosed sea with an estuarine circulation forced by runoff from the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes drainage systems and balanced by a deep inflow of oceanic waters through the Laurentian Channel. Based on samples collected between July 1992 and June 1994 during Phase 1 of the CJGOFS program conducted in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, new data are presented on the carbon and nutrient chemistry as well as respiratory activity in the deep waters. Organic carbon fluxes estimated from sediment trap data, deepwater respiratory activity, and benthic respiration measurements are consistent with those obtained from the changes in the dissolved oxygen concentration of the deep waters along the Laurentian Channel. These flux estimates suggest that approximately 10% of the local primary production reaches the deep layer (>200 m) and the sediments in the GSL. The vertical carbon budget is almost balanced in the eastern part of the gulf, but approximately half of the carbon produced in the surface layer of the northwestern gulf cannot be accounted for. The difference in hydrodynamic and biological conditions prevailing in both areas may explain the observations.

AN: 4001029

80 of 89

TI: Chernobyl & the marine environment: The radiological impact in context

AU: Povinec,-P.; Fowler,-S.; Baxter,-M.

AF: Radiometrics Sect. IAEA's Mar. Environ. Lab. in Monaco

SO: IAEA-BULL. 1996 vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 18-22

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Chernobyl accident, perhaps surprisingly, was of considerable interest to oceanographers around the world. The accidental release of substantial amounts of radioactivity to the atmosphere essentially initiated a worldwide transient tracer experiment on a scale that would never have been planned deliberately. Shortly after the accident, fission and activation products released by the fire entered marine waters throughout Europe. They became involved in many of the elemental cycles that oceanographers have for decades been trying to characterize using a wide variety of conventional techniques. Suddenly, immediately after the Chernobyl accident, a suite of radioactive tracers became available as a pulse to trace, rather like a coloured dye, the movement of elements through the oceans. IAEA-MEL scientists took part in this exciting and serendipitous experiment through temporal radionuclide monitoring of both the coastal and open ocean ecosystems.

AN: 3997728

81 of 89

TI: Nearshore transport of hydrocarbons and sediments after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

AU: Short,-J.W.; Sale,-D.M.; Gibeaut,-J.C.

AF: Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Alaska Fish. Sci. Cent., Auke Bay Lab., 11305 Glacier Hwy., Juneau, AK 99801-8626, USA

CO: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symp., Anchorage, AK (USA), 2-5 Feb 1993

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-EXXON-VALDEZ-OIL-SPILL-SYMPOSIUM. Rice,-S.D.;Spies,-R.B.;Wolfe,-D.A.;Wright,-B.A.-eds. BETHESDA,-MD-USA AFS 1996 vol. 18 pp. 40-60

ST: AM.-FISH.-SOC.-SYMP. vol. 18

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed in seawater depths of 10 m to 20 m to evaluate the transport of oil-laden sediments from oiled beaches to adjacent shallow subtidal sediments after the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 24 March 1989 in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Sediments collected by these traps between November 1989 and March 1991 were analyzed for petroleum hydrocarbons and for sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics. Benthic surface and core sediment samples were also collected and analyzed for hydrocarbons and for sedimentological characteristics, which are compared with similar results for trapped sediments. Results of the hydrocarbon analyses of the trapped sediments indicate that Exxon Valdez oil was transported from oiled beaches to adjacent shallow subtidal sediments. Total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations of trapped sediments were highest at the East Arm of Northwest Bay during the first trap deployment period, when concentrations exceeded 75,000 ng/g (dry weight basis). Total PAH concentrations of sediments trapped at the other three oiled locations ranged from 8,660 to 28,400 ng/g. Total PAH concentrations generally declined with time to 700-6,280 ng/g for sediments trapped during the March 1991-June 1991 deployment interval. Total PAH concentrations of sediments trapped at other stations were generally lower (<3,500 ng/g) and were usually compositionally distinct from Exxon Valdez oil. These oil-laden suspended sediments were only slightly incorporated into adjacent benthic surface sediments. Total PAH concentrations derived from Exxon Valdez oil were less than 2,500 ng/g in shallow (10-20 m) benthic surface sediments at oiled locations and approached this value only in the East Arm of Northwest Bay. Elsewhere, total PAH concentrations derived from any source were generally well below 500 ng/g. Contributions to shallow subtidal benthic sediments of PAHs derived from other sources, including anthropogenic sources and PAH-laden sediments carried into Prince William Sound through Hinchinbrook Entrance, are generally well below 400 ng/g at locations within or near the path of the spill through the sound. Sedimentological results indicate (1) mobilization of fine, oil-contaminated sediments from heavily oiled upper intertidal beaches by winter wave action and beach treatment activities and (2) residence times of oil in shallow epibenthic sediments on the order of months. The residence time increases with proximity to heavily oiled beaches where waves or treatment cause erosion but where adjacent subtidal areas are protected from wave and tidal energy. The conditions favorable for prolonged accumulations of elevated oil concentrations in shallow epibenthic sediments are restrictive, so that substantial and prolonged shallow subtidal sediment contamination is probably limited to relatively few locations. However, higher levels of contamination probably occur in deeper, lower energy, fine-grained sedimentation sites within oiled embayments.

AN: 3995280

82 of 89

TI: Measuring biogenic carbon flux in the ocean

AU: Boyd,-P.; Newton,-P.

AF: Natl. Inst. Water and Atmos. Res., Cent. Chem. and Phys. Oceanogr., Dep. Chem., Univ. Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

SO: SCIENCE-WASH. 1997 vol. 275, no. 5299, p. 554

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Richard B. Rivkin et al. propose that neither food-web structure nor new production can be used to predict the magnitude or patterns of downward export of biogenic organic carbon (BC) from the euphotic zone, at least for the duration of their study. These conclusions depend critically on the observations that while both food-web structure and new production estimates were different during and after the spring phytoplankton bloom, the BC flux--as estimated using shallow surface-tethered sediment traps--was similar for the two periods. We argue that the uncertainties associated with the trap-derived BC flux estimates are too large to support these conclusions, and we offer an alternative explanation for the apparent similarity of bloom and post-bloom export fluxes.

AN: 3990079

83 of 89

TI: Measuring biogenic carbon flux in the ocean: Response

AU: Rivkin,-R.B.; Legendre,-L.; Deibel,-D.; Tremblay,-J.-E.; Klein,-B.; Crocker,-K.; Roy,-S.; Silverberg,-N.; Lovejoy,-C.; Mesple,-F.; Romero,-N.; Anderson,-M.R.; Matthews,-P.; Savenkoff,-O.; Ingram,-R.G.

AF: Ocean Sci. Cent., Mem. Univ. Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1C 5S7, Canada

SO: SCIENCE-WASH. 1997 vol. 275, no. 5299, pp. 554-555

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: To address the issue of seasonal smoothing of BC flux, we examined the effects of swimmers and water motion on our sediment trap samples in the Gulf of St. Lawrence specifically and the magnitude of collection bias for surface-tethered sediment traps in general. With regard to swimmers, neither zooplankton abundance nor production rates of fecal pellets were significantly different during and after the bloom that we studied. It follows that the effects of swimmers and their products on estimated C fluxes should have been similar during bloom and non-bloom periods. Concerning possible hydrodynamic bias, the movement of the surface floats tethered to the traps indicate that water velocities were 7.9 to 13.8 cm/s in April and 12.5 to 33.3 cm/s in June. However, because our traps were free-drifting, relative water motion over the trap opening was significantly lower. Based upon these findings, we estimate that relative water velocities over our traps were less than 10 cm/s and trap Reynolds numbers (Rt) were less than 8000. These values are below the threshold water velocities (12 to 15 cm/s) and Rt (about 10 super(4)), above which significant hydrodynamic effects on trap collections are observed. Moreover, the low and uniform (< 0.5 to 3.5 x 10 super(-4)/s) Brunt-Vaeisaelae frequencies below 40 m during the two observation periods indicate little hydrodynamic activity near trap depths.

AN: 3990078

84 of 89

TI: Production pattern of alkenones in the Mediterranean Sea

AU: Ternois,-Y.; Sicre,-M.-A.; Boireau,-A.; Marty,-J.-C.; Miquel,-J.-C.

AF: Lab. de Physique et Chimie Marines, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS/INSU, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France

SO: GEOPHYS.-RES.-LETT. 1996 vol. 23, no. 22, pp. 3171-3174

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 3984991

85 of 89

TI: Lateral transport of settling particles in the Ross Sea and implications for the fate of biogenic material

AU: Jaeger,-J.M.; Nittrouer,-C.A.; DeMaster,-D.J.; Kelchner,-C.; Dunbar,-R.B.

AF: Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES.-C-OCEANS 1996 vol. 101, no. C8, pp. 18479-18488

NT: Special section: Biogeochemical cycling in the Ross Sea.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Ross Sea, Antarctica, with its high rates of primary productivity and biogenic accumulation, provides an important location to test the validity of a one-dimensional particle-settling model. As part of an interdisciplinary field project performed from 1990 to 1992 to examine cycling and accumulation of biogenic matter in the Ross Sea, water-column particulate and current data were collected at three sites. At each of the sites, a current meter and sediment trap were placed 240 m below the water surface, and a similar set of instruments was located 40 m above the seabed. The moorings were deployed for 1- to 2-years duration. The current-meter records showed that the speed of flow in the southwestern Ross Sea is relatively slow (<20 cm s super(-1)) and current direction is highly variable. Currents in the south-central Ross Sea have moderate speeds (<40 cm s super(-1)) and less directional variability. The northwestern Ross Sea has the strongest flows (>50 cm s super(-1)) and least variability in direction. To examine the validity of a one-dimensional approximation for fluxes of biogenic material, two models were developed to determine the net displacement of particles settling through the water column. Current-meter data and particle-settling characteristics were incorporated in both models. One model produced a time-varying, linearly interpolated current field between the moorings in which particle advection was evaluated. The second model used time-averaged progressive-vector plots to estimate lateral particle advection. Results show that particles are displaced the least at the southwestern site (<20 km), moderate distances at the south-central site (<50 km), and the greatest at the northwestern site (>50 km). The pattern in displacement trends correlates well with observed sediment types and accumulation rates at each site. A one-dimensional model for the settling of biogenic material is most applicable at the southwestern site and least applicable at the northwestern site.

AN: 3979598

86 of 89

TI: A high resolution camera system (ParCa) for imaging particles in the ocean: System design and results from profiles and a three-month deployment

AU: Ratmeyer,-V.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Univ. Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1996 vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 589-603

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: For direct optical measurement of abundance, concentration and size distribution of marine particles, a high-resolution camera system (ParCa) was designed to improve on similar systems used by Honjo et al. (1984), Asper (1987) and others. Imaging a probe volume of up to 37 1, smallest particles with diameters of 50 mu m can be counted. The images provide information on particle size, shape and abundance either during profiling through the water column or while moored in a certain depth over time. Depth profiles were acquired between fall 1992 and late spring 1993 on R. V. Meteor Cruises M22-1 and M23-3 at 6 stations in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean and off the west African shelf. The images show variable particle and aggregate concentrations through 550 m of the water column, with highest concentrations in the upper 80 m. A distinctive change in the depth of the upper chlorophyll maximum from about 75 m in the Brazil Basin to about 50 m in the Guinea Basin was measured with the attached INFLUX current meter (Krause and Ohm, 1996) and is as well represented in the particle abundances of two selected profiles. In contrast, both profiles show a second particle abundance maximum between 100 and 250 m, which is not visible in the chlorophyll-a and backscatter signal of the INFLUX sensors. Total particle abundance maxima raise from 677 counts per liter in the central Brazil Basin to 991 counts in the Guinea Basin, corresponding to marine snow abundances of 57 and 127 counts per liter, respectively. In order to compare high-resolution data on particle concentration and flux through time, ParCa was also deployed on a sediment-trap mooring at 995 m depth in the Canary Basin between June and September 1994. First results show similar trends in sediment-trap derived fluxes of particulate matter from 2.8 to 67.2 mg m super(-2) d super(-1) and equivalent spherical volumes of particles with diameters > 0.5 mm from 0.98 to 4.13 mm super(3) l super(-1).

AN: 3976504

87 of 89

TI: Phytopigments and fatty acids as molecular markers for the quality of near-bottom particulate organic matter in the North Sea

AU: Boon,-A.R.; Duineveld,-G.C.A.

AF: Dep. Mar. Ecol., Netherlands Inst. for Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

SO: J.-SEA-RES. 1996 vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 279-291

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In February, May and August 1994, four stations in the North Sea (viz. at the Broad Fourteens, Frisian Front, German Bight and Skagerrak) were visited to sample near-bottom particulate organic matter. Samples, taken by means of a pump, a sediment trap and a sediment recorder, were analysed on organic carbon, total nitrogen, phytopigments and fatty acids. These molecular markers were used to describe the nature and quality of the organic particles in the near-bottom water. Principal component analysis showed chlorophyll a, phaeopigments and fatty acids to be useful markers for the quality of organic matter and yield complementary information. The quality of the near-bottom particles appeared to be related to the local hydrography and depositional circumstances. The Broad Fourteens station, a non-depositional sandy site along the Dutch coast, showed organic particles to be relatively fresh, little influenced by resuspended sedimentary material. Near-bottom organic particles on this site contained relatively high shares of chlorophyll a and polyunsaturated fatty acids, characteristic of algal matter. On the other hand the particulate organic material on the two depositional locations, the Frisian Front and the German Bight stations, was influenced by resuspension of sedimentary organic particles poor in pigments and fatty acids. Amounts of carbon trapped in the near-bottom environment at the Skagerrak station were lower than expected from the literature.

AN: 3975075

88 of 89

TI: Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry of sediment trap organic matter from Lake Michigan

AU: Meyers,-P.A.; Zsolnay,-A.; Eadie,-B.J.

AF: Department of Geological Sciences, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063, USA

SO: CHEM.-SPECIATION-BIOAVAILAB. 1995 vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33-42

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The composition of total organic matter associated with sinking particles collected by sediment traps moored at five depths in Lake Michigan has been characterized by pyrolysis-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Concentrations of organic carbon decrease dramatically in the upper part of the water column as organic matter is remineralized. Remineralization changes the character of organic matter associated with particles as they settle, and different pyrolysate distributions are consequently obtained. Nitrogen-containing compounds are more abundant in trap contents from the epilimnion and metalimnion, whereas saccharides and humic acids are more abundant in particles settling within the near-bottom nepheloid layer. Comparison of extractable n-alkane distributions to the pyrolysates of bulk organic matter indicates preferential degradation of algal components during sinking of sediment particles.

AN: 3973898

89 of 89

TI: Export production in a warm streamer off Sanriku

OT: Sanriku oki dansui sutorima chu no yuso seisan

AU: Matsuo,-Yutaka; Yokouchi,-Katsumi; Inagake,-Denzo

AF: Tohoku Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., Shiogama, Miyagi, 985, Japan

CA: Tohoku Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., shiogama (Japan)

SO: BULL.-TOHOKU-NATL.-FISH.-RES.-INST. 1996 no. 58, pp. 27-37

LA: Japanese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Export production and primary production were measured in a warm streamer observed off Sanriku in l991 October. Export production was measured using a sediment trap suspended on a free-floating buoy just beneath the thermocline over a period of 24 hours and primary production was measured using a simulated in situ method. Daily primary productivity was 303.09 mgC/m super(2), and export production was 33.3 mgC/m super(2). Assuming that export production was equivalent to new production, the f-ratio (new/total production) was 0.11. These results show that the level of productivity of the warm streamer was equivalent to equatorial waters. It is considered that as the mixing of the water of the warm streamer with the surrounding waters progressed, the concentration of nutrients in the warm streamer would increase and accordingly the increase in nutrients would cause enhancement of the productivity of the warm streamer.

AN: 3973622

No. Records Request

1: 71 JGOFS

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1997-1998/09

3: 200 #1

4: 14252 INDIA

5: 1 #3 and INDIA

6: 200 #3

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1988-1996

8: 0 #6

9: 1797 PARTICLE

10: 2284 FLUX

11: 20 PARTICLE FLUX

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1978-1987

13: 126 #11

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1988-1996

15: 35 #13

16: 6 SEDIMENT-TRAP

17: 1 SEDIMENT-TRAPPED

18: 1 SEDIMENT-TRAPPING

19: 82 SEDIMENT-TRAPS

20: 89 #16 or #17 or #18 or #19

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1997-1998/09

22: 362 #20

23: 21857 SEDIMENT

24: 1514 TRAP

25: 348 SEDIMENT TRAP

26: 362 #22

1 of 362

TI: Origin and composition of settling iron aggregates in oligotrophic Sombre Lake, Signy Island, Antarctica

AU: Caulkett,-A.P.; Ellis-Evans,-J.C.

AF: British Antarctic Surv., Nat. Environ. Res. Counc., High Cross, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA 1996 vol. 330, no. 3, pp. 177-187

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed in an oligotrophic, seasonally anoxic maritime Antarctic lake for 15 months. Immediately after the onset of the inflow in spring many iron oxyhydroxide aggregates were collected in the traps. Image analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were used to examine the aggregates. The aggregates consisted of primary particles that persisted in the aggregates. The mean diameter of the aggregates was constant with depth. The aggregates consisted predominantly of iron, phosphorus and oxygen but calcium was also an important constituent. Significant concentrations of manganese and sodium were also detected. The molar ratio Fe:P remained constant at 4:1 as did the ratio Fe:Ca at 52:1. The concentration of iron, phosphorus and calcium in the aggregates increased with depth, whilst the concentration of manganese decreased with depth in parallel with a gradient of increasing anoxia. The stable water column formed under ice cover and the temporal and spatial data provide evidence that the Fe:P and Fe:Ca ratios are constant and characteristic of the aggregates, whilst the overall composition of the aggregates is more dynamic and dependant on redox conditions and water chemistry.

AN: 3972140

2 of 362

TI: Settling particulate organic matter in Siwha artificial lake

AU: Hong,-G.H.; Park,-S.K.; Hong,-D.P.; Lee,-S.H.

AF: Chem. Oceanogr. Div., KORDI, Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea

SO: OCEAN-RES. 1996 vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 89-92

LA: Korean

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Settling particulate matter was collected using cylindrical sediment traps for the period of May to August 1995, at four sites in Siwha Lake. Settling fluxes of bulk particulate matter were low in front of Siwha Dam(170 g/m super(2)/d) and high at the mouth of the stream(1800 g/m super(2)/d). Settling particulate matter is mostly composed of detrital material with minor contribution (up to 16% of organic cabon contents) of organic matter. Organic cabon contents are high in the vicinity of the mouth of streams and low in front of Siwha Dam. Annual total settling flux of bulk sediment and organic matter throughout the whole lake basin are estimated tentatively to be 10x10 super(6) t SPM/yr and 0.3x10 super(6) t C/yr, 0.01x10 super(6) t N/yr, respectively.

AN: 3970958

3 of 362

TI: Evidence for a novel pigment with in vivo absorption maximum at 708 nm associated with Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii blooms

AU: Vernet,-M.; Mitchell,-B.G.; Sakshaug,-E.; Johnsen,-G.; Iturriaga,-R.; Wassmann,-P.

AF: Marine Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1996 vol. 133, no. 1-3, pp. 253-262

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The presence of a chlorophyll a-like (chl a) pigment, with an in vivo absorption maximum in the near-infrared region at 708 to 712 nm, was observed mainly in sedimenting material and Calanus hyperboreus faecal pellets associated with Phaeocystis cf. pouchetii Hariot blooms. (In vivo absorption is attributed to natural absorption found in naturally occurring particulate matter and seston. In vitro absorption refers to extracts in organic solvents.) This absorption peak was observed in conjunction with the absorption peak at 674 to 676 nm, commonly attributed to chl a and its derivatives. The in vivo absorption maximum in the near infrared, centered around 708 nm, was observed only in particulate matter and not in methanolic and aqueous acetonic extracts. Absorption efficiency (Q sub(a)) of individual particles measured by microphotometry revealed particles 3 to 4 mu m in diameter with an in vivo absorption maximum at 708 to 713 nm and no in vivo absorption peak at 676 nm, as expected for chlorophylls and its phaeopigments, indicating a different type of particle in the sample. The visible spectrum also had a broad absorption peak in the blue region, between 420 and 450 nm, suggesting a chlorophyll-like spectrum. The main chl degradation product analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography of sedimenting matter was identified as a phaeophorbide a-like pigment, with absorption maximum in the red at 665 to 666 nm in organic solvents, with no indication of a pigment with in vitro absorption properties in the near infrared. The accumulation of the 708 nm in vivo absorption peak in particles associated with P. cf. pouchetii seems to be a widespread feature as it was observed during 3 different cruises to the Barents Sea, Fram Strait and the Kattegat. We propose 3 different hypotheses on the origin of this novel peak in in vivo absorption not previously observed in marine environments: (1) P. cf. pouchetii has a chl a breakdown pathway which promotes the accumulation of a known chl degradation product with an in vivo absorption at 708 nm; (2) there is a new chl degradation product produced by grazing of C. hyperboreus on P. cf. pouchetii, as yet to be isolated; and (3) there is a new pigment, synthesized by either P. cf. pouchetii or another organism associated with this alga, during mature blooms of Phaeocystis. These hypotheses are discussed in view of the available evidence.

AN: 3967568

4 of 362

TI: Sediment deposition and movement over a turf assemblage in a shallow rocky coastal area of the Ligurian Sea

AU: Airoldi,-L.; Fabiano,-M.; Cinelli,-F.

AF: Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Universita di Pisa, Via Volta 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1996 vol. 133, no. 1-3, pp. 241-251

NT: Bibliogr.: 86 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The depositional environment over a turf assemblage of the rocky shore south of Livorno was studied from April 1992 to September 1993 by means of sediment traps positioned 50 and 200 cm above the turf surface. Changes in environmental conditions and in the intensity of terrestrial erosion and wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediments played a major role in controlling both the magnitude of sediment deposition and the nature of sedimented material, while limited responses to seasonal patterns of sedimentation of phytoplanktonic material were found. Mean rates of sediment deposition fluctuated between 1.6 and 52.4 g/m super(2)/d, and the amount of trapped material decreased with distance from bottom, reflecting intense sediment resuspension and movement over the algal turf. The material sedimenting was mostly composed of small-size (<200 mu m) inorganic particles, and the organic material was characterized by the presence of highly degraded detritus. Besides faecal pellets few recognizable structures were found in the traps, such as charcoal fragments which probably originated from extensive burning of the coastal vegetation. Considerable variations in the intensity of the depositional environment over the algal turf were evident: the maxima sediment deposition and movement occurred in autumn and were related to heavy rainfall and wind-wave action, while in the summer the algal turf was generally free from sediment smother and scour. The ecological significance of these quantitative and qualitative temporal fluctuations is discussed, and the possible long-term impact of fire deforestation and increased soil erosion on turf structure and composition is hypothesized.

AN: 3967567

5 of 362

TI: Production and fate of dimethylsulfide and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in pelagic mesocosms: The role of sedimentation

AU: Osinga,-R.; Kwint,-R.L.J.; Lewis,-W.E.; Kraay,-G.W.; Lont,-J.D.; Lindeboom,-H.J.; Duyl,-F.C.-van

AF: Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1996 vol. 131, no. 1-3, pp. 275-286

NT: Bibliogr.: 44 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Elevated concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) sometimes occur in sea water during phytoplankton blooms. To determine the factors controlling the concentration of DMS in sea water, the development and fate of a bloom dominated by Phaeocystis was studied in relation to the production and fate of DMS and its precursor beta -dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in a pelagic mesocosm experiment. The part of this study described here focused on the role of sedimentation of algae as a loss factor for DMSP and as a trigger mechanism for DMS production. A hypothesis tested was that high DMS concentrations occur after a mass release of DMSP from algae due to mass sedimentation followed by cell lysis on the mesocosm floor. This was studied by monitoring Phaeocystis cell numbers, chlorophyll a, particulate DMSP, dissolved DMSP and DMS in the water column, and by daily measurements of the sedimentation of Phaeocystis cells. We evaluated a technique for measuring DMSP indirectly as acrylate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method seemed to be hampered by DMSP-lyase activity of Phaeocystis during sample processing, but gave good results when Phaeocystis was not dominant. Sedimentation rates of Phaeocystis were found to be high and constantly related to the standing stock in the water column. The average sinking velocity of Phaeocystis cells was 1.4 m/d. At the decline of the bloom, sedimentation accounted for approximately 50% of the observed loss of Phaeocystis biomass, which indicates that cell lysis may have been important as well at this time. The decline of the bloom did not result in an elevated DMS concentration. However, a significant peak in DMS was observed at the end of the exponential growth phase of the Phaeocystis bloom. It was concluded that the decline of a Phaeocystis bloom does not lead to an elevated DMS concentration in the water column. The continuously high sedimentation of living Phaeocystis cells suggests that, in these mesocosms, lysis after sedimentation was an important mechanism for release of DMSP from cells and, hence, production of DMS. Nevertheless, this mechanism in itself can not explain the strong fluctuations in the DMS concentration observed in this experiment.

AN: 3967516

6 of 362

TI: Contamination of sediment trap fluxes by vertically migrating phototrophic micro-organisms in the coastal Baltic Sea

AU: Heiskanen,-A.-S.

AF: Finnish Environment Agency, PO Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1995 vol. 122, no. 1-3, pp. 45-58

NT: Bibliogr.: 65 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sedimentation rates of phytoplankton and particulate organic carbon (POC) were studied in the northern Baltic Sea, SW coast of Finland, during the spring bloom and early summer periods in May and June 1988. Sediment traps were moored at 15 and 30 m depths, and the cylinders were either preserved with formaldehyde (F) or remained as unpreserved control cylinders (C). The phytoplankton spring bloom in May was dominated by motile dinoflagellates. Due to the high abundance and vertical migration of the chain-forming dinoflagellate Peridiniella catenata, the POC fluxes measured by the F-cylinders were, on average overestimated by 12%, and at most by 32% during the spring period. Between 3 and 12% of the P. catenata population was estimated to migrate daily below 15 m depth; part of the population also reached 30 m depth. Another migrating phototrophic organism present in the water column was the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Generally, a larger fraction of the M. rubrum population (2 to 26%) migrated, but they did not contaminate the measurements to the same degree as P. catenata (<3% of total POC fluxes) due to their lesser abundance in the water column. In June, Eutreptiella (Euglenophyceae) had significantly higher cell numbers in the F- than in the C-cylinders. They were estimated to contaminate the POC fluxes up to 13% at 15 m depth (F-cylinder). The difference in the Eutreptiella cell numbers between the 2 treatments could have been partly due to increased copepod grazing rates inside the C-cylinders (up to 90% of the total difference if they fed on phytoflagellates only). Contamination caused by the total apparent vertical migration of P. catenata, M. rubrum and Eutreptiella accounted for 17 and 12%, on average, of the total POC sedimentation (F-cylinders) at 15 and 30 m depths, respectively. This study indicates that vertical migration of the phototrophic microorganisms can significantly bias sediment trap measurements in shallow coastal areas where sediment traps are often deployed within the vertical range of the migrating microplankton (i.e. above 30 to 40 m).

AN: 3967415

7 of 362

TI: Suspended solids dynamics in the Schoharie and Ashokan Reservoirs, 1993 through 1994

AU: Snopek,-M.L.; Wedemeyer,-J.; Phelan,-F.; Bachmann,-R.W.; Jones,-J.R.; Peters,-R.H.; Soballe,-D.M.-(eds.)

AF: New York City Dep. Environ. Prot. (NYCDEP), Ben Nesin Lab., Shokan, NY 12481, USA

CO: 15. Annual International Symposium of the North American Lake Management Society, Toronto, ON (Canada), 6-11 Nov 1995

SO: LAKE-RESERV.-MANAGE. 1995 vol. 11, no. 2, p. 191

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The New York City (NYC) water supply is an unfiltered drinking water system that has its source water reservoir turbidity levels regulated by the criteria of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (i.e., 5 NTU turbidity). The Catskill District is one of three upland watershed supply areas in the NYC system. This District provides approximately 40% of the City's daily water requirements. It contains two head-water reservoirs, Schoharie and Ashokan-West, and a terminal reservoir, Ashokan-East. Ashokan-East has the potential to become a source water if Kensico, a down-system reservoir, is bypassed for any reason. Storage in the Catskill reservoirs may vary from less than 20 to greater than 100% of their capacity depending on water demand and season. The soils of the Catskill watershed are highly erodible. This soil characteristic, changing water needs, spring thaw and precipitation events contribute to periodic episodes of high turbidity in Schoharie and Ashokan-West. In an effort to understand the dynamics of suspended matter in the Catskill District reservoirs and to minimize the frequency and magnitude of high turbidity episodes through reservoir management, a study of the dynamics of turbidity and suspended solids was undertaken. The preliminary results of two years of sediment trap studies are summarized. Sediment flux ranged from less than 10 g m-2 d-1 (eg., Ashokan-East) to greater than 400 g m-2 d-1 (Schoharie). There appears to be different suspended sediment sources at different times of the year. Management options to reduce turbidity in the reservoirs will be discussed.

AN: 3964118

8 of 362

TI: Physical properties of the surficial sediments of Hamilton Harbour

AU: Versteeg,-J.K.; Rukavina,-N.A.; Bachmann,-R.W.; Jones,-J.R.; Peters,-R.H.; Soballe,-D.M.-(eds.)

AF: Patterson, Grant and Watson, Ltd., 204 Richmond St. 5th Flr., Toronto, Ontario, Canada

CO: 15. Annual International Symposium of the North American Lake Management Society, Toronto, ON (Canada), 6-11 Nov 1995

SO: LAKE-RESERV.-MANAGE. 1995 vol. 11, no. 2, p. 199

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Studies of surficial sediments in Hamilton Harbour over the past decade have established the sediment-distribution pattern, its temporal changes, and its relationship to water depth and position in the basin. Data are now available for 226 sites sampled during 10 surveys between 1984 and 1993. They include particle size, particle density, water content, shear strength, magnetic susceptibility and sedimentation rate. The basic sediment pattern is a simple one of inshore sands along the undeveloped north and east coasts, disturbed sandy muds along the industrial south shore, and uniform silty sediments in basin depths of 5 to 25 m. Sediment grain size is dependent upon both water depth and position in the basin, and grain-size statistics for the past decade indicate that the size pattern has been stable over that time span. Limited data on other physical properties give some idea of their scale but not of their areal or temporal trends. Modem sedimentation rates from Pb210 dating range from 0.2 to 0.9 cm/yr and average 0.5 cm/yr. The average rate is about 5 times the average pre-settlement rate determined by radiocarbon dating of long piston cores and about half of the rate that would be expected from sediment-trap data. Reliable rates are difficult to obtain because of extensive disturbance of the harbour floor by shipping, dredging and dumping. This is evident in side-scan sonar records where more than 50% of bed sediments in the southern three-quarters of the harbour show some form of disturbance to depths of as much as a metre.

AN: 3962182

9 of 362

TI: Particulate material as an indicator of pearl-oyster excess in the Takapoto Lagoon (Tuamotu, French Polynesia)

AU: Vacelet,-E.; Arnoux,-A.; Thomassin,-B.

AF: Centre d'Oceanologie de Marseille, Universite de la Mediterranee, URA CNRS n41, Station Marine d'Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France

SO: AQUACULTURE 1996 vol. 144, no. 1-3, pp. 133-148

LA: English

AB: The aquatic environment of black-lipped pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera) in the Takapoto Lagoon was studied to determine the cause of their recent diseases. Both N and P limitations were observed, and the oligotrophy was known from previous reports. The low N concentration appeared to affect the volumes of the various picoplankton compartments more than their numbers, whereas the P concentration affected phytoplankton, estimated as chlorophyll a. The values for the resulting biomasses of phytoplankton (3.8 mu g C l-1) and bacteria (2.8 mu g C l-1) were amongst the lowest reported values, as were the respective production rates (2.2-3.5 mu g C l-1 reported and 1.22 mu g C l-1 current work). Although unexpectedly low, the values for biomass and production of bacteria are consistent with the close relationship observed between phytoplankton and bacteria. Waste products from the reared P. margaritifera stock enhanced the growth rates of phytoplankton and picoplankton as shown when incubating in unpoisoned sediment traps, even though the concentrations of both populations were lower than those achieved in the surrounding water. Oyster filtering affected not only phytoplankton, but also smaller-sized plankton, including flagellates and the viable hetero trophic bacteria, but had a significant impact on total counts of bacteria only in the 0-7 m layer. The density of the pearl oysters appeared to exceed the nutritional potential of the lagoon. Owing to the oligotrophic conditions, phytoplankton and even bacteria were unable to sustain their grazing. The 0-7 m depth appeared to be more favourable to oyster growth than the bottom, despite the higher amount of pigments collected in bottom traps. The suspended material in the upper layer was less degraded and showed a higher potential for microbial multiplication. The lack of exchange between the intermediate layer of 18 m and the upper and lower levels suggested that during our study, the suspended material at the bottom did not originate directly from the 0-7 m level owing to the particular circulation of water in the lagoon.

AN: 3961213

10 of 362

TI: Shallow water bottom sediment trap -- a novel approach

AU: Fernandes,-B.; Nayak,-G.N.

AF: Department of Marine Science and Marine Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403 205, India

SO: INDIAN-J.-MAR.-SCI. 1996 vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 163-164

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An attempt is made to design and fabricate a sediment trap to study the sediment flux in a shallow water body. The instrument consists of a pole standing on a tripod structure with concrte cones at the base. The trap is a cylinder which can be clamped to the pole at different levels. While the trap is better suited for shallow waters, the base stand system can also be used as a mooring in deeper waters.

AN: 3960548

11 of 362

TI: Characterization of macromolecular organic matter in sediment traps from the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

AU: Peulve,-S.; De-Leeuw,-J.W.; Sicre,-M.-A.; Baas,-M.; Saliot,-A.

AF: Lab. de Physique et Chimie Mar., Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Observatoire des Sci. de l'Univers, UA CNRS 353, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France

SO: GEOCHIM.-COSMOCHIM.-ACTA 1996 vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1239-1259

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Curie point-pyrolysis-gas chromatography (CuPy-GC) and Curie point-pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CuPy-GC/MS) were applied to chemically characterize the macro-molecular content of large particles collected from sediment traps in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea at 100, 200, 1000, and 2000 m depth. The samples were also examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). A field sample rich in the diatom Biddulphia sinensis was used as a reference for contribution of photosynthetic organisms and compared to the four sediment trap samples. Several n-alkanes and n-alk-1-enes as well as aliphatic alkyl nitriles could be assigned to aliphatic resistant biopolymers. Bound fatty acids were present in the upper traps (100 and 200 m) and absent in the lower ones (1000 and 2000 m), indicating the absence of esterified acid moieties in the latter. These observations indicated that in the sediment trap material, ester hydrolysis has been completed probably via hydrolytic enzymes, and that in the lower trap samples, the alk-1-enes and alkanes may be derived exclusively from aliphatic resistant macromolecules, whereas in the upper samples, they represent aliphatic resistant macromolecules and esterified moieties in macromolecules. Fragments such as phytadienes and pristenes likely derive from photosynthetic organisms, whereas their natural product precursors are different. In the upper samples, a suite of dipeptide-type pyrolysis products, assumed to be "true protein indicators," were detected. The same suite of compounds was present in the pyrolysates of the field B. sinensis-rich sample. In all pyrolysates, pyrroles, indoles and aromatic nitriles were also found. The important contributions of these N-containing compounds at greater depth, i.e., 1000 and 2000 m, is noteworthy. Except for the pyrroles, their contribution to the pyrolysate of the B. sinensis-rich sample was also significant. Their abundances did not match those of the "true protein indicators." This led to the conclusion that they were produced upon pyrolysis of a highly resistant precursor, probably from algae, which is not proteinaceous in nature. In all samples, some relatively stable polysaccharide-containing constituents could be observed. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as alkyl benzenes, naphthalenes, indanes, and indenes present in all pyrolysates may partly be derived from proteins, especially in the upper samples, and from unknown resistant precursors. A phenolic series detected encompassed phenol, 1-, 2-, and 3-methylphenols and dimethylphenols. They were important contributors to all the pyrolysates and were also present in the pyrolysate of the field B. sinensis-rich sample. They are possibly produced from autochthonous resistant macromolecules occurring in algae. Overall, we concluded that the preservation of known and some presently unknown biomacromolecules biosynthesized by algae, either by selective preservation or by rapid sinking, could be a major process determining the quality and quantity of sinking and depositing organic matter in the ocean.

AN: 3950356

12 of 362

TI: Sediment-trap evaluation of mine tailings transport

AU: MacDonald,-R.W.; O'-Brien,-M.C.

AF: Inst. Ocean Sci., Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada

SO: MAR.-GEORESOUR.-GEOTECHNOL. 1996 vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 97-109

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Mine tailings from an open-pit molybdenum mine were discharged at 50 m depth to Alice Arm, B.C., Canada, during 1981-1982. We report here the results of a sediment-trap survey to determine the scale of transport of suspended tailings within the fjord. Tailings clearly affect the particle fluxes in the deeper water of Alice Arm out to a distance of about 12-14 km, as demonstrated by increased particle fluxes and enrichment of these particles in heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb). However, the disposal strategy appears to have been effective in trapping suspended tailings within Alice Arm; there was no evidence of tailings entering surface water or escaping the inlet. Three months after the mine closed, particle fluxes in Alice Arm dropped to natural or near-natural levels. Natural inorganic particle delivery is also recorded in the traps as seasonal pulses from rivers draining into the head and sides of the arm.

AN: 3947936

13 of 362

TI: Offshore aeolian transport across a beach: Carrick Finn Strand, Ireland

AU: Nordstrom,-K.F.; Bauer,-B.O.; Davidson-Arnott,-R.G.D.; Gares,-P.A.; Carter,-R.W.G.; Jackson,-D.W.T.; Sherman,-D.J.

AF: Inst. Mar. and Coastal Sci., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1996 vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 664-672

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This study examined cross-shore differences in wind speed and aeolian sediment transport rate in relation to beach surface conditions in the lee of a 6 m high dune during 2 days of offshore winds at Carrick Finn Strand, Ireland. Near-surface wind speed, surface moisture, carbonate content and mean grain size increased in the offshore direction; sediment sorting became slightly poorer. The rate of sediment transport was small from the dune toe out to a distance of about 20 m and then increased rapidly to about 40 m seaward of the dune. The rate decreased seaward of this location early each day due to a great increase in surface moisture content. Greater rates of transport occurred seaward of this location later in the day and are attributed to drying of the beach surface and increased wind speeds. Rates of offshore aeolian transport on the beach in the lee of the dune are affected by shore-parallel zones differing in wind speed, surface moisture and sediment characteristics that change in location through time. These zones include a Lee-of-Dune Zone, where no aeolian entrainment occurs because of low wind speeds; an Erosion Zone, located sufficiently far from the dune that wind is effective in entraining and removing sediments; a Transport Zone where erosional losses are replaced by inputs from upwind; and an Accretion Zone on the moist portion of the foreshore.

AN: 3940665

14 of 362

TI: Alongshore variations in aeolian sediment transport: Carrick Finn Strand, Ireland

AU: Gares,-P.A.; Davidson-Arnott,-R.G.D.; Bauer,-B.O.; Sherman,-D.J.; Carter,-R.W.G.; Jackson,-D.W.T.; Nordstrom,-K.F.

AF: Dep. Geogr., East Carolina Univ., Greenville, NC 27858, USA

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1996 vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 673-682

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Past studies of coastal aeolian sediment transport have adopted a two-dimensional perspective relying on data collected from single survey transects normal to the shoreline to represent wind speed and sediment flux. Although this approach provides a useful approximation to the aeolian system, it presumes that air flow is steady and uniform and that single-point data or transect samples represent broader beach conditions. These conditions are frequently not satisfied because beaches are three-dimensional systems with substantial alongshore variation. This study focuses on spatial variations in sediment transport and in surface sediment characteristics that affect transport during offshore winds. The sediment flux was sampled over 15 minute intervals with vertical traps positioned to monitor small-scale (0-5 m), and medium-scale (0-50 m) alongshore variations. Variability in trapped sediment flux is of the order of +/- 30% of the mean flux at both spatial scales. Alongshore variations for sediment size (+/- 10% of the mean) and carbonate content (+/- 7 % of the mean) are too small to explain entirely the variability in sediment flux. Variations in moisture content (+/- 35 % of the mean) are large enough to account for flux variability, especially when coupled with the potentially important role of wind gustiness. The combined effect of wind gustiness and moisture variations produces non-uniform sediment transport, manifested as streamers of sand that move across the beach. The irregular streamer movement results in selective interception by traps producing variable sediment trapping rates.

AN: 3940664

15 of 362

TI: Sediment control at water intakes

AU: Wang,-Y.; Odgaard,-A.J.; Melville,-B.W.; Jain,-S.C.

AF: Nat. Res. Consulting Eng., Inc., Berkeley, CA 94702, USA

SO: J.-HYDRAUL.-ENG. 1996 vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 353-356

LA: English

AB: Submerged vanes are shown to be effective in preventing bed load transport from entering water intakes. By generating a secondary circulation in the flow, the vanes change the magnitude and direction of the bed-shear stresses and cause a redistribution of the flow and sediment transport in the area affected by the vanes. As a result, the riverbed aggrades in one portion of the channel and degrades in another. The performance of two vane installations, designed according to guidelines developed earlier, are evaluated by comparing the bed topography before and after vanes were installed. The design guidelines, which utilize a numerical model developed earlier, are shown to be appropriate. The guidelines apply only when the intake flow is small enough that the withdrawal causes little change in the river flow velocity in front of the intake.

AN: 3937639

16 of 362

TI: delta super(15)N in sedimenting particles as indicator of euphotic-zone processes

AU: Voss,-M.; Altabet,-M.A.; Bodungen,-B.V.

AF: Inst. for Baltic Res., Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1996 vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 33-47

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Stable nitrogen isotopes ( delta super(15)N) were analyzed in sedimenting particles in the northern North Atlantic at the Voering Plateau at 500 m depth and in the Lofoten Basin at 500, 1000 and 3000 m depth over a period of up to 3 years. Suspended particles were sampled throughout the entire water column in early summer, autumn and winter in the Lofoten Basin only. From this data set a seasonal cycle of delta super(15)N-PON (particulate organic nitrogen) was constructed and supplemented by calculations of delta super(15)N-PON from nitrate data (after Rayleigh fractionation formulae). Sediment trap delta super(15)N-PON values from 500 m showed a clear seasonal signal with a 7 ppt drop from winter to spring and a similar increase again in winter. This seasonal pattern in delta super(15)N of sedimenting particles also occurred in trap collections at 3000 m depth with a delay of approximately two months. It is assumed that fractionation during nitrate uptake in spring and early summer and increased sedimentation of isotopically light phytodetritus are the main reasons for this pronounced seasonal pattern. Surface water degradation processes, uptake of isotopically heavy nitrate, and heterotrophic activity cause the increase in delta super(15)N-PON in sinking matter towards autumn. In winter the nitrogen isotope values remain isotopically heavy. The observed seasonal pattern and quantity of sinking fluxes compared well with the calculations. Surprisingly, the suspended particle pool below the winter mixed layer also had a seasonal signal, with a 5 ppt increase in delta super(15)N between June and September and a decrease towards November. In the absence of intense biological fractionation the sinking and suspended particle pools obviously undergo considerable exchange of material, which seems to be more intense during spring and less during autumn and winter. The nitrogen isotope signal in the particulate material in the deep northern North Atlantic is clearly dominated by the fractionation of the limiting nitrate pool, causing a much higher amplitude than at lower latitudes.

AN: 3923867

17 of 362

TI: A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers

AU: Bartsch,-L.A.; Rada,-R.G.; Sullivan,-J.F.

AF: River Stud. Cent., Univ. Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA 1996 vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 61-66

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps are being used in some pollution monitoring programs in the USA to sample suspended solids for contaminant analyses. This monitoring approach assumes that the characteristics of solids obtained in sediment traps are the same as those collected in whole-water sampling devices. We tested this assumption in the upper Mississippi River, based on the inorganic particle-size distribution (determined with a laser particle-analyzer) and volatile matter content of solids (a surrogate for organic matter). Cylindrical sediment traps (aspect ratio 3) were attached to a rigid mooring device and deployed in a flowing side channel in Navigation Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River. On each side of the mooring device, a trap was situated adjacent to a port of an autosampler that collected raw water samples hourly to form 2-d composite samples. Paired samples (one trap and one raw water, composite sample) were removed from each end of the mooring device at 2-d intervals during the 30-d study period and compared. The relative particle collection efficiency of paired samplers did not vary temporally. Particle-size distributions of inorganic solids from sediment traps and water samples were not significantly different. The volatile matter content of solids was lesser in sediment traps (mean, 9.5%) than in corresponding water samples (mean, 22.7%). This bias may have been partly due to under-collection of phytoplankton (mainly cyanobacteria), which were abundant in the water column during the study. The positioning of water samplers and sediment traps in the mooring device did not influence the particle-size distribution or total solids of samples. We observed a small difference in the amount of organic matter collected by water samplers situated at opposite ends of the mooring device.

AN: 3922567

18 of 362

TI: Evaluations of sediment traps and artificial gravel riffles constructed to improve reproduction of trout in three Wisconsin streams

AU: Avery,-E.L.

AF: Wisconsin Dep. Nat. Resour., 11084 Stratton Lake Rd., Waupaca, WI 54981, USA

SO: N.-AM.-J.-FISH.-MANAGE. 1996 vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 282-293

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The objective of this study was to determine if sediment traps installed alone or in conjunction with gravel spawning riffles would significantly improve natural reproduction of trout in 1.3-1.9-km segments of three Wisconsin streams. Each stream segment lacked adequate spawning habitat, and the presence of sand "dunes" suggested high sand bed load. The study covered 8 years (1984-1991). Little improvement was observed in the annual abundance of age-0 brown trout Salmo trutta or age-0 brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis during the 3-5-years period after installation and maintenance of a sediment trap in one stream and a sediment trap and gravel spawning riffle in two streams. Changes in average stream width and water depth below the sediment basins were masked by high variability in stream discharges in two of the three streams. In the third stream, average depth increased markedly, with a laser increase in average width. The amount of gravel substrate did not increase significantly in any of the three streams, although the sand dunes appeared to decline in all streams. These evaluations provide no evidence that installation of sediment traps and gravel riffles will solve deficiencies in juvenile trout recruitment in Wisconsin streams where sand is the natural and prevailing parent material of the streambed and there is no prior record of successful spawning activities. Sediment traps and gravel riffles have greater management potential either in streams where past activities have increased sand sediment and degraded previously successful spawning habitat, or in otherwise undisturbed streams where successful spawning and juvenile habitat are better than in those selected in this study.

AN: 3922281

19 of 362

TI: Behaviour of a sediment trap mooring array

OT: Keiryu kikanchu ni okeru sedyimento torappu keiryu shisutemu no kyodo ni tsuite

AU: Okamura,-Kazumaro; Iseki,-Kazuo

AF: Seikai Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., Kokubumachi, Nagasaki 850, Japan

CA: Seikai National Fishery Research Inst., Nagasaki (Japan)

SO: BULL.-SEIKAI-NATL.-FISH.-RES.-INST. 1994 no. 72, pp. 47-56

LA: Japanese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A sediment trap array, equipped with sediment traps, a current meter, a turbidity meter and depth recorders was deployed on the continental shelf in the East China Sea in October,1993 (experiment 1) and again in August,1994 (experiment 2). In experiment 1, data from the depth recorder indicated that the mooring depth of the sediment trap varied by up to 30 m amplitude at the shelf edge station (bottom depth: 127 m) and the turbidity meter installed at 7 m above the bottom showed anomalous high turbidity values. These results indicate that the mooring array was greatly tilted due to strong currents and the turbidity meter often appeared to sink to near the bottom due to the insufficient buoyancy of the entire array. In experiment 2, we improved the mooring array by adding extra buoyancy to decrease the variations. It is recommended to use depth recorders together with sediment traps and other measuring devices.

AN: 3921630

20 of 362

TI: A high resolution camera system (ParCa) for imaging particles in the ocean: System design and results from profiles and a three-month deployment

AU: Ratmeyer,-V.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universitaet Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28359 Bremen, Germany

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1996 vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 589-603

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: For direct optical measurement of abundance, concentration and size distribution of marine particles, a high-resolution camera system (ParCa) was designed to improve on similar systems used by Honjo et el. (1984), Asper (1987) and others. Imaging a probe volume of up to 37 1, smallest particles with diameters of 50 mu m can be counted. The images provide information on particle size, shape and abundance either during profiling through the water column or while moored in a certain depth over time. Depth profiles were acquired between fall 1992 and late spring 1993 on R. V. Meteor cruises M22-1 and M23-3 at 6 stations in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean and off the west African shelf. The images show variable particle and aggregate concentrations through 550 m of the water column, with highest concentrations in the upper 80 m. A distinctive change in the depth of the upper chlorophyll maximum from about 75 m in the Brazil Basin to about 50 m in the Guinea Basin was measured with the attached INFLUX current meter (Krause and Ohm, 1996) and is as well represented in the particle abundances of two selected profiles. In contrast, both profiles show a second particle abundance maximum between 100 and 250 m, which is not visible in the chlorophyll-a and backscatter signal of the INFLUX sensors. Total particle abundance maxima raise from 677 counts per liter in the central Brazil Basin to 991 counts in the Guinea Basin, corresponding to marine snow abundances of 57 and 127 counts per liter, respectively. In order to compare high-resolution data on particle concentration and flux through time, ParCa was also deployed on a sediment-trap mooring at 995 m depth in the Canary Basin between June and September 1994. First results show similar trends in sediment-trap derived fluxes of particulate matter from 2.8 to 67.2 mg m super(-2) d super(-1) and equivalent spherical volumes of particles with diameters >0.5 mm from 0.98 to 4.13 mm super(3) l super(-1).

AN: 3917783

21 of 362

TI: Radiolarian assemblages in the eastern Tropical Atlantic: Patterns in the plankton and in sediment trap samples

AU: Boltovskoy,-D.; Oberhaensli,-H.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Departamento de Cienc. Biologicas, Facultad de Cienc. Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina

SO: J.-MAR.-SYST. 1996 vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 31-51

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Polycystine Radiolaria were studied in 40 Multinet (63 mu m) plankton samples collected in February-March 1988 in the eastern tropical Atlantic (10 degree N to 17 degree S), from depths ranging between 0 and 300 m. A total of 148 taxa were recorded, most of them accounting for very low proportions of the individuals identified. The geographic distribution of polycystine assemblages throughout the area was relatively homogeneous and quite unpatterned; no clear associations with latitude, surface temperature, salinity or chlorophyll a were found. On the other hand, several radiolarians showed fairly distinct vertical profiles, allowing identification of forms preferring the uppermost 25-50 m, forms peaking at 50 to 150 m, and forms with highest percentage contributions below 150 m. Comparison of this planktonic collection with a similar survey carried out in 1983 in the same area indicates good overall agreement. In contrast, radiolarian compositions in sediment trap samples deployed at 853 and 2195 m in close vicinity with some of the plankton stations surveyed are totally different. Subsurface advection of shells produced at higher latitudes and integration of low radiolarian abundances over large depth-intervals are the most likely cause of the inconsistencies.

AN: 3912153

22 of 362

TI: Decadal and annual changes in biogenic opal and carbonate fluxes to the deep Sargasso Sea

AU: Deuser,-W.G.; Jickells,-T.D.; King,-P.; Commeau,-J.A.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02540, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1995 vol. 42, no. 11-12, pp. 1923-1932

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Analyses of samples from a 14-year series of sediment-trap deployments in the deep Sargasso Sea reveal a significant trend in the ratio of the sinking fluxes of biogenic calcium carbonate and silica. Although there are pronounced seasonal cycles for both flux components, the overall opal/CaCO sub(3) ratio changed by 50% from 1978 to 1991 (largely due to a decrease of opal flux), while total flux had no significant trend. These results suggest that plankton communities respond rapidly to subtle climate change, such as is evident in regional variations of wind speed, precipitation, wintertime ventilation and midwater temperatures. If the trends we observe in the makeup of sinking particulate matter occur on a large scale, they may in turn modify climate by modulating ocean-atmosphere CO sub(2) exchange and albedo over the ocean.

AN: 3911776

23 of 362

TI: The impact of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on the dynamics of sediments and heavy metals in western Lake Erie

AU: Lawniczak,-J.

AF: Univ. Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

CA: Ohio State Univ., Columbus (USA). Sea Grant Program

SO: 71 pp,

NT: Master's thesis.

RN: OHSU-TD-064 (OHSUTD064)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment deposition rates, Zn, Cu, and Ni accumulation rates, and sediment metal concentrations were studied in the presence of different densities of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in 1993 and 1994 in western Lake Erie and Maumee Bay near Toledo, OH. In addition, %organic (percentage lost on ignition) and %silt/clay (%<63 um) vs. sand fractions (%>63 um) of sediment deposited by zebra mussels was determined. Two sets of field studies were run, two biobox studies and a sediment deposition trap study.

AN: 3907456

24 of 362

TI: Sediment budgets in the Pareloup Reservoir (Aveyron, France)

OT: Bilan des depots sedimentaires dans le reservoir de Pareloup (Aveyron, France)

AU: Dagnac,-J.

AF: Lab. Hydrobiologie, CNRS URA 695, Univ. Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France

SO: HYDROECOL.-APPL. 1994 vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 59-85

LA: French

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: For nearly 40 years, sediments have been accumulating on the bottom of Pareloup reservoir. Since 1983, several attempts have been made to characterize them and to estimate the rate of sedimentation by means of sediment traps and analysis of sediment cores. It is far easier and more reliable, whenever possible, to study sediments "in situ" during draining of a reservoir. Such was the case at Pareloup in summer 1993. We were thus able to compare the results of our study of field samples with those previously obtained. The use of sediment traps in this reservoir gave quite satisfactory results considering the environmental context. They led us to propose a rhythm of accumulation of 1794 t.km super(-2) year super(-1), while the estimation on the basis of measurement of the real thickness of deposits after exundation and of calculation of the surface area they occupy (using aerial photography) gave a rhythm of 3429 t.km super(-2) year super(-1). This represents a thickness of 5 mm of dry deposits per year. Their physicochemical characteristic are similar to those described for oligotrophic environments.

AN: 3900684

25 of 362

TI: Growth and collapse of a spring phytoplankton bloom in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland

AU: Napier,-I.R.

AF: 4 Sletts Park, Lerwick ZE1 0LN, Shetland, Scotland, UK

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1995 vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 189-195

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A range of physical and chemical parameters were measured through the water column at two previously unstudied shallow-water sites in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, in the spring of 1991. Sediment traps were also deployed at one of the sites. The results of this survey are presented and discussed. A bloom of Skeletonema costatum was observed at one site through March and into April, when it collapsed completely, the phytoplanktonic cells sedimenting out of the water column. No significant bloom or sedimentation was observed at the second study site.

AN: 3897951

26 of 362

TI: Production and downward flux of organic matter and calcite in a North Sea bloom of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

AU: Wal,-P.-van-der; Kempers,-R.S.; Veldhuis,-M.J.W.

AF: Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1995 vol. 126, no. 1-3, pp. 247-265

NT: Bibliogr.: 65 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In July 1993, an extensive study was made of a large bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi in the North Sea halfway between the Shetland Islands and Norway. Here we report on the hydrography, production and sedimentation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and calcite carbon (calcite-C) at 4 stations occupied for 24 h, 2 inside the bloom and 2 just outside. The coccolithophorid bloom was confined to North Sea waters, where a stable shallow mixed layer had been formed. Bloom development had entered the decaying phase, judged by the relatively low living cell number (maximally 1200 cells/cm super(3)), the high number of loose coccoliths (up to 350000 coccoliths/cm super(3)), and the fact that sedimentation of calcite-C exceeded production. In the top 15 m at the bloom stations, the mean daily production of coccoliths was 17 per cell. At the 2 stations outside the bloom, the dominant coccolithophore was a holococcolithophorid (up to 1400 cells/cm super(3)), with insignificant amounts of calcite produced per cell. At these stations, nutrients were present in non-limiting concentrations and production of POC was twice as high as at the bloom stations. In the bloom, mixed layer nitrate levels were below 0.2 mu M. Faecal pellets collected in the sediment traps contained large numbers of coccoliths of E. huxleyi. Although the numbers of grazers at the 2 stations outside the bloom were not lower than those in the bloom, the volume of faecal matter sedimenting at 50 m was about 70 times lower. It is hypothesized that faecal pellets outside the bloom were so light in weight that they did not sink very far before degradation, whereas the pellets produced in the E. huxleyi bloom in general were exported rapidly due to their heavy load of calcite. This implies that recycling of materials in the mixed layer of this bloom is relatively low due to high downward flux rate. The ratio at which POC and calcite-C were sedimenting amounted to 1.3 on average for the 2 bloom stations at 50 m water depth.

AN: 3897479

27 of 362

TI: Particle fluxes over a Mediterranean seagrass bed: A one year case study

AU: Dauby,-P.; Bale,-A.J.; Bloomer,-N.; Canon,-C.; Ling,-R.D.; Norro,-A.; Robertson,-J.E.; Simon,-A.; Theate,-J.-M.; et-al.

AF: Laboratoire d'Oceanologie, Universite de Liege, B6-Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1995 vol. 126, no. 1-3, pp. 233-246

NT: Bibliogr.: 48 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A sediment trap experiment was carried out in the Bay of Calvi (Corsica, France) over a Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed, at a depth of 36 m. The traps collected 44 samples over a complete annual cycle and allowed a rough partition between 'sinking' and 'resuspended' matter. The measured annual flux of particulate matter amounted to 1.3 kg/m super(2), of which about 70% arose from sediment resuspension, this process being particularly enhanced during northerly gales. Resuspended material consisted mainly of seagrass-derived detritus, as evidenced by SEM photomicrographs. Chemical analyses of trapped material showed seasonal variations in inorganic carbon content, organic C/N ratio and delta super(3). Benthic signature (C sub(norg), C sub(rg) and super(3)-enriched Posidonia-derived matter) was emphasized when resuspension occurred, while planktonic features (N- and super(2)-enriched matter) prevailed during bloom conditions.

AN: 3897478

28 of 362

TI: Distribution, sedimentation and fate of pigment biomarkers following thermal stratification in the western Alboran Sea

AU: Barlow,-R.G.; Mantoura,-R.F.C.; Peinert,-R.D.; Miller,-A.E.J.; Fileman,-T.W.

AF: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1995 vol. 125, no. 1-3, pp. 279-291

NT: Bibliogr.: 45 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A spring investigation of the phytoplankton in the western Alboran Sea (Mediterranean) was undertaken using chlorophyll and carotenoid biomarkers to characterize the community in the water column and in drifting sediment traps set at 100 and 200 m. During 2 drifter experiments, calm and sunny conditions induced a progressive thermal stratification that reduced pigment sedimentation into deeper water and confined the phytoplankton to the surface layer, resulting in an increase in chlorophyll biomass. 19'-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (prymnesiophytes) and chlorophyll b (chlorophytes, prasinophytes, prochlorophytes) were the major accessory pigments, while fucoxanthin, alloxanthin and peridinin indicated the presence of diatoms, cryptophytes and dinoflagellates, respectively. The proportional contribution of each algal group to the chlorophyll a (chl a) biomass, as derived from multiple regression analysis, revealed that prymnesiophytes, cryptophytes and the green algal group collectively accounted for at least 75% in the upper 100 m, emphasizing the importance of the nanophytoplankton. Phaeopigments, dominated by phaeophorbide a, were the main pigments observed in sediment traps, although chl a, fucoxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin were detected in smaller concentrations as well as traces of chlorophyll b (chl b). In deep water, fucoxanthin and 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin were the only accessory pigments present while total phaeopigment/chl a molar ratios >1 reflected the active transformation of fine phytogenic material at depth. High particulate organic carbon (POC)/chl a ratios (>100 in surface water; >1000 in deep water) suggested that phytoplankton was a relatively small component of the total carbon biomass down the water column. Using simple budget calculations, we determined that 58 to 65% of the chl a produced in the upper 100 m accumulated in the water column over both experiments. During Expt 1, 29% of the chl a sedimented out, mostly as phaeopigment, at 100 m (24%), and 6% was degraded to colourless residues in the water column. In contrast, only 12% of the chl a sedimented in Expt 2, while 20% was degraded to colourless residues.

AN: 3897455

29 of 362

TI: A new settling method for preparing quantitative radiolarian slides from plankton, sediment trap and deep-sea sediment samples

AU: Welling,-L.A.; Pisias,-N.G.

AF: Coll. Oceanic and Atmos. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Oceanic Admin. Bldg. 104, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA

SO: MICROPALEONTOLOGY 1995 vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 375-380

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We present a new method for settling radiolaria onto slides for quantitative analysis of plankton, sediment trap and deep-sea sediment samples. Samples are distributed over the surface of a standing column of water and settle directly onto glass slide coverslips. The settling apparatus is a 44 mm diameter polycarbonate tube which is fused to a 90 x 95 x 28 mm plexi-glass base. The settling tube base is bolted to an aluminum baseplate bearing the coverslips and filled with water before the sample is dispensed. This method allows 87.3% of the specimens to be available for microscopic analysis and permits quantitative analysis of samples as small as 15 mg dry bulk weight of sample.

AN: 3888853

30 of 362

TI: Sedimentation at a subpolar tidewater glacier, Maar Ice Piedmont, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula

AU: Ashley,-G.M.; Smith,-N.D.; Goss,-M.C.

AF: Dep. Geological Sci., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1994 vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 94-96

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A 2-month intensive study of sedimentation processes was carried out in austral summer 1993-1994 near a tidewater portion of the Maar Ice Piedmont in Arthur Harbor (adjacent to Palmer Station). Data consist of conductivity-temperature-turbidity-depth (CTTD) profiles, water samples, and sediment-trap catches to study processes and patterns of sediment dispersal and sedimentation; bottom cores and grabs to document the record of recent glacial marine sedimentation; and video surveys of the ice terminus and the ice-proximal sea bottom with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV).

AN: 3887566

31 of 362

TI: Impact of dinoflagellates on the flux of organic matter collected by sediment traps in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)

AU: Heiskanen,-A.-S.

AF: Tvaerminne Zool. Stn., Univ. Helsinki, FIN-10900 Hanko, Finland

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 153-167

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The course of the seasonal phytoplankton succession in the temperate and boreal coastal areas is generally considered to proceed from a spring bloom dominated by small diatoms to a low biomass of either larger (K-strategist) dinoflagellates or small nanoflagellates during summer. However, in the northern Baltic Sea the spring bloom is a mixture of large autotrophic dinoflagellates, diatoms and also of small nanoflagellates. Although the growth rate of dinoflagellates is slower than that of diatoms, the common spring bloom dinoflagellates, Paridiniella catenata, Levander (Balech) and Scrippsiela hangoei, Schiller manage to dominate tb vernal phytoplankton assemblage, occasionally comprising a major part of the total vernal phytoplankton biomass. This suggests that the development of stratification during spring promotes the growth of dinoflagellates. Fresh water discharge resulting in salinity stratification, and probably providing also other growth promoting factors like vitamins, trace metals, or humic substances, create an environment in which the dinoflagellates are able to dominate the vernal bloom. When such a special dinoflagellate spring bloom regularly occurs in the coastal waters of the northern Baltic Sea, one may ask what is the fate of the produced biomass: do the dinoflagellates 1) settle, much as the diatoms dominating the spring bloom? 2) Is their biomass transferred into the detrital pool which remains suspended in the water column? 3) Is it grazed by pelagic herbivores, or 4) is it dissipated into the dissolved organic matter pool and incorporated into the pelagic microbial loop?

AN: 3885229

32 of 362

TI: Past and future studies with sediment traps in Canadian east coast waters

AU: Hargrave,-B.

AF: Dep. Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 10-27

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particle interceptor traps have become widely used tools to quantify vertical fluxes of particulate matter in freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems. Limitations persist in interpretation of results obtained with collectors of different design, especially when they are used to collect particles in shallow waters where horizontal transport of resuspended sediments can occur. Simultaneous measurements of current velocity are required in these areas to interpret changes in particle collection rates as measurements of vertical fluxes. Measurements with traps in coastal bays, continental shelf and slope waters off eastern Canada, have shown that, as in other areas, depth and phytoplankton primary production are major variables correlated with particle collection rates. A new current-activated trap and the use of a sequential trap to estimate biodeposition rates by filter-feeding molluscs are described as examples of how particle collectors may be used in future studies of particulate matter transfer between pelagic and benthic aquatic systems.

AN: 3885227

33 of 362

TI: Drift patterns of sinking particles in the North Norwegian coastal zone

AU: Wassmann,-P.; Slagstad,-D.

AF: Norwegian Coll. Fish. Sci., Univ. Tromso, N-9036 Tromso, Norway

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 52-69

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Given the topographic complexity and hydrodynamic variability of coastal zones, the question arises to what extent a number of measurements of primary production and suspended biomass at a given site can be compared to vertical fluxes of organic matter derived from concomitant sediment trap deployments. While primary production and suspended biomass samples represent space- and time-integrals with scales measured in liters and hours, moored sediment traps integrate the vertical flux across a certain depth horizon continuously over deployment time (often periods of days to weeks).

AN: 3885225

34 of 362

TI: Introduction: Seasonal dynamics of planktonic ecosystems and sedimentation in coastal Nordic waters

AU: Wassmann,-P.; Floderus,-S.

AF: Norwegian Coll. Fish. Sci., Univ. Tromso, N-9036 Tromso, Norway

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 1-9

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap deployments in marine environments started in the sixties. Deployments conducted in the seventies in localities as disparate as the deep Sargasso Sea. Antarctic shelf environments, the Baltic Sea and the shallow waters of the Kiel Bight revealed a striking common feature. The annual sedimentation pattern was dominated by a strong pulse following the spring bloom with lower rates during the rest of the year. The low herbivore biomass at the end of the winter period and the resulting low grazing pressure which does not control phytoplankton growth spring growth in the coastal, boreal zone gives rise to a slow response of zooplankton to the increasing food availability. As a result, extensive sedimentation of ungrazed phytoplankton and phytodetritus takes place during a senescent stage of the spring bloom. During the eighties, sediment traps became increasingly popular and they were deployed in a variety of localities. Results from these studies now indicate that annual patterns in different regions can deviate substantially from the spring maximum paradigm that emerged during the seventies. Considerable iterannual variation in rates and even patterns recorded from the same region have also come to light.

AN: 3885203

35 of 362

TI: Use of a high viscosity medium in studies of aggregates

AU: Lundsgaard,-C.

AF: Mar. Biol. Lab., Univ. Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 141-152

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The shape in which the particulate matter enters sediment traps is almost unknown. The matter collected in ordinary sediment traps tend to either clump or disintegrate during deployment and handling. Jannasch et al. (1980) proposed the use of a highly viscous medium made of polyacrylamide (PAA) in the sediment traps in order to minimize the disturbance of particle structure after sedimentation. Particles could afterwards be picked out for microscopy since the optical properties of the medium are suitable. It was further shown that traps with PAA had the same collection efficiency as traps without PAA, but other results achieved with this technique were not presented. Although the perspectives are wide the technique seems to have been forgotten for years. The present paper describes experience with the use of PAA solutions for preservation of aggregate structure. In addition to a protocol for the preparation of the PAA solution, the principles for its use in studies of aggregates are discussed and some of the results are presented.

AN: 3885199

36 of 362

TI: Modern sedimentation within Andvord Bay, Antarctic Peninsula

AU: Domack,-E.W.; Mammone,-K.A.

AF: Dep. Geol., Hamilton Coll., Clinton, NY 13323, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1993 vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 97-98

LA: English

AN: 3885194

37 of 362

TI: Vertical variability of particulate flux in the Baltic Sea

AU: Saarso,-M.

AF: MS Offshore Ltd., Box 3453, EE-0001 Tallinn, Estonia

CO: Sediment Trap Studies in the Nordic Countries Symposium, Helsingor (Denmark), 21-26 Jan 1994

SO: SEASONAL-DYNAMICS-OF-PLANKTONIC-ECOSYSTEMS-AND-SEDIMENTATION-IN-COASTAL-NORDIC-WATERS. Floderus,-S.;Heiskanen,-A.-S.;Olesen,-M.;Wassmann,-P.-eds. 1995 pp. 168-183

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Several sediment trap experiments were made to explore the effect of water column stratification on vertical variability of particulate flux and on particle transport in layers below the seasonal thermocline in the open Baltic Sea. Vertical sediment trap arrays were deployed during research cruises of different aims. Where a laterally open non-stationary settling environment could be assumed, particulate flux was compared to static stability E' and to the vertical gradient of a coefficient C expressing ambient settling conditions. The resulting vertical profiles of deep layer particulate flux in the Baltic Sea are characterized by mid-depth maxima and minima not in agreement with the open ocean model presented by Biscaye and Eittreim (1977) and also not reported previously from the Baltic Sea. The results are insufficient to draw any fundamental conclusions, but may serve as a starting point for future investigations.

AN: 3885191

38 of 362

TI: Advection of suspended sediment in the Ross Sea and implications for the fate of biogeochemical materials

AU: Nittrouer,-C.A.; Jaeger,-J.M.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1994 vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 106-107

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: To investigate particle advection, instrumented moorings were placed at three sites in the Ross Sea, and they collected data for 1-year periods during 2 consecutive years. Each mooring contained current meters and transmissometers mounted 35 meters (m) above the seabed and current meters mounted 240 m below the water surface (in water depths of 500-800 m). Sediment traps also were mounted on the moorings, and associated water-column profiling was done from ships during austral summers. Samples from the ships and in the traps provided information about particle size and settling velocity.

AN: 3884058

39 of 362

TI: Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER): An overview of the 1992-1993 season

AU: Quetin,-L.B.; Ross,-R.M.

AF: Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1993 vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 205-208

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: During U.S. Antarctic Program 1992-1993 (USAP 92-93), the Palmer LTER staged three major research efforts: the nearshore sampling program in the spring and summer, the annual summer cruise on the R/V Polar Duke (1 January to 7 February 1993), and an austral autumn process cruise on the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer (25 March to 15 May 1993). The original five components were joined by a microbial loop component led by David Karl from the University of Hawaii during both research cruises.

AN: 3883882

40 of 362

TI: Respiration rates in subsurface waters of the northern Indian Ocean: Evidence for low decomposition rates of organic matter within the water column in the Bay of Bengal

AU: Naqvi,-S.W.A.; Shailaja,-M.S.; Kumar,-M.D.; Gupta,-R.S.

AF: Natl. Inst. Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1996 vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 73-81

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Depth profiles of activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) have been generated at several locations in the northern Indian Ocean. The results reveal much lower ETS activities in subsurface waters of the Bay of Bengal than those measured in the Arabian Sea. Lower respiration rates in the Bay of Bengal are corroborated by the much weaker north-south gradients in oxygen and total carbon dioxide. These are, however, in conflict with the higher sinking fluxes of organic carbon measured with sediment traps. The observations support the view that particulate organic matter may undergo a lesser degree of oxidation in the water column through its incorporation into rapidly sinking matter, perhaps as a result of the massive inputs of terrigenous matter in the Bay of Bengal. The differential respiration rates may cause changes in the distribution of suspended particulate matter and may also explain why the Bay of Bengal is not a site of water-column denitrification in spite of an apparently slower renewal of the intermediate waters as compared to the Arabian Sea.

AN: 3881231

41 of 362

TI: Comparative investigations of the efficiency of dredged sedimentation traps for the elimination of phosphorus and suspended matter in river mouth areas: A case study

AU: Kleeberg,-A.

AF: Tech. Univ. Brandenburg, Chair Water Conserv., Seestr. 45, D-15526 Bad Saarow, Germany

SO: ESTUARIES 1996 vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 21-30

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Presented is a simple mass-balance approach to evaluate the efficiency of dredged sedimentation traps for the elimination of suspended matter and phosphorus (P). Sediment parameters inside and outside the traps were analysed from three river mouths in northern Germany. In the pits, a fine-grained sediment richer in iron, P, and organic content than the surrounding sediment was trapped. However, the sediment P fractionation carried out indicates that no increased release of P is expected, which is not different from those found in natural beds. Hence, these traps are a practicable measure of reducing riverine seston and P discharges to the interior coastal waters and consequently to the open Baltic.

AN: 3880679

42 of 362

TI: Vertical fluxes of diatoms and silicoflagellates in the eastern Equatorial Atlantic, and their contribution to the sedimentary record

AU: Treppke,-U.F.; Lange,-C.B.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Klagenfurter Strasse, Univ. Bremen, 28359 Bremen, FRG

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1996 vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 73-96

LA: English

AB: Sediment trap data from water depths of 853 m and 3921 m retrieved from the eastern equatorial Atlantic (01 degree 47.5'N, 11 degree 07.6'W; sampling time March 1, 1989, to March 16, 1990) reveal seasonal changes in the vertical flux of opal. Biogenic opal constitutes 3-20% of the total flux at 853 m and 10-19% at 3921 m. Important contributors to the opal fraction are diatoms and, to a lesser extent, silicoflagellates. At 853 m, the fluxes of both siliceous groups show a distinct seasonal pattern related to upwelling and the location of the ITCZ. The flux values are highest between March and April, and in August/September. The seasonal pattern with the spring and summer peaks can be recognized in the samples from 3921 m in a modified form: The flux curve is smoother and the time lag varies between 0 and 95 days. Higher flux values for diatoms, silicoflagellates and total particles in the lower trap suggests an additional source of material. Lateral advection of particles from the coastal regime seems to be an important factor at 3921 m, adding material at depth and distorting the original record. Also, freshwater diatoms were relatively important in the spring and winter samples at 853 m, and throughout the year at 3921 m, suggesting continental influence. A total of 202 diatom taxa were identified at both depths; only a few were responsible for >50% of the total diatom assemblage. Nitzschia bicapitata dominated the assemblage. Differences in the relative abundances of strongly and weakly silicified diatom taxa between trap levels indicate dissolution in the water column. However, comparison between trap and sediment surface assemblages point to extreme dissolution at the sediment/water interface; approximately 98% of the siliceous shells are lost to the sedimentary record. Despite this loss, the changes between the surface sediment assemblages reflect the overlying hydrographic conditions of the surface waters.

AN: 3880125

43 of 362

TI: Sedimentation of phytoplankton populations dominated by Microcystis in a shallow lake

AU: Takamura,-N.; Yasuno,-M.

AF: Div. Environ. Biol., Natl. Inst. for Environ. Stud., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

SO: J.-PLANKTON-RES. 1988 vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 283-299

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The sedimentary flux of phytoplankton was measured using sediment traps in a shallow hypertrophic lake (Lake Kasumigaura), where Microcystis bloomed, from June to November 1983. The sediment traps were set at 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 m depth in Takahamairi Bay (3.5 m depth). Microcystis spp. (including M. aeruginosa and M. viridis) in the traps were rare until early August, but increased thereafter. Sinking rates of Microcystis were 0.0045, 0.020 and 0.24 m day super(-1) in June-August, September and October respectively, which were far lower than those of Melosira (0.2-1.7 m day super(-1)) and Synedra (0.2-1.0 m day super(-1)). The total sedimentary fluxes of POC and that of algal carbon during the study period were 283.2 and 96.7 gC m super(-2) which were 59.5% and 20.3% of the gross primary production (475.8 gC m super(-2)) respectively. The sedimentary flux of living algae measured by algal counts was large in June but small in August and September. On the other hand, the flux of detritus obtained by subtracting total algal carbon from POC was small in June and July but large in August and September. Therefore diatoms, which appeared mostly in June, tended to sink as live algae, while Microcystis sank as detritus after being decomposed or consumed in the water. It was concluded from the results of carbon budget calculations and the respiration rate of the 1- to 20- mu m fraction that the activity of decomposers or consumers increased greatly in the short period at the end of the bloom of Microcystis. (DBO)

AN: 3877599

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TI: In situ effects of selected preservatives on total carbon, nitrogen and metals collected in sediment traps

AU: Knauer,-G.A.; Karl,-D.M.; Martin,-J.H.; Hunter,-C.N.

AF: Moss Landing Marine Lab., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1984 vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 445-462

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The concentration and chemical composition of preservative or poison to use in sediment trap studies continue to present an important unresolved question. Past laboratory/field experiments designed to answer this question are difficult to interpret, because so-called analogs have been used instead of actual trap materials, which are compositionally complex. This paper presents our results on the in situ effects of formalin, azide and mercuric ion on material collected in MULTITRAPS set at 100 and 300 m for a period of six days in a coastal environment, and at 150 m for a period of 20.6 days in an oligotrophic environment. Effective preservative/poison concentrations used were predetermined from laboratory tests. Parameters tested for relative effects included particulate retention of C, N and selected trace metals, and the effects of the various preservatives/poisons introduced via diffusion chambers or free in solution on in situ microbial growth. In addition, the potential contaminating role of large, nonsinking zooplankton (i.e., "swimmers") was investigated. (DBO)

AN: 3877457

45 of 362

TI: Dispersal dynamics in a wind-driven benthic system

AU: Commito,-J.A.; Thrush,-S.F.; Pridmore,-R.D.; Hewitt,-J.E.; Cummings,-V.J.

AF: Environ. Stud. Program and Dep. Biol., Gettysburg Coll., Gettysburg, PA 17325, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1995 vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1513-1518

LA: English

AB: Bedload and water column traps were used with simultaneous wind and water velocity measurements to study postlarval macrofaunal dispersal dynamics in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. A 12-fold range in mean wind condition resulted in large differences in water flow (12-fold), sediment flux (285-fold), and trap collection of total number of individuals (95-fold), number of the dominant infaunal organism (84-fold for the bivalve Macomona liliana), and number of species (4-fold). There were very strong, positive relationships among wind condition, water velocity, sediment flux, and postlarval dispersal, especially in the bedload. Local density in the ambient sediment was not a good predictor of dispersal. Results indicate that postlarval dispersal may influence benthic abundance patterns over a range of spatial scales.

AN: 3873532

46 of 362

TI: [Study of the organic matter on a continental margin: Quantity, quality, balance-sheet and benthic responses to flux. Case of the Cap Ferret Canyon (Biscay Bay).]

OT: Etude de la matiere organique sur une marge continentale: quantite, qualite, bilan et reponses benthiques aux flux. Cas du canyon du Cap Ferret (golfe de Gascogne)

AU: El-Faqir,-M.

CA: Bordeaux-1 Univ., (France)

SO: BORDEAUX-FRANCE UNIV.-BORDEAUX-1 1993 160 pp

NT: order number 940.

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This survey has been made as part of ECOMARGE, a research programme, the aim of which is to understand the role played by continental margins on the transfer of matter from the continental area to deep ocean. In this area of Cap Ferret Canyon, the transfer of the particles depends on seasonal variations and is made in nepheloid form along isopycnal surfaces. The spatial variation of every biogeochemical parameter of surficial sediments reveals that matter slopes downwards. The upstream-downstream decrease in the accumulation rate in the setting energy is responsible for the concentration of elements at the bottom of the slope. Moreover, the biological behaviour changes almost immediately with the seasonal variations of particulate flux. In such an advective system: a zone of transfer can be found upper slope. Thanks to high biological activity and to the quality of organic matter, this zone compensates for the weaker contents of organic matter due to a coarser grain size sediment, a zone of trapping can be found down slope. In this zone the spatiotemporal uniformity of benthic reactions stresses the importance of advective of flux witch keep the contribution of the euphotic zone from being seem.

AN: 3869519

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TI: Ocean chemistry data report: Pb-210 and metal data for sediment cores and sediment trap collections from Alice Arm and Observatory Inlet; Part 4, March 1982, June 1982, September/October 1982, July 1984

AU: O'-Brien,-M.C.; Macdonald,-R.W.

CA: Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC (Canada)

SO: CAN.-DATA-REP.-HYDROGR.-OCEAN-SCI.-RAPP.-STAT.-CAN.-HYDROGR.-OCEAN-SCI. 1995 no. 17(4), 86 pp

NT: NTIS-Accession Number: MIC-95-06936.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Metal and Pb-210 data from cores and sediment trap material from Alice Arm and Observatory Inlet collected March 1982, June 1982. September/October 1982 and July 1984 are reported here. (DBO)

AN: 3855443

48 of 362

TI: Variations in primary production and particulate carbon flux through the base of the euphotic zone at the site of the Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment (Panama Basin)

AU: Bishop,-J.K.B.; Marra,-J.

AF: Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1984 vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 189-206

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: 14C primary production data collected during the deployment and recovery cruises of STIE showed a simple relationship with light and nutrient concentrations in the euophotic zone. A simple empirical relationship, calibrated using these data, was derived so that weekly averaged observations of fractional cloudiness, sea-surface temperature and mixed layer depth could be used to estimate primary production on a weekly basis for the years 1976-1979. nitrogen-uptake measurements, which estimate new production, were combined with the super(14)C data to estimate particulate carbon fluxes from the euphotic zone. Results of calculations showed that production may vary by a factor of three and particulate carbon flux by a factor of ten on a week to week basis with peak values corresponding to times when the mixed layer became enriched in nutrients. Mean euphotic zone production and particulate carbon flux estimated for the STIE deployment cruise were 286 and 138 mg C m super(-2) d super(-1), respectively; they were 174 and 59 mg C m super(-2) d super(-1) for the recovery cruise. Mean production and flux values were 261 and 122 mg C m super(-2) d super(-1), respectively for the duration of STIE. Three high production and particle sedimentation events may have occurred during STIE ??? September and October 1979. 1979 appeared to be a year of lower than average primary production compared with 1976 and 1977. (DBO)

AN: 3855250

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TI: Distribution and transport of marine snow aggregates in the Panama Basin

AU: Asper,-V.L.; Honjo,-S.; Orsi,-T.H.

AF: Univ. Southern Mississippi, Cent. for Mar. Sci., Stennis Space Cent., MS 39529, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1992 vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 939-952

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Depth profiles of marine snow aggregate abundance were acquired using a photographic technique at several stations in the Panama Basin in order to look at regional and temporal variations in aggregate abundances. Concentrations were generally highest in the surface water and adjacent to the sea floor, with maximum abundances varying from 4 to 6 aggregates/l. In areas adjacent to the basin margin, subsurface maxima of aggregate concentrations were observed. Time-series samples from sediment traps show that sediment flux (mg/m super(2)/day) varied by a factor of 6 over the 28 day deployment. Aggregate abundance, in contrast, varied only by a factor of 3 with depth and little over time scales of hours to weeks. Mass fluxes and suspended mass concentrations estimated from aggregate abundances using published conversion parameters were orders of magnitude larger than those measured by sediment traps and submersible pumps. These results suggest that aggregates detected by the survey technique do not directly produce the flux of particles collected by the sediment traps. (DBO)

AN: 3855209

50 of 362

TI: Sediment trap biases in turbulent flows: Results from a laboratory flume study

AU: Butman,-C.A.

AF: Ocean Eng. Dep., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1986 vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 645-693

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Several cylindrical and noncylindrical sediment trap designs were tested in a recirculating steady-flow flume. The laboratory study was conducted to achieve dynamic- and geometric-similarity to conditions in a specific field environment where traps eventually would be deployed. Relative (to a "standard" trap design) particle collection efficiencies of the traps were quantified in similar to 10 cm/sec turbulent flows that were continuously seeded with particles having fall velocities of about 10 super(-2) to 10 super(-1) cm/sec (the upper range of silt-sized quartz sediments). The nature of flow through the trap mouths was qualitatively described using dye. The following trap biases were demonstrated in the study. For unbaffled cylinders, efficiency decreased over a range of increasing trap Reynolds number (R sub(t)) when aspect ratio (H/D) was held constant, and efficiency increased over a range of H/D when R sub(t) was held constant. Baffling cylinders with various H/D, but constant R sub(t), gave mixed results. Any disturbance to flow near the trap mouth or through the trap tended to increase between-replicate variability. For unbaffled, noncylindrical traps, small-mouth, wide-body traps overcollected particles and funnel-type traps tended to undercollect particles, relative to cylinders of the same height and mouth diameter. The biases demonstrated here are for specific parameter combinations and cannot be generalized outside the range of values tested. The results do indicate that significant biased collections are possible by a variety of trap designs and may be flow-regime dependent. Trap-users thus are urged to interpret vertical flux results with caution. Further quantitative studies of trap biases for the ranges of conditions common in field trapping environments and process-oriented studies of physical trapping mechanisms are needed to determine the utility of sediment traps for flux estimates in ocean flows. (DBO)

AN: 3855129

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TI: Predictions of sediment trap biases in turbulent flows: A theoretical analysis based on observations from the literature

AU: Butman,-C.A.; Grant,-W.D.; Stolzenbach,-K.D.

AF: Ocean Eng. Dep., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1986 vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 601-644

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The physical variables affecting the trapping of particles in sediment collectors are grouped into a set of six dimensionless parameters, as a function of a dimensionless particle collection efficiency. Relevant laboratory calibration studies on sediment trap biases are evaluated to determine the quantitative dependence between collection efficiency and three of the parameters, trap Reynolds number, the ratio of flow speed to particle fall velocity and the ratio of trap height to mouth diameter, as well as trap geometry. We find that few of the parameters have been systematically tested in the laboratory and that trap Reynolds number-similarity for field conditions is maintained only for the slowest flow speeds and/or smallest trap diameters. However, the literature results do suggest some intriguing trends in biased trapping which also can be explained physically. The physical mechanisms are derived from a physical description of particle trapping based on observations of flow through traps, the mass balance for particles entering and leaving traps and a definition of particle collection efficiency, coupled with model development for cases where collection efficiency, as specified by the mass balance, deviates from one. (DBO)

AN: 3855128

52 of 362

TI: Minipellets: A new and abundant size class of marine fecal pellets

AU: Gowing,-M.M.; Silver,-M.W.

AF: Cent. for Mar. Stud., Univ. California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1985 vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 395-418

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Minipellets, fecal pellets from 3 to 50 mu m in diameter, were found on detritus collected by a particle interceptor trap array in the upper 2000 m of the eastern tropical Pacific. The fluxes of minipellets reached 5 x 10 super(6)/m super(2)/day, and exceeded fluxes of larger (>50 mu m diameter) fecal pellets by 3 orders of magnitude. Carbon flux of minipellets was 11-49% that of larger pellets; however, carbon flux of ultrastructurally intact cells (microalgae and bacteria) in minipellets was equal to that of intact cells in the larger pellets. Minipellets also occurred in water samples from similar depths, where they numbered up to 10 super(5) m super(-3), and were usually not associated with particles. Minipellets appear ubiquitous; we have found them in all our samples of particulates from other cruises from surface waters to bathypelagic depths. Minipellet morphologies ranged from Type A, which contained intact, picoplankton-sized cells (cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, morphologically non-descript, Gram-negative bacteria, Chlorella-like cells) in an amorphous matrix surrounded by a boundary, to Type D minipellets, which were identical to previously described olive-green "cells." Minipellets are probably wastes of protozoans and small invertebrates that consume marine snow and larger fecal pellets throughout the water column, thereby maintaining the high numbers of minipellets from the surface to 2000 m. We found several sources of minipellets: two groups of sarcodine protozoans (phaeodarian and spumellarian radiolarians) and small hydro-medusae. The minipellet producers reprocess a major portion of surface-derived detritus, and represent important biological intermediates that transform particulate matter settling through the ocean. (DBO)

AN: 3855049

53 of 362

TI: Particulate amino acids in the sea: Effects of primary productivity and biological decomposition

AU: Lee,-C.; Cronin,-C.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1984 vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1075-1097

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We measured the flux of amino acids associated with sinking particles collected by sediment traps at two Pacific Ocean sites. These results were compared with results from six other sites where we and others have measured amino acid fluxes. This comparison shows that the flux of amino acids on sinking particles is related to primary productivity. This relationship exists in spite of differences in the oceanic regimes sampled and in the sediment traps, bactericides, and amino acid analysis techniques used. The amount of particulate amino acids leaving the euphotic zone in areas of higher productivity is a higher proportion of the primary production than in less productive areas. And, a larger amount of particulate amino acids reaches deeper waters in more productive areas. However, the particulate amino acids leaving the euphotic zone decompose faster with depth in more productive areas. Faster decomposition below the surface waters in areas of high productivity suggests that (1) decomposition of particulate organic matter may be mediated more by zooplankton and less by microbial processes than in areas of lower productivity, or (2) phytoplankton growing in more productive areas are more easily remineralized than those growing in less productive areas. (DBO)

AN: 3855020

54 of 362

TI: Large aperture time-series sediment traps; design objectives, construction and application

AU: Honjo,-S.; Doherty,-K.W.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 133-149

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps with 0.5 and 1.15 m super(2) apertures which are capable of collecting 12-25 samples at programmed intervals, typically weekly or bi-monthly, during one continuous semi- to interannual deployment have been developed. They utilize a number of new synthetic materials and stable metallic components which ensure reliable, long-lasting performance at any oceanic depth. The key component of the trap is a set of sequentially rotating samplers which is driven by a microprocessor-controlled electronic stepping motor. The electronic power controller controls sampler exchange with a high degree of flexibility and precision, as well as independently recording the executed sampling events. Each sampling bottle is sealed from ambient water during the time samples are stored before recovery. After continuous improvement and modification during 29.5 deployment-years of application in deep ocean experiments since 1982, we are convinced that these sediment traps can provide a relatively large quantity of settling particles in time-series with high experimental reliability. (DBO)

AN: 3854978

55 of 362

TI: The annual cycle of sedimentation in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia: Implications for the interpretation of diatom fossil assemblages

AU: Sancetta,-C.; Calvert,-S.E.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 71-90

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Data derived from monthly sediment traps at three depths near the head and mouth of Saanich Inlet yield a detailed record of the seasonal cycle of production and vertical flux to the sediments. The material is primarily composed of diatom frustules and silt-to-clay-sized lithic fragments, with dinoflagellates and naked algae present in summer samples. Diatoms dominate from April to September while clastics dominate from October to March. Particles occur primarily in loose flocs; pellets are common in early winter and in summer material, and consist of an indiscriminant mixture of the same particles seen in co-occurring flocs. The seasonal succession of taxa is similar at both sites and is transported to the sediment with little modification by dissolution. Carbon flux is a poor indicator of productivity, due to the strong effect of recycling in the surface waters during spring and uncertainty as to the source of the carbon accumulating in the traps. Although diatom flux is an adequate indicator of primary production, transforming each taxon to equivalent cell volume yields a more accurate picture of the seasonal cycle of production. Relative abundance (taxon percentage) data can be as useful as, and in some cases more accurate than, absolute flux (number per unit time), while number-per-gram may be highly misleading as an estimator of production. Lateral advection and benthic resuspension affect monthly data and annual valve-flux data, but appear to have no net effect upon annual percentage data. (DBO)

AN: 3854974

56 of 362

TI: Evidence for resuspension of rebound particles from near-bottom sediment traps

AU: Walsh,-I.; Fischer,-K.; Murray,-D.; Dymond,-J.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 59-70

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Near-bottom sediment trap moorings were recovered at three sites in the North Equatorial Pacific. Total particulate fluxes recorded within 30-350 m of the ocean floor were greater than those recorded in the mid-water column. A simple two-component mixing model using the most organic-rich surface sediments sampled and an extrapolated mid-water column flux does not account for increases in the major biogenic components (organic carbon, calcium carbonate and opal). The resuspension of rebound particles (those particles that have settled through the water column but have not become incorporated into the sediments) may account for the observed flux near the ocean floor. (DBO)

AN: 3854973

57 of 362

TI: Rates of recycling of biogenic components of settling particles in the ocean derived from sediment trap experiments

AU: Walsh,-I.; Dymond,-J.; Collier,-R.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., Coll. Stn., TX 77843, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 43-58

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The rates of recycling of the major components of the biologically produced particulate flux (organic carbon, calcium carbonate, and opal) were measured at three sites in the North Equatorial Pacific. The measured biogenic fluxes in sediment traps were normalized to the particulate aluminum flux, and reaction rate constants were derived assuming first order processes occurring during particle settling between adjacent pairs of sediment traps. Mid-water flux maxima were found at each site. Assuming a particle settling rate of 100 m/day, organic carbon, calcium carbonate and opal rate constants below the mid-water flux maxima were 3.7-13/y, 2.3-4.5/y, and 1.0-7.9/y, respectively. Ranges for rate constants above the mid-water flux maxima were 15-32/y for organic carbon, 11-20 y super(-1) for calcium carbonate, and 6.4-27/y for opal. (DBO)

AN: 3854972

58 of 362

TI: Downward flux of particulate organic matter and vertical distribution of calanoid copepods in the Oyashio Water in summer

AU: Sasaki,-H.; Hattori,-H.; Nishizawa,-S.

AF: Lab. Oceanogr., Fac. Agric., Tohoku Univ., 1-1, Amamiyamachi, Tsutsumidori, Sendai 980, Japan

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 505-515

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A vertical flux profile in the upper 1000 m in the Oyashio Water was obtained using a free-drifting array with particle interceptor traps in June 1983. Vertical carbon flux was >100 mg/m super(2)/day in the upper 200 m and decreased to <60 mg/m super(2)/day below 500 m. One of the principal particles was fecal pellets, possibly derived from calanoid copepods. Diel distributions of copepods showed two marked levels of population density: 10-60 m (>600 inds/m super(3)) and 215-320 m (160-600 inds/m super(3)). All the dominant copepods except Metridia lucens (adult female) tended to stay more or less at fixed depth layers. Copepodites of some dominant species could not be found in the shallow phytoplankton-rich layer. Nevertheless, scanning electron microscope observations of foregut contents revealed that deep-inhabiting copepods had some intact or damaged diatoms, suggesting reutilization of rapidly sinking particles in the deeper layers. A comparison of observed particulate carbon fluxes with estimated copepod metabolic activities suggests that 38% of the falling particles in the depth range 150-1000 m are consumed by copepods. (DBO)

AN: 3854958

59 of 362

TI: Seasonal variation in the flux of euthecosomatous pteropods collected in a deep sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea

AU: Almogi-Labin,-A.; Hemleben,-Ch.; Deuser,-W.G.

AF: Dep. Geol., Inst. Earth Sci., Hebrew Univ. Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1988 vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 441-464

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A 4-year series of sediment trap samples from a depth of 3.2 km in the Sargasso Sea (32 degree 05'N, 64 degree 15'W) has revealed seasonal variations in the flux of euthecosomatous pteropods. Total pteropod flux is related to seasonal variations of the total particulate and organic carbon flux with a lag of 1-1.5 months. High flux of pteropods (>200 specimens/m super(2)/day) occurs in late winter to mid-summer. Shells of individual pteropod species arrive in deep water in a seasonal succession similar to that in the living assemblage. Peak fluxes of Styliola subula, Clio pyramidata and Limacina bulimoides were recorded from February to May. Limacina inflata, Limacina lesueuri and Cuvierina columnella entered the trap in maximum numbers from April to mid-August. Creseis virgula conica and C. acicula were most abundant from June to late August. The latter two are non-migrating, epipelagic pteropods and comprise <10% of the assemblage. Diel migrators dominate the pteropod assemblage (92%). During the summer months they appear to migrate at greater depth, without reaching the surface water. Although many young are produced, only a small fraction, about 4% in the case of L. inflata and L. bulimoides survives and reaches maturity. Adult shell size of L. inflata and L. bulimoides survives and reaches maturity. Adult shell size of L. inflata and L. bulimoides varies seasonally, reaching maximum size during spring, probably in response to increasing food availability. (DBO)

AN: 3854954

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TI: Decrease in allochthonous organic inputs in dark submarine caves, connection with lowering in benthic community richness

AU: Fichez,-R.

AF: Sch. Environ. Sci., Univ. East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK

CO: Conf. on Limnology and Oceanography, , 26-29 Jun 1989

SO: FLUXES-BETWEEN-TROPHIC-LEVELS-AND-THROUGH-THE-WATER-SEDIMENT-INTERFACE. Bonin,-D.J.;Golterman,-H.L.-eds. 1990 vol. 207 pp. 61-69

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA vol. 207

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Ten sediment trap arrays were deployed over two years for periods of 3 to 40 days in three different sampling points along a 50 m long Mediterranean submarine cave. Mean total particulate matter flux decreased strongly from the semi-dark area (3.3 g m super(-2)/d) to the dark area (0.8 and 0.6 g m super(-2)/d). Carbon represented 3.3% to 3.5% and nitrogen 0.34% to 0.38% of settling dry matter. The decrease in organic input from the entrance to the terminal part of the cave results in increasingly oligotrophic conditions with distance from the cave entrance. Horizontal resource limitation can be connected with a strong zonal decrease in fauna richness. Biomass declines both in hard substrate and soft bottom communities. Despite major differences, some similarities are noticed between oligotrophic conditions that may occur in the dark cave and those in around 1000 m depth ecosystems. Dark oligotrophic submarine caves can be considered to be good scale models for the study of some aspects of general trophic pathways. (DBO)

AN: 3854844

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TI: Biogeochemistry of organic matter in the Laurentian Trough. 1. Composition and vertical fluxes of rapidly settling particles

AU: Colombo,-J.C.; Silverberg,-N.; Gearing,-J.N.

AF: Departement d'Oceanographie, Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, 310 Alledes Ursulines, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1996 vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 277-293

LA: English

AB: Settling particles from duplicate free-drifting sediment traps were collected at 150 m depth in May and July at a landward and a seaward site in the 350 m deep Laurentian Trough. The total organic carbon (TOC)fluxes were high (95-454 mg/m2/d), comparable to those reported for Dabob Bay (a similar moderately productive deep coastal environment) and for the highly productive Peru upwelling region. The TOC (26-67 mg C/g) consisted of lipids (17-37%), carbohydrates (7.9-16%), hydrolysable amino acids (8.4-16%), labile proteins (0.3-2.6%), and a non-characterized fraction (40-64%). Amino acids, proteins and uncharacterized compounds accounted for 24-42, 1-10 and 58-76%, respectively, of total nitrogen (2.3-7.7 mg N/g). The pigment fraction was largely dominated by pheopigments (0.06-1.15 mg/g vs 0.004-0.15 mg/g for chlorophyll a). C/N and C/pigment ratios indicated that on average, about half of the carbon flux was of terrigenous origin. Marine sources included a dominant zooplanktonic contribution, indicated by the abundance of fecal pellets, lipids and pheopigments, and a smaller contribution from fresh algae. Cluster and correlation analyses confirmed the decoupling of pigment and TOC fluxes and the strong zooplanktonic influence of the trap material. Despite large day-to-day and inter-trap variability, clear differences were observed in the fluxes, TOC content and composition at both sampling sites and months. Such trends are attributed to the relative contribution from terrestrial and marine sources and seasonal patterns of primary production.

AN: 3846850

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TI: RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 85, 11 Apr-07 May 1994. Pelagic ecology of the Goban Spur shelf break

AU: Pugh,-P.R.; et-al.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: CRUISE-REP.-INST.-OCEANOGR.-SCI.,-DEACON-LAB. 1995 no. 245, 65 pp.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Charles Darwin cruise 85 represented a UK contribution to the EEC MAST II Ocean Margin Exchange (OMEX) project to quantify the biologically mediated cross-slope exchanges and vertical fluxes of biogenic material in the region of the Goban Spur (c. 49-50 degree N, 11-13 degree W). The sampling programme consisted of: 1) SeaSoar surveys, at the beginning and end of the cruise to investigate the changes in the hydrographic structure of the region. Unfortunately, unforeseen circumstances and bad weather prevented the completion of both surveys; 2) Observe the day and night depth distribution, throughout the water column, of macroplankton and micronekton by means of a vertically stratified series of RMT1+8M net deployments at six stations along the OMEX line, where the water depth ranged from c 200m to c 1400m. This was largely successful, but gear failures and bad weather prevented the collection of a complete set of samples; 3) Observe patterns of acoustic back-scatter, using the shipborne ADCP, throughout the cruise and relate these with the data from the biological sampling; with additional "sea truthing" from Longhurst-Hardy Plankton Recorder deployments. In addition a short-term ADCP mooring was deployed to allow intercomparisons with the shipborne ADCP; 4) Assess changes in marine snow abundances with slope hydrography. Attempts were made to recover and deploy three sediment trap moorings, and the vertical distribution of particles was investigated using a marine snow camera, attached to a CTD, and large volume water bottles; 5) Evaluate cross-slope changes in phytoplankton and microzooplankton communities, from continuous surface fluorescence and nutrient measurements, and from water bottle and vertical net collections for biomass, primary productivity and grazing studies. In addition physiological and experimental studies on the bioluminescent characteristics of the pelagic slope fauna were carried out.

AN: 3843135

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TI: [Palaeontological studies on the distribution and vertical flow of diatoms and their temporal and spatial development in the Late Quaternary of the North-east Atlantic.]

OT: Aktuopalaeontologische Untersuchungen zu Verbreitung und Vertikalfluss von Diatomen sowie ihre raeumliche und zeitliche Entwicklung im Jungquartaer des Europaeischen Nordmeeres

AU: Kohly,-A.

AF: Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Olshausenst. 40-60, D-24118 Kiel, FRG

SO: BER.-SFB-313-MEERESFORSCH. 1994 no. 49, 118 pp

NT: Bibliogr.: 339 ref.

LA: German

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Within the framework of micropalaeontological studies in the Northeast Atlantic, diatom communities from the material of three year-long moorings with sediment traps and from six sediment cores were examined. The year-long moorings are situated in the Greenland Sea and in the Norwegian Sea, and thus represent two typical and hydrographically different water masses of the area studied. A total of 168 sediment trap samples were examined. The sediment cores, with a total of about 100 processed samples, are situated along a transect from south to north, from the Rockall Plateau to the Barents Sea Fan. In addition, sediment cores below the moorings have been processed. On the basis of changes in the diatom communities, seasonal and interannual variations were observed in the way diatoms sank through the water column, and several processes were identified which have also been observed in sediments.

AN: 3838269

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TI: The representation of diatom communities by fossil assemblages in a small acid lake

AU: Cameron,-N.G.

AF: Environ. Change Res. Cent., Univ. Coll. London, 26, Bedford Way, London WC1H OAP, UK

SO: J.-PALEOLIMNOL. 1995 vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 185-223

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The representative quality of fossil diatom assemblages in the recent sediment of a lake is compared with its contemporary diatom flora. In April 1986 experimental liming of the catchment of a small acidified lake, Loch Fleet (Galloway, U.K.), produced immediate changes in water quality. Lakewater pH rose from a mean of approximately 4.5 to 6.5, and in the two year period following liming a consistently higher pH was maintained. The marked response of diatom species to changing water quality provided a means of tracing events from living communities to the fossil assemblages. Diatom periphyton and plankton were sampled during a 20 month period and archived material was used to characterise earlier diatom communities. A comparison is made between living diatom communities and diatom assemblages collected by sediment traps and from sediment cores taken during 20 month period. Following liming, the diatom communities were found to respond within days or weeks to the changes in water quality. There is an initial change from acidobiontic communities, dominated by Tabellaria quadriseptata, to dominance by the acidophilous species Eunotia incisa and Peronia fibula. However, in the epipsammic community the acidobiontic species Tabellaria binalis fo. elliptica remains abundant after liming. Approximately one year after liming the abundances of species such as Achnanthes minutissima and Brachysira vitrea increase in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon, whilst in the epipsammon T. binalis fo. elliptica is replaced by small Eunotia spp. and Achnanthes altaica. During the latter part of 1987 and in 1988, despite a stable pH, fluctuating patterns of species abundances are seen in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon whilst the species composition of the epipsammon remains relatively stable. Spring blooms of the planktonic species Synedra acus and Asterionella formosa occur during 1988 and 1989 respectively. Sediment trapping, which began in April 1987, records shifts in species composition corresponding with those seen in the epilithon, epiphyton and epibryon and with the blooms of planktonic species. The signal from the smaller, and probably less easily transportable, epipsammic community is not so clearly discernible. Although the fundamental record of the sediment traps is one from living diatom communities, the appearance of taxa 'extinct' during the post-liming period reflects a low, but significant level of sediment resuspension. In contrast to the rapid response of living communities and their record in sediment traps, sediment cores do not begin to reflect changes in diatom composition until about 14 months after the initial liming. The first appearance circumneutral taxa in significant abundance occurs only approximately 17 months after liming.

AN: 3832937

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TI: Suspended sediment transport in Lake Saekylaen Pyhaejaervi

AU: Huttula,-T.

AF: Tampere Water and Environ. Dist., P.O. Box 297, SF-33101 Tampere, Finland

SO: AQUA-FENN. 1994 vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 171-185

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Suspended sediment transport was studied on Lake Saekylaen Pyhaejaervi, Finland. The data was collected in summer 1992 with sedimentation traps, water samplers and a recording current meter with a turbidity sensor. A two dimensional vertically integrated flow and suspended sediment transport model was applied to the lake. There was a high variation in time and space in sedimentation trapping rates. In the deepest part of the lake the measured sedimentation into the traps corresponded well with the reported annual accumulation rates. It was calculated that the critical depth of erosion for inorganic particles is 3 m. The organic material is resuspended more easily and quite typical currents with speed of 5 cms super(-1) erode it even at the depth of 10 m. The model calculated the suspended solids concentration quite well at shallow sites but at deep sites the values were too low.

AN: 3828308

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TI: Varved sediments in the Kalix River Estuary, northern Sweden

AU: Widerlund,-A.; Roos,-P.

AF: Div. Appl. Geol., Luleaa Univ. Technol., S-971 87 Luleaa, Sweden

SO: AQUA-FENN. 1994 vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 163-169

LA: English

AB: Two virtually undisturbed cores collected by using the crust-freezing technique revealed the occurrence of varved sediments in the Kalix River estuary. Sedimentation rates were determined by super(137)Cs measurements, varve-counting and also by sediment traps. Each varve consists of a grey, predominantly clastic spring flood layer and a brown layer relatively rich in Fe (III) oxides, deposited during the rest of the year. The varve thickness is 5-13 mm, corresponding to a sedimentation rate of 96-227 mg dry sediment/cm super(2)/yr. Fall-out from the Chernobyl accident resulted in a 7-10 fold increase of super(137)Cs in the layer deposited during the summer and autumn of 1986. During the period 1975-1991, one or two major resuspension events occurred in the estuary.

AN: 3828305

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TI: Bacterial and cyanobacterial flux to the deep NE Atlantic on sedimenting particles

AU: Turley,-C.M.; Mackie,-P.J.

AF: Plymounth Mar. Lab., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-I-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1995 vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1453-1474

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Long term (17 month) moored sediment trap studies during 1989/90 in the NE Atlantic reveal that heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria are transported into the deep-sea in large numbers (up to 32 x 10 super(9) cells/m super(2)/day and 37 x 10 super(7) cells/m super(2)/day, respectively) by attachment to, or incorporation in, rapidly sedimenting particles. The fluxes of these microorganisms follow the seasonal mass and POC flux patterns with two major flux events at 3100 and 4465 m each year and another flux event present only in the deeper trap during early 1990. Bacteria contributed 0.5-3.5% (mean = 2.0%) of POC flux at 3100 m, and at 4465 m they contributed 1-40% (mean = 11%) of the POC. Cyanobacteria contributed up to 0.13% of POC at both trap depths. The substantial seasonal and interannual variations in both bacterial and cyanobacterial fluxes may be due to different seasonal and interannual growth patterns of the heterotrophic and phototrophic bacteria and/or different mechanisms of inclusion in sinking particles in the upper ocean. The proportions of bacterial and cyanobacterial production in surface waters arriving at 3100 m during the maximum flux of microorganisms were 1.5% and 0.26%, respectively, and will be lower at other times of year. There was a significant positive correlation between % bacterial carbon and % particulate organic carbon of the mass flux which may indicate that the higher the bacterial concentration on sedimenting material the higher the concentration of POC. Significant negative correlations also occurred between C/N molar ratio and bacterial carbon flux. The material comprising the second major flux event in 1989 contained extremely high concentrations of bacteria and cyanobacteria. These observations may indicate that aggregates may escape solubilization in the upper water column and arrive relatively fresh on the deep-sea bed, 74% of the annual total of bacterial flux and 77% of the annual cyanobacterial flux, occurred within this short period (12%) of the investigation. There is evidence that the deeper trap received bacteria from resuspended sediments and colonized settled detritus and that there may be enhanced growth of these deep sea bacteria through stimulation from a major mass flux event. The annual bacterial flux was 1.1 x 10 super(12) cells/m super(2)/annum which is equivalent to 56.3 mg bacterial carbon/m super(2)/annum, around 4, 5 and 27.0 mg DNA, RNA and protein/m super(2)/annum and 27.5 x 10 super(12) plasmid encoded phenotypic genes/m super(2)/annum. The supply of DNA and mechanisms of transfer are potentially available for genetic exchange to occur between populations previously assumed to be genetically isolated, that of the bacteria in the surface waters and those in the deep-sea.

AN: 3828056

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TI: Bank-derived carbonate sediment transport and dissolution in the Hawaiian Archipelago

AU: Sabine,-C.L.; MacKenzie,-F.T.

AF: Atmos. Ocean Sci. Program, Dep. Geol. Geophys. Sci., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

SO: AQUAT.-GEOCHEM. 1995 vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 189-230

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This investigation used two approaches to examine the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles and determine the potential influence of benthic carbonate particle dissolution on the carbon chemistry of the waters around the Hawaiian Archipelago. First, the particle flux near several representative carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago was measured and compared with the flux at a distal site (ALOHA) approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii. The results of four sediment trap deployments on three carbonate banks in the Hawaiian Archipelago demonstrate that the flux of bank-derived carbonate particles are consistently one to two orders of magnitude higher than the fluxes at the distal station. Furthermore, the mineralogy of the carbonate flux near the banks, which includes very soluble bank-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite particles, is distinctly different from that of the distal fluxes. Second, the chemistry of the waters at each bank station along the archipelago was characterized and compared with the chemistry of the distal waters to determine if differences in the particle flux were reflected in the carbon chemistry. Higher alkalinity and carbonate ion concentrations were observed around all of the banks studied. The saturation state of these waters suggests that the dissolution of some magnesian calcite and aragonite phases could explain the higher alkalinity values. Calculations suggest that the dissolution of benthically-derived aragonite and magnesian calcite may be an important component of the North Pacific alkalinity budget and a potential sink for anthropogenic CO sub(2).

AN: 3827979

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TI: The impact of zebra mussels on the resuspendibility of sediments and trophic transfer on Saginaw Bay

AU: Lansing,-M.B.L.; Eadie,-B.J.; Bell,-G.L.; Van-Hoof,-P.L.

AF: U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA, Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48015, USA

CO: 38. Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, East Lansing, MI (USA), 28 May-1 Jun 1995

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-38TH-CONFERENCE-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-OF-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH. 2200-BONISTEEL-BOULEVARD,-ANN-ARBOR,-MI-48109-2099-USA INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH 1995 p. 114

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: With the massive introduction of zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) mussels we anticipated a major change in the composition of benthic organisms with a potential change in the resuspendibility of sediments. In the summers of 1991 (before a significant population of mussels was observed on the bottom) and 1992 (after zebra mussels were well established) we deployed one inner and one outer bay autosequencing sediment trap to measure mass flux, and characterize sediment composition. There was a significant difference in mass flux between the two years. Fluxes were greater in 1992; for the same deployment intervals in the inner bay where they averaged 3.5 (4.3) times the fluxes in 1991 while in the outer bay the ratio was 2.2 (1.3). Organic nitrogen concentrations shifted between years, molar C/N ratios were significantly lower in 1992 for most samples. Stable isotope maps of the super(13)C/ super(12)C and super(15)N/ super(14)N compositions of potential sources for the trap materials (particulates, and food web components) show that the trapped materials most resemble zooplankton and zebra mussels. A comparison of the winds during the deployments show only small differences. The preponderance of evidence implies that the zebra mussels greatly increased the resuspendibility of bay sediments.

AN: 3824081

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TI: Detailed super(230)Th, super(232)Th and super(210)Pb fluxes recorded by the 1989/90 BOFS sediment trap time-series at 48 degree N, 20 degree W

AU: Colley,-S.; Thomson,-J.; Newton,-P.P.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci. Deacon Lab., Brook Rd., Wormley, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-I-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1995 vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 833-848

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Phytoplankton productivity north of 42 degree N in the NE Atlantic is dominated by intense blooms in spring and early summer. Detailed analyses of deep-water sediment trap samples over a 17 month period, encompassing two such bloom events, reveal that the removal fluxes of the particle-reactive radionuclides super(210)Pb and super(230)Th are generally linearly related to mass flux, as observed elsewhere, up to 120 mg/m super(2)/day. Above mass fluxes of 120 mg/m super(2)/day, the super(230)Th flux is limited close to its water column production rate in a trap at 3100 m, and somewhat in excess of its production rate in a trap at 4465 m (full water column depth 4555 m). The super(210)Pb flux is also similarly limited in both traps. These limits are ascribed to the differing behaviour of the faster-settling bloom material, rather than to quantitative scavenging of water column radionuclides. Finite dissolved and particulate activities for both radionuclides are observed in the water column. Comparison of super(210)Pb/ super(230)Th activity ratios in surface particulate and trap material indicates that the trap material does not represent surface material which has settled without modification through the water column. Rather the super(210)Pb/ super(230)Th activity ratio of the trap material is similar to the activity ratio of particulate material in the integrated water column overlying the shallower trap, but the underlying mechanisms controlling the scavenging limitation remain unclear. Comparison of data from the 3100 m trap in "clear water" 1455 m above the sea floor, with those from the second only 90 m above, illustrates that re-entrainment of current-resuspended near-bottom material must contribute to the deep trap. As a result, the intercepted super(230)Th in the deep trap regularly exceeds production in the overlying water column throughout the year. The mean CaCO sub(3), super(230)Th and super(232)Th fluxes to this deep trap agree to within 10% of their long-term fluxes measured in a core from the trap site, although super(210)Pb fluxes to the trap are only 70% of the flux recorded by the sediment.

AN: 3823981

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TI: A sediment trap investigation of sinking coccolithophorids in the North Atlantic

AU: Knappertsbusch,-M.; Brummer,-G.-J.A.

AF: Nat. Hist. Mus. Basel, Augustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-I-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1995 vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1083-1109

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Coccolith fluxes were studied in two vertically arranged and synchronized time series sediment traps at 700 m and 1025 m depth at JGOFS Station 47 degree N/20 degree W over a period of 3 weeks during May and June, 1990. A short but distinct pulse of the coccolithophorid Syracosphaera pulchra (Lohmann) was used to trace the vertical transport of coccoliths. For the bulk material the settling velocity was estimated to range from 137.8 m/day to 162.5 m/day. Maximum fluxes were 3.6 x 10 super(9)/day coccoliths/m super(2)/day in the upper and 2.3 x 10 super(9) coccoliths/m super(2)/day in the lower trap, or coccolith calcite fluxes of 42.6 mg/m super(2)/day and 28.7 mg/m super(2)/day. Prior to the pulse the average flux was 7.5 x 10 super(7) coccoliths/m super(2)/day (0.6 mg coccolith carbonate/m super(2)/day) at 700 m and 1.4 x 10 super(8) coccoliths/m super(2)/day (1.3 mg coccolith calcite/m super(2)/day) at 1025 m. Detailed studies of the fecal pellet content at 1025 m in five size fractions from < 32 mu m to > 500 mu m showed that during the S. pulchra pulse most coccoliths were transported in fecal strings larger than 500 mu m but that prior to this event a mixed coccolith and diatom flora was carried by several types of fecal pellet. Coccoliths in the fecal pellets showed no signs of dissolution. Mechanical breakage of coccoliths by zooplankton grazing, however, was severe. Profiles of suspended matter from the same time and location suggest that coccoliths, which were released into the water by coprorhexy and microbial degradation of the settling fecal matter, account for the 33% decline of coccolith calcite between the two traps. It is concluded that the export is characterized by a large variability in the flux of the different settling components, which is intimately related to day to day fluctuations in fecal pellet production by migrating zooplankton and nekton in the overlying mesopelagic zone.

AN: 3823918

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TI: Floodplain sedimentation: Quantities, patterns and processes

AU: Asselman,-N.E.M.; Middelkoop,-H.

AF: Dep. Phys. Geogr., Univ. Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands

SO: EARTH-SURF.-PROCESS.-LANDFORMS 1995 vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 481-499

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This paper presents the result of measurements of floodplain sedimentation using sediment traps. The study was carried out on two embanked floodplains along the Rivers Rhine and Meuse in The Netherlands during a 3 day flood in January 1993. Raster maps of sediment accumulation were made by interpolating the measurements from the traps using block kriging. The sediment maps show clear patterns in sediment accumulation, together with the estimated interpolation errors. Average sediment accumulation ranges between 0.57 and 1.0 kg/m. High sediment accumulation is found on the levees (4 kg/m or more) and on low lying areas (1.6 kg/m); sediment accumulation decreases with distance from the main channel. The sedimentation patterns are related to floodplain topography and sediment transporting mechanisms. Sediment transport by turbulent diffusion as well as by convection can be recognized. Also, flood duration and the process of sediment settling out in ponding water in closed depressions are important. The applied method allows comparison of the results with raster-based sedimentation models.

AN: 3823839

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TI: Export production of particles to the interior of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1992 EqPac experiment

AU: Honjo,-S.; Dymond,-J.; Collier,-R.; Manganini,-S.J.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1995 vol. 42, no. 2-3, pp. 831-870

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Twenty-four time-series, moored sediment traps were deployed between 2/2/92 and 1/27/93 along 140 degree W at 9 degree N, 5 degree N, 2 degree N, 0 degree , 2 degree S, 5 degree S and 12 degree S at water depths of approximately 1200 m and 2200 m, and 700 m above the bottom. The opening/closing of the traps was synchronized at 17-day periods, for 21 events, covering a total of 357 days. The average annual particle flux in the ocean's interior (2.2 to 4.4 km deep) from 5 degree N to 5 degree S was 28.5 g m super(-2) year super(-1), with 34.8 g super(-2) year super(-1) the maximum annual flux at the equator. Sixty-six per cent of settling particles were carbonate; 24% biogenic SiO sub(2) and 5% organic carbon. The onset of tropical instability waves, marking the year's El Nino/post-El Nino boundary, was associated with a succession of intervals with greater organic carbon and opal at 5 degree N, 2 degree S and 5 degree S that occurred synchronously with a meridional oscillation of instability waves, while net carbon flux during El Nino and post-El Nino periods did not change. Although organic carbon flux increased at 5 degree N, 2 degree S and 5 degree S during the post-El Nino period, it was counterbalanced by decreases at the upwelling stations (2 degree N and the equator), resulting in no net carbon flux increase across the 5 degree N to 5 degree S region. In February/March 1992, only 0.34% of the organic carbon fixed by primary production over the 5 degree N to 5 degree S zone arrived in the ocean's interior. In August/September that year, zonal average of organic carbon flux increased slightly to 0.5% of primary production. Very little carbon reached the interior depths of the upwelling stations; however, the fraction of export was higher at the 5 degree N, 2 degree S and 5 degree S stations. The pattern of variability of particle flux at the shallow depths was observed also in deeper traps, without temporal offsets, suggesting a settling particle residence time shorter than the 17-day time- series resolution during most of this experiment.

AN: 3821995

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TI: Spatial variability in sediment composition and evidence for resuspension in a large, deep lake

AU: Lebo,-M.E.; Reuter,-J.E.

AF: California Univ. Inst. Ecol., Davis, CA 95616, USA

CO: 6. International Symposium. International Association for Sediment Water Sciences Santa Barbara, CA (USA)

SO: MAR.-FRESHWAT.-RES. 1995 vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 321-326

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Spatial variability in the composition of sediments in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, was assessed by collecting surficial samples at 32 sites. For those sites, organic fractions were highest in the centre of the lake and low near the single inflow to the system. The spatial patterns for organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in lake sediments indicated that small organic-rich particles are preferentially deposited in the centre of the lake. This sorting of particles by water depth was supported by a corresponding decrease in the particle size distribution of sediments with station depth and by limited sediment-trap data. Further, a comparison of sediment-trap particle flux rates with the net sediment accumulation rate for the centre of the lake based on 210-Pb decay indicated that the resuspension of bottom sediments in Pyramid Lake must occur throughout the lake.

AN: 3815252

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TI: Mechanisms, measurement and importance of sediment resuspension in lakes

AU: Bloesch,-J.

AF: Swiss Fed. Inst. for Environ. Sci. and Technol., CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

CO: 6. International Symposium. International Association for Sediment Water Sciences Santa Barbara, CA (Australia)

SO: MAR.-FRESHWAT.-RES. 1995 vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 295-304

NT: 97 ref.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The process of sediment resuspension in lakes influences lake metabolism by causing turbidity and cycling of particulate material. Wind, currents and morphometry of the lake basin are the most important causes of resuspension. So far, episodic resuspension events have been studies rather than the impact on whole lakes. The bottom shear stress and the cohesion of sediments are the key mechanisms. Two zones of resuspension can be distinguished: the littoral zone, where wave action is significant, and the profundal zone, where seiche-induced currents are the most important factor governing resuspension. Repetitive sediment resuspension and redeposition over large areas are common in shallow lakes. Nearshore sediment resuspension, subsequent focusing and redeposition in the profundal zone are the main processes in large, deep lakes. The various methods of measuring resuspension are reviewed, with special emphasis on the sediment trap method and the use of radionuclides.

AN: 3815250

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TI: Fecal pellet carbon flux and bottom water hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf

AU: Qureshi,-N.; Rabalais,-N.; Dortch,-Q.; Turner,-G.

AF: Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

CO: 23. Benthic Ecology Meeting, New Brunswick, NJ (USA), 17-19 Mar 1995

SO: TWENTY-THIRD-BENTHIC-ECOLOGY-MEETING. Grassle,-J.P.;Kelsey,-A.;Oates,-E.;Snelgrove,-P.V.-eds. Rutgers-the-State-Univ.,-New-Brunswick,-NJ-USA.-Inst.-Marine-Coastal-Sciences 1995 vp

NT: Abstract only.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Louisiana continental shelf near the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River deltas is a stratified, highly productive system characterized by the largest hypoxic zone (<2 mg O2/l) in the western Atlantic Ocean. Two sediment traps (5-6 and 15 m) were deployed in 1991 and 1992 in 20 m water depth within an area of seasonally severe hypoxia. The fluxes of total particulate material, organic C, organic N, fecal pellet C and phytoplankton C varied similarly between seasons, and were lowest in summer and highest in spring. The fluxes were greater in 1991 than in 1992. Variations in fecal pellet C flux were positively correlated with indicators of surface water productivity in 1991, but not in 1992. The abundance of fecal pellets in discrete depth water samples was positively correlated with total organisms, copepods and copepod nauplii: the likely sources of pellets. The flux of fecal pellets from surface to bottom waters accounted for 55% of the particulate material exported vertically, exceeded phytoplankton carbon fluxes (for the period examined), and was sufficient to deplete bottom water oxygen reserves in spring.

AN: 3809875

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TI: The distribution of suspended matter in the Gotland deep

AU: Sivkov,-V.V.; Stryuk,-V.L.; Zhurov,-Yu.I.

AF: P.P. Shirshov Inst. Oceanol., Russian Acad. Sci., Atlantic Br., 236000 Kalininigrad, Prospekt Mira 1, Russia

CO: First Study Conference on BALTEX, Visby (Sweden), 28 Aug-1 Sep 1993

SO: FIRST-STUDY-CONF.-ON-BALTEX. A.-Omstedt-ed. GEESTHACHT-GERMANY INT.-BALTEX-SECRETARIAT 1995 vol. 3 p. 162

ST: vol. 3,

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Nepheloid layers (accumulations of suspended matter) were studied during last 10 years in the Gotland Deep using sinking nephelometer, Coulter counter, water filtration and sediment traps. Chemical composition of suspended matter was determined in samples. Sedimentation environments was characterized judging by water temperature and salinity, dissolved oxygen and hydrogen sulphide concentration. Nepheloid layers (NL) in the Gotland Deep can be subdivided into 3 types according to their origin. The bottom NL (type 1) appear as a result of sedimentary-diffusive balance in the marine dispersion system. In this case the NL is defined as that portion of the lower, deep-sea water column in which the concentration of suspended matter generally increases with depth to bottom. They acquire distinct features with bottom current intensification and consequencly, turbulence of the near-bottom layer. The concentration of suspended matter upon the bottom may be two orders increased as compared to the background values. Data from sediment traps consistently show increasing apparent vertical fluxes with increasing proximity to the sediments. The deep-sea (above but not touching the bottom) NL are formed first, as a result of complex interaction involving near-bottom currents, relief, sediments and water density stratification (type 2), and, second, as a result of the transition of dissolved Fe, Mn and other chemical elements into their suspended forms on the geochemical barrier "oxygen-hydrogen sulphide" (type 3). Haloclyne plays a decisive role in the first case and acts as a kind of horizontal "suspension supplier", through which sedimentary matter from slopes is delivered into the deeps. In the second case geochemical process leads to accumulation of fine suspension, looking like milk "clouds" with sharp horizontal boundaries and laminated structure as has been observed from submersible "Mir". Variability and complexity of suspended matter formation and it existence require determination of nepheloid layer origin in each particular case.

AN: 3809180

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TI: Depositional and taphonomic aspects of a Silurian (Brandon Bridge, Llandovery-Wenlock) Fossil Konservat Lagerstaette from Waukesha, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), predictability of North American Silurian Fossil Konservat Lagerstaetten, and some insights into ichnofacies

AU: Kluessendorf,-J.

CA: University of Illinois of Urbana Champaign

SO: DISS.-ABST.-INT.-PT.-B-SCI.-and-ENG. 1990 vol. 51, no. 4, 126 pp

NT: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA9026232.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Chapter I demonstrates that a discontinuity surface occurs between the Silurian Plaines Member of the Kankakee Dolomite and Brandon Bridge Member of the Joliet Dolomite of Illinois and their stratigraphic equivalents in Wisconsin. Enigmatic pits on the Plaines surface are determined to be biogenic structures, which are important in interpreting this surface and the laterally-adjacent unconformity as paleokarst. Chapter II addresses preservation of Fossil Konservat Lagerstaetten, utilizing Lagerstaette from the Brandon Bridge strata (late Llandovery-early Wenlock) at Waukesha, Wisconsin. This Lagerstaette occurs in a localized area of restricted circulation adjacent to a paleoscarp within a peritidal setting. Preservation is controlled by anoxic conditions, possible brackish water influence, and early diagenetic mineralization. Composed primarily of arthropod exuviae, which were washed into a sediment-trap formed by paleoscarp topography, the organisms in this Lagerstaette are unified more by their hydrodynamic properties than by any living association. This hydrodynamically-controlled taphonomic accumulation of exuviae represents a new category of Lagerstaetten. Chapter III examines predictability of North American Silurian Fossil Konservat Lagerstaetten. Eight Lagerstaetten are grouped on the basis of Q-mode cluster analysis, employing biotic components and sedimentary features as characters. Two main clusters result: (1) EP biotas (eurypterid and/or phyllocarid-dominated), which are restricted geographically to areas surrounding the Michigan Basin, stratigraphically to the Upper Silurian, and ecologically to arid, hypersaline conditions; and (2) DG biotas (dendroid graptolite-characterized), which are taxonomically more diverse and less restricted geographically, ecologically, and stratigraphically. Therefore, the location of EP biotas is easier to predict based on readily recognized features, supporting the contention that Lagerstaette prospecting is possible. Chapter IV compares ichnofacies of parallel modern siliciclastic and carbonate marine depositional environments in order to determine what differences exist because of sediment composition. Sedimentation rate, cementation history, grain properties, and grain-size distribution all may vary with sediment type, and these affect the distribution of bioturbation patterns. Consequently, the widely-used siliciclastic ichnofacies model may not apply to carbonate settings in all cases. (DBO)

AN: 3808199

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TI: Inlet effects -- downdrift translation by natural and artificial headlands

AU: Walther,-M.P.

AF: Coast. Tech, 800 20th Pl., Suite 6, Vero Beach, FL 32960, USA

CO: 8. National Conference on Beach Preservation Technology, St. Petersburg, FL (USA), 25-27 Jan 1995

SO: SAND-WARS,-SAND-SHORTAGES-and-SAND-HOLDING-STRUCTURES.-PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-1995-NATIONAL-CONFERENCE-ON-BEACH-PRESERVATION-TECHNOLOGY. Tait,-L.S.-ed. TALLAHASSEE,-FL-USA FLORIDA-SHORE-and-BEACH-PRESERVATION-ASSOC. 1995 pp. 259-270

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: It is broadly accepted that inlets acts as total or partial barriers to longshore sediment transport. At an inlet, sediment may be trapped by an updrift jetty, channel, or a flood or ebb tidal shoal. Interruption of longshore sediment transport results in a longshore transport deficit and erosion of the downdrift beach. Longshore transport is driven by waves breaking at an angle to the shoreline. If the nearshore wave climate is changed by reefs or if the shoreline angle changes, a change in longshore transport results. Such changes can be prompted by natural and artificial headlands. As a result, headland features can stabilize a portion of the shoreline - updrift of the headland feature - and create or translate a longshore transport deficit downdrift. This paper tacitly reviews basic theories of longshore transport and the effects of natural reefs and headlands upon transport and the shoreline. Examples of such features are presented for the shorelines downdrift of Canaveral, Sebastian, and Ft. Pierce Inlets and compared with historical shoreline data obtained from the State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

AN: 3800537

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TI: Autumnal sedimentation of Microcystis spp. as result of an increase in carbohydrate ballast at reduced temperature

AU: Visser,-P.M.; Ibelings,-B.W.; Mur,-L.R.

AF: Lab. Microbiol., Univ. Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands

SO: J.-PLANKTON-RES. 1995 vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 919-933

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Autumnal sedimentation of the Microcystis population was studied in Lake Nieuwe Meer (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). In summer, Microcystis formed a high percentage of the total phytoplankton in the water column, but a low percentage in sedimentation traps. The reverse was found during September and October, with a high percentage in the sedimentation traps, but a low percentage in the water column. The decrease in the numbers of Microcystis colonies coincided with a decrease in water temperature. In experiments with a strain of Microcystis, isolated from Lake Nieuwe Meer, the percentage of total colonies that were sinking increased in a few days to 100% after a shift from 20 degree C to 15.3, 13.0 or 10.5 degree C. The gas-vesicle volume in the cells remained constant during the incubations. Sinking of the colonies resulted from an increased glycogen content. Calculation of carbon (C) flows during the first 2 days of the incubation at reduced temperature showed that the glycogen accumulation was the result of a much lower rate of protein synthesis during the light period at the lower temperatures. Although the photosynthetic rate itself decreased at reduced temperature, it resulted in more fixed CO sub(2) being stored as glucose. Because the respiratory rate also decreased (with an almost similar decrease to that of photosynthesis), glycogen accumulated at lower temperatures. It was calculated that after an incubation period of similar to 1 week at reduced temperature, the rate of photosynthesis had decreased by 10.1% of the value at 20 degree C per 1 degree C, while the rate of respiration had decreased only 1.8%. It is proposed that there is a feedback mechanism in which an increasing concentration of glycogen inhibits photosynthesis and stimulates respiration.

AN: 3788731

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TI: An evaluation of flow-stratified sampling for estimating suspended sediment loads

AU: Thomas,-R.B.; Lewis,-J.*

AF: Pac. Southwest Res. Stn., Forest Serv., USDA, 1700 Bayview St., Arcata, CA 95521, USA

SO: J.-HYDROL.-AMST. 1995 vol. 170, no. 1-4, pp. 27-45

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Flow-stratified sampling is a new method for sampling water quality constituents such as suspended sediment to estimate loads. As with selection-at-list-time (SALT) and time-stratified sampling, flow-stratified sampling is a statistical method requiring random sampling, and yielding unbiased estimates of load and variance. It can be used to estimate event yields or to estimate mean concentrations in flow classes for detecting change over time or differences from water quality standards. Flow-stratified sampling is described and its variance compared with those of SALT and time-stratified sampling. Time-stratified sampling generally gives the smallest variance of the three methods for estimating storm yields. Flow-stratified sampling of individual storms may fail to produce estimates in some short-lived strata because they may have sample sizes of zero. SALT will tend to give small samples and relatively high variances for small storms. For longer and more complex hydrographs, having numerous peaks, flow-stratified sampling gives the lowest variance, and the SALT variance is lower than that of time-stratified sampling unless the sample size is very large. A desirable feature of flow-stratified sampling is that the variance can be reduced after sampling by splitting strata, particularly high flow strata that have been visited just once, and recalculating the total and variance. SALT has the potential to produce the lowest variance, but cannot be expected to do so with an auxiliary variable based on stage.

AN: 3785152

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TI: Fecal pellet flux in Dabob Bay during a diatom bloom: Contribution of microzooplankton

AU: Buck,-K.R.; Newton,-J.

AF: Monterey Bay Aquar. Res. Inst., 160 Central Ave., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1995 vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 306-315

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: During a spring bloom primarily composed of the centric diatom Thalassiosira pacifica in Dabob Bay, Washington, an unarmored dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium sp., phagocytized chains of Thalassiosira. The diatoms were egested in peritrophic membrane-bound fecal pellets that were collected in sediment traps. The dinoflagellate pellets accounted for an average of 29% (SD = 16%) of the volume of fecal pellet flux at 50 m. The diatoms in the pellets were intact but void of plasma content, thus reducing the flux of both POC and pigments per volume of fecal pellets, as was apparent in the sediment trap measurements. Grazing by these dinoflagellates on the large diatoms and the export of relatively carbon- and pigment-deplete pellets have much different implications for organic material cycling than if the diatoms were consumed by mesozooplankton or if they sank.

AN: 3778803

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TI: Mutagenic effect of extracts from particulate matter collected with sediment traps in the archipelago of Stockholm and the open northern Baltic

AU: Broman,-D.; Naef,-C.; Rannug,-U.

AF: Aquat. Chem. Ecotoxicol., Dep. Zool., Stockholm Univ., S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: BULL.-ENVIRON.-CONTAM.-TOXICOL. 1994 vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 669-674

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Due to the high particulate-water partition coefficients (K sub(p)) of most ecotoxicologically relevant hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), particulate matter (PM) in water becomes very important for their occurrence and distribution in the aquatic environment. Further, this PM acts as the basic food source for many important organisms in the benthic, pelagic and littoral parts of the aquatic ecosystem. In an attempt to evaluate the genotoxic potential of extracts of PM, collected with sediment traps in the Stockholm water area and in the open northern Baltic, we used the Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100.

AN: 3774322

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TI: Export production of coccolithophores in an upwelling region: Results from San Pedro Basin, Southern California Borderlands

AU: Ziveri,-P.; Thunell,-R.C.; Rio,-D.

AF: Dep. Geol. Sci., Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1995 vol. 24, no. 3-4, pp. 335-358

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A seven month-long time series sediment trap project was carried out in San Pedro Basin (Southern California Borderlands) in order to evaluate the response of calcareous nannoplankton to seasonal hydrographic changes. This region is periodically influenced by upwelling, particularly during the spring and early summer. The highest fluxes of both whole coccospheres and individual coccoliths occurred during winter (January-February), a period when the fluxes of diatoms and planktic foraminifera were low. The highest coccolithophore fluxes were recorded in the mid-February with 860 x 10 super(6) coccoliths/m super(2)/day, 8 x 10 super(6) whole coccospheres/m super(2)/day, and 80 mg of coccolith carbonate/m super(2)/day. Coccolith carbonate fluxes in January and February account for most of the total carbonate fluxes measured during this period. The season of maximum coccolithophore production in this region (winter) is correlated with weak stratification of the upper water column, low total primary production, low nutrient contents, and low temperatures. Emiliania huxleyi and Florisphaera profunda are the two most abundant species in this region. While E. huxleyi displays no distinct seasonal changes in flux, F. profunda shows a clear preference for cold, low nutrient water conditions and low light levels. Helicosphaera spp. flux is positively correlated to the total coccosphere fluxes and is indicative of high coccolithophore productivity.

AN: 3766337

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TI: DOE (Department of Energy) West Coast Basin Program, California Basin Study: Progress report 4, (July 1986-June 1987)

AU: Small,-L.F.; Huh,-C.A.

CA: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis (USA). Sch. of Oceanography

SO: REP.-U.S.-DEP.-ENERGY 1987 54 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: DE88005806/GAR. Contract FG05-85ER60340. Portions are illegible in microfiche.

RN: DOE/ER/60340-3 (DOEER603403)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The overall objective of our research is to understand the transport pathways and mass balances of selected metabolically active and inactive chemical species in the Santa Monica/San Pedro Basins. One focus is to examine the role of zooplankton and micronekton in the cycling and remineralization of chemical materials in the Southern California Bight, with particular reference to C, N and certain radionuclides and trace metals. A second focus is to examine these same radionuclides and trace metals in other reservoirs besides the zooplankton (i.e., in seawater, sediment trap material and bottom sediments). Knowledge of the rates, routes and reservoirs of these nuclides and metals should lead to a cogent model for these elements in Santa Monica/San Pedro Basins. 28 refs., 13 figs., 7 tabs. (ERA citation 13:025095). (DBO)

AN: 3758490

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TI: Sediment trap assemblages - A methodological description

AU: Haakanson,-L.; Floderus,-S.; Wallin,-M.

AF: Univ. Uppsala, Dep. Hydrol., Vastra Aagatan 24, S-752 20 Uppsala, Sweden

CO: 4. Symp. on Sediment/Water Interactions, Melbourne (Australia), 16-20 Feb 1987

SO: SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERACTIONS. Sly,-P.G.;Hart,-B.T.-eds. 1989 vol. 176-177 pp. 481-490

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA vol. 176-177

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A short description is given of the theory and use of sediment traps in the context of fine sediment dynamics. The technical construction of the sediment trap device has been examined earlier. Sediment traps yield data on rates of sedimentation and provide a means of estimating redeposition and resuspension. Methods for distinguishing between primary and secondary material in the traps are surveyed. Examples from trap deployments in the Swedish Sankt Anna Archipelago are used to formulate a model approach that is designed to yield data on the coastal flux of fine material. (DBO)

AN: 3757737

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TI: Sediment retention efficiencies of sedimentation basin filtered outlets

AU: Engle,-B.W.; Jarrett,-A.R.

AF: Agric. Eng., Erdman, Anthony, Assoc., Inc., Mechanicsburg, PA, USA

SO: TRANS.-ASAE 1995 vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 435-439

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Principal spillway filter envelopes of expanded polystyrene chips (EPS) and 2-B gravel were compared to a no-filter control to assess their effectiveness in capturing sediment from a laboratory scale sedimentation basin. Each filter was evaluated with two perforated risers, one designed to dewater the basin in 1.5 h and the other in 3.0 h. The average sediment retention efficiencies for the no-filter treatments were 59.8 and 71.0% for the 1.5- and 3.0-h outlet configurations, respectively. Perforated risers encased in 508-mm-diameter envelopes of EPS chips and gravel had sediment retention efficiencies, averaged over dewatering time, of 84 and 82%, respectively. The 1.5- and 3.0-h dewatering times had sediment retention efficiencies, averaged over the EPS- and gravel-filter treatments, of 78.3 and 87.5%, respectively. Both EPS and gravel envelopes show promise in enhancing the sediment captured from sedimentation basins.

AN: 3748453

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TI: Automated in situ observations of upper ocean biogeochemistry, bio-optics, and physics and their potential use for global studies

AU: Dickey,-T.D.; Granata,-T.C.; Taupier-Letage,-I.

CO: Ocean Climate Data Workshop, Greenbelt, MD (USA), 18-21 Feb 1992

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-OCEAN-CLIMATE-DATA-WORKSHOP,-FEBRUARY-18-21,-1992. J.-Churgin-comp. Commission-of-the-European-Communities,-Brussels-Belgium GREENBELT,-MD-USA GODDARD-SPACE-FLIGHT-CENT. 1992 pp. 317-354

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The processes controlling the flux of carbon in the upper ocean have dynamic ranges in space and time of at least nine orders of magnitude. These processes depend on a broad suite of inter-related biogeochemical, bio-optical, and physical variables. These variables should be sampled on scales matching the relevant phenomena. Traditional ship-based sampling, while critical for detailed and more comprehensive observations, can span only limited portions of these ranges because of logistical and financial constraints. Further, remote observations from satellite platforms enable broad horizontal coverage which is restricted to the upper few meters of the ocean. For these main reasons, automated subsurface measurement systems are important for the fulfillment of research goals related to the regional and global estimation and modeling of time varying biogeochemical fluxes. Within the past few years, new sensors and systems capable of autonomously measuring several of the critical variables have been developed. The platforms for deploying these systems now include moorings and drifters and it is likely that autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV's) will become available for use in the future. Each of these platforms satisfies particular sampling needs and can be used to complement both shipboard and satellite observations. In the present review, 1) sampling considerations will be summarized, 2) examples of data obtained from some of the existing automated in situ sampling systems will be highlighted, 3) future sensors and systems will be discussed, 4) data management issues for present and future automated systems will be considered, and 5) the status of near real-time data telemetry will be outlined. Finally, we wish to make it clear at the outset that the perspectives presented here are those of the authors and are not intended to represent those of the United States JGOFS program, the International JGOFS program, NOAA's C&GC program, or other global ocean programs.

AN: 3747013

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TI: Carbon flux and recycling associated with zooplanktonic fecal pellets on the shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight

AU: Lane,-P.V.Z.; Smith,-S.L.; Urban,-J.L.; Biscaye,-P.E.

AF: Mar. Biol. and Fish. Div., Rosenstiel Sch. Mar. and Atmos. Sci., 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 41, no. 213, pp. 437-457

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed for 5 days during March 1988, at 20 and 33 m in 42 m of water over the continental shelf off Norfolk, Virginia (SEEP-II study area). During the sediment trap deployment, a time-series study determined the community and age-structure of copepods as well as the standing stocks, production rates and settling velocities of fecal pellets. Fecal pellets comprised less than 1% of the total particulate carbon collected in the sediment traps and ca 0.3% of particulate carbon found in the water column. Mean fecal pellet production by adult copepods feeding in natural seawater ranged from 1 to 2 pellets animal super(-1) day super(-1), equalling approximately 0.1-0.3 mu g C day super(-1). Average fecal pellet volume ranged from 4 x 10 super(5) mu m super(3) for pellets produced by Centropages typicus females to 14 x 10 super(5) mu m super(3), for pellets produced by Calanus finmarchicus females. The pellets produced by C. finmarchicus were important in the downward vertical transport of phytoplankton carbon, while pellets produced by smaller copepods were primarily recycled in the water column. Lateral advective processes altered the species composition of zooplankton at our study site. The onshore and offshore movement of different zooplankton communities with varying size-structure could have a substantial impact on the magnitude of vertical carbon transport on continental shelves.

AN: 3743519

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TI: Fluxes of particulate matter on the slope of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight: SEEP-II

AU: Biscaye,-P.E.; Anderson,-R.F.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Earth Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 41, no. 2/3, pp. 459-509

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An array of 17 sediment traps was moored in two cross-isobath transects during the SEEP-II experiment, one north of the Washington Canyon, and the other south of the Norfolk Canyon off the Delmarva Peninsula in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight. The overall duration of the experiment was 15 months, during which the moorings were deployed three times, and the traps collected the vertical flux of particles during a total of 30 sampling intervals of average duration 12.8 days. The 483 particulate samples successfully recovered were each analyzed for total mass flux and the abundance of major biogenic phases (organic carbon, nitrogen, calcium carbonate and opal) and for super(210)Pb. A smaller number were also analyzed for super(234)Th. The distribution of fluxes in space requires transport of particles both downslope from the shelf-slope break and out into the water column, and alongslope transport. The region of maximum in particulate-matter flux to the slope, the depocenter, is from 400 to 1000 m, and the position of this maximum coincides with the minimum in alongslope current activity as expressed by the average total kinetic energy density. The total mass flux and the flux of all components to the slope depocenter increases between the northern Middle Atlantic Bight region, studied during the SEEP-I experiment, and SEEP-II sites in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight by about a factor of three to four. The temporal variability of the fluxes measured is dominated by storm-driven resuspension events on the shelf and shelf-slope break, but this extreme, short-term variability is not seen in the depocenter traps, the fluxes to which are very constant in magnitude and in composition. Canyons are suggested to serve both as conduits for transport of sediment from the shelf to the slope, and as a reservoir that feeds shelf-derived particles to the slope depocenter on a regular basis, even when sediment resuspension on the shelf is subdued or absent.

AN: 3742858

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TI: Anomalous boundary scavenging in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Evidence from super(230)Th, super(231)Pa, super(10)Be and super(210)Pb

AU: Anderson,-R.F.; Fleisher,-M.Q.; Biscaye,-P.E.; Kumar,-N.; Dittrich,-B.; Kubik,-P.; Suter,-M.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Earth Obs. Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 41, no. 2/3, pp. 537-561

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Boundary scavenging processes result in the deposition of particle-reactive chemical substances in ocean margin sediments at rates much greater than their average rate of deposition over the entire ocean. Sediments and samples collected by time-series sediment traps were studied to examine the nature and extent of boundary scavenging in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) region of the NW Atlantic. Here, new results are presented for super(230)Th, super(231)Pa and super(10)Be and compared to older findings, based on studies of super(210)Pb, where it appeared that the normal enhancement of particle-reactive trace-metal deposition at ocean margins was absent. In contrast to the behavior of super(210)Pb, deposition rates of super(230)Th, super(231)Pa and super(10)Be exceed their local rates of supply, in some cases by more than an order of magnitude. Enhanced deposition of these tracers is clearly occurring in the MAB. An unusual feature of boundary scavenging, however, is that the pattern of enhanced deposition follows the order Be > Th > Pa > Pb, whereas the expected order would be Be > Pb greater than or equal to Pa > Th. Furthermore, unsupported super(231)Pa/ super(230)Th activity ratios are consistently less than their production ratio of 0.093, in contrast to ratios typically found at other ocean margins in the range of 0.2-0.3. Export from the region of fine-grained manganese-rich particles is postulated to explain the low fluxes of super(210)Pb and the low super(231)Pa/ super(230)Th ratios. Other trace elements which have high affinities for adsorption to Mn oxides may, like Pb and Pa, have much lower rates of deposition in the MAB than in other, more typical, ocean-margin environments.

AN: 3742856

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TI: Particle export at Cape Hatteras

AU: Walsh,-J.J.

AF: Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 41, no. 2/3, pp. 603-628

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A simple model of shelf, slope and basin waters near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina is used to estimate the sources and sinks of organic carbon within the Gulf Stream System. The analysis employs water transport estimates, nutrient data, satellite imagery, surficial sediment records and particle distributions caught by bottle, camera and sediment trap to compute vertical and lateral fluxes of particulate carbon. Particle export from the SAB and MAB shelf ecosystems may constitute 62-82% of the source of the carbon flux within the Gulf Stream near 75 degree W, after settling at 100 m/day, with an oxidation loss of 4%/day, to a nominal mid-depth of 1000 m on the slope. As a result of light limitation, denitrification and DON solubilization, partial utilization of onwelled nitrate from the Gulf Stream System by coastal phytoplankton suggests that the time-averaged f ratio may be as small as 0.12 for the ratio of the "new" portion of primary production to the total. After burial loss, the export of particulate matter from the shelves then represents at most 11% of the total carbon fixation of coastal waters. If the shelf export of DON and unutilized NO sub(3) is consumed within adjacent slope waters, however, the f ratio and the percentage of particle export from the carbon fixation of shelf-affected waters might increase to 0.25 and 24%.

AN: 3742854

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TI: The lateral flux of biogenic particles from the eastern North American continental margin to the North Atlantic Ocean

AU: Falkowski,-P.G.; Biscaye,-P.E.; Sancetta,-C.

AF: Oceanogr. and Atmos. Sci. Div., Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Upton, NY 11973, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-II-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 41, no. 2/3, pp. 583-601

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap samples from two field programs on the continental margin of the northeast coast of the United States, which constituted the Shelf Edge Exchange Program (SEEP), were analyzed for phytoplankton taxonomic composition and the fluxes of organic carbon, nitrogen and opaline silica. The traps, with a rotating carousel collection system, were located on taut-wire moorings between 150 and 2700 m below the surface and extended from the 500 m isobath on the upper continental shelf to the 2750 m isobath at the edge of the abyssal plain of the western North Atlantic Ocean. The temporal and spatial distributions of phytoplankton in the azide-poisoned trap samples revealed a general increase of intact cells with depth, which is consistent with lateral transport from the margins to the ocean interior. Taxonomic analysis of the phytoplankton indicated that >90% of the intact cells (containing identifiable intracellular structures) consisted of diatoms. The distribution of the species further supports the lateral transport origin of the particles, and indicates that the particulate materials are delivered to the ocean interior primarily in pulses of rapidly sinking aggregates. However, quantitative analysis suggests that intact phytoplankton contribute only 0.8 plus or minus 0.7% (mean and S.D.) and 0.9 plus or minus 0.7% of the total particulate carbon and nitrogen fluxes, respectively. Using silica-to-carbon ratios to budget the remaining trap organic carbon fluxes, it would appear that between 17 and 100% of the sedimenting particles were originally diatomaceous, but that the organic carbon became solubilized and/or oxidized in the water column during descent. A simple two-dimensional model was developed to quantify the contribution of the flux of particulate organic carbon to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean. The results suggest that north of Cape Hatteras, the mean lateral flux of particulate organic carbon sinking through the upper 500 m of the water column into the western edge of the basin is 4.8 x 10 super(12) g C/y, which is about 6% of the primary production on the shelf. This flux represents the lateral export of carbon from the continental margin to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean. Based on estimates of vertical export production for the basin of about 4.2 x 10 super(14) g C/y, we estimate that the export of carbon from the western margin, north of Cape Hatteras, represents about 1% of the new production of the entire basin. This export is a significant source of energy which fuels the high benthic respiration on the continental slope.

AN: 3742853

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TI: Eddy diffusion coefficients of suspended particulate matter: Effects of wind energy transfer and stratification

AU: Lund-Hansen,-L.C.; Pejrup,-M.; Valeur,-J.; Jensen,-A.

AF: Dep. Earth Sci., Univ. Aarhus, Build. 520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1994 vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 559-568

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Gross sedimentation rates (GSR) have been measured using sediment traps placed at nine different levels above the bed (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0 m). The sediment traps were deployed for 1.25 years and recovered 28 times during the study period. Low average GSR values of 5.5 g/m super(2)/day were obtained at 10.0 m, and high average GSR values of 114.8 g/m super(2)/day were obtained at 0.3 m. An expression for the eddy diffusion coefficient of suspended particulate matter (K sub(s)), based on the measured GSR is given. The expression has been used for modelling of K sub(s) at the different trap levels above the bed. High values ( approximately 42 cm super(2)/s) of K sub(s) were obtained at the upper traps, whereas low values ( approximately 2 cm super(2)/s) were obtained near the bed. Comparison between level of turbulent energy in terms of shear stress at the boundaries of the water column, i.e. from the wind and the bed flow, showed that wind energy exceeded that of the bed flow by a factor 16. At 5.0 m K sub(s) was positively correlated (r = 0.66) to the eddy diffusion coefficient of momentum (K sub(m)) derived from the wind energy transfer to the water, giving an average beta of 0.5 for K sub(s) = beta K sub(m). The density difference between surface and bottom waters has been designated a parameter of stratification, and is discussed in relation to variations of K sub(s) and K sub(m).

AN: 3742415

95 of 362

TI: Biogeochemical significance of attached and free-living bacteria and the flux of particles in the NE Atlantic Ocean

AU: Turley,-C.M.; Mackie,-P.J.

AF: Plymouth Mar. Lab., Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1994 vol. 115, no. 1-2, pp. 191-203

NT: Bibliogr.: 53 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In the NE Atlantic during May 1990, a period of high aggregate abundance, amorphous aggregates contained substantially higher concentrations of bacteria, cyanobacteria and flagellates than the surrounding seawater. Those from 45 to 55 m, at the aggregate maximum just below the seasonal thermocline, contained 2.1 to 25.4 x 10 super(8) bacteria, 1.0 to 4.7 x 10 super(7) cyanobacteria and 1.3 to 33.0 x 10 super(6) flagellates/ml aggregate. Leucine incorporation rates by bacteria attached to aggregates ranged from 12 to 206 x 10 super(-21) mol/cell/d. The concentration of bacteria associated with faecal pellets was generally higher than the concentration on the amorphous aggregates. Bacteria attached to aggregates were equivalent to 10 and 14% of free-living bacterial carbon integrated through the water column to 100 and 300 m, respectively. This could rise to 25 and 34% if the different carbon content of attached and free-living bacteria was taken into account. However, this study coincided with the maximum marine snow concentration measured 150 km southwest, so at other times when marine snow concentrations are lower, the proportion of attached bacteria will be less. The contribution of attached bacteria to total bacterial production in the top 100 and 300 m ranges between 1.8 and 3.4%. The contribution of free-living bacterial carbon to suspended POC [particulate organic carbon) was between 25 and 33%, and after correcting for their retention on the glass fibre filters, this contribution could be 28 to 40%. Flux studies during 1989 and 1990 indicated that a smaller proportion of POC flux (9%) and bacterial carbon flux (10%) reached 3100 m than mass flux (25 and 35%), indicating there are processes involved which preferentially utilise or reduce the POC and bacterial components. Bacterial detachment from sinking particles could contribute 2.4% of the integrated bacterial biomass per annum. The fraction of sinking POC lost between 150 and 3100 m may be an important carbon source to the mid/deep-water bacterial population, capable of supplying around 90% of the bacterial carbon demand during April to July 1989 at 47 degree N, 20 degree W. In the deeper waters, between 600 and 3100 m, there was sufficient depth-dissipated sinking POC to potentially supply the carbon demand of the bacteria. However, above 600 m an additional source of organic carbon is required to support their growth.

AN: 3732923

96 of 362

TI: Mesozooplankton grazing in the Southern California Bight. 2. Grazing impact and particulate flux

AU: Landry,-M.R.; Lorenzen,-C.J.; Peterson,-W.K.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1994 vol. 115, no. 1-2, pp. 73-85

NT: Bibliogr.: 78 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Mesozooplankton grazing on phytoplankton, as inferred from gut pigment contents and gut evacuation rates, was studied in relation to primary production and particulate export flux on 6 cruises in the Santa Monica Basin, California, USA. Gut evacuation rates did not vary significantly among different taxa or size classes examined and were consistent with extrapolations of published temperature relationships. Shipboard incubations with cultured phytoplankton and net-collected zooplankton indicated a seasonal difference in the extent to which gut passage converts chlorophyll to non-fluorescent by-products. In autumn experiments, only about 5% of ingested chlorophyll could not be recovered as phaeopigment. In winter-spring experiments, approximately 70% of ingested chlorophyll (chl) was destroyed. In contrast, other indices of pigment destruction, the ingestion rates of a dominant copepod species and the ratio of water-column phaeopigment:silica fluxes, did not reveal a significant gut passage effect during winter-spring cruises. Mesozooplankton community grazing impact varied from 1.7 to 7.3 mg chl/m super(2)/d, with higher grazing during the winter-spring period (mean = 5.8 mg chl/m super(2)/d) as compared to the autumn (mean = 2.3 mg chl/m super(2)/d). On average, mesozooplankton grazing accounted for a loss of 11.7% of chlorophyll standing stock/d with a 6 cruise range of 6 to 18%/d. Mesozooplankton grazing on phytoplankton accounted for 29 to 44% (mean = 39%) of measured primary production for the winter-spring cruises, but only 16 to 24% (mean = 19%) of production in the autumn. From measured phaeopigment fluxes into sediment traps below the euphotic zone, only 27.5% (range 23 to 32%) of this grazing on phytoplankton could be accounted for as export flux. Thus, in terms of contribution to particulate flux or remineralization, most mesozooplankton grazing in the Santa Monica Basin was functionally equivalent to that of microzooplankton. Direct grazing on phytoplankton contributed 15 to 38% of carbon flux into sediment traps during winter-spring and 8 to 13% during autumn.

AN: 3732913

97 of 362

TI: Fluxes of material in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal -- sediment trap studies

AU: Ramaswamy,-V.; Nair,-R.R.

AF: NIO, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

SO: BIOGEOCHEMISTRY-OF-THE-ARABIAN-SEA:-PRESENT-INFORMATION-AND-GAPS Lal,-D.-ed. BANGALORE-INDIA INDIAN-ACAD.-OF-SCI. 1994 pp. 189-210

ST: PROC.-INDIAN-ACAD.-SCI.-EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In order to investigate how monsoons influence biogeochemical fluxes in the ocean, twelve time-series sediment traps were deployed at six locations in the northern Indian Ocean. In this paper we present particle flux data collected during May 1986 to November 1991 and November 1987 to November 1992 in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively. Particle fluxes were high during both the SW and NE monsoons in the Arabian Sea as well as in the Bay of Bengal. The mechanisms of particle production and transport, however, differ in both the regions. In the Arabian Sea, average annual fluxes are over 50 g m/2 y/1 in the western Arabian Sea and less than 27 g m/2 y/1 in the central part. Biogenic matter is dominant at sites located near upwelling centers, and is less degraded during peak flux periods. High particle fluxes in the offshore areas of the Arabian Sea are caused by injection of nutrients into the euphotic zone due to wind-induced mixed layer deepening. In the Bay of Bengal, average annual fluxes are highest in the central Bay of Bengal (over 50 g m/2 y1) and are least in the southern part of the Bay (37 g m/2 y1). Particle flux patterns coincide with freshwater discharge patterns of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. Opal/carbonate and organic carbon/carbonate carbon ratios increase during the SW monsoon due to variations in salinity and productivity patterns in the surface waters as a result of increased freshwater and nutrient input from rivers.

AN: 3732831

98 of 362

TI: Sediment trap fluxes of PCBs in Green Bay, Lake Michigan

AU: Hallgren,-J.; Eisenreich,-S.J.; Eadie,-B.J.

AF: Gray Freshwat. Biol. Inst., Univ. Minnesota, Navarre, MN 55392, USA

CO: 36. Conf. of the Int. Association for Great Lakes Research, De Pere, WI (USA), 4-10 Jun 1993

SO: OME-36TH-CONFERENCE-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH,-JUNE-4-10,-1993.-PROGRAM-AND-ABSTRACTS. 1993 p. 144

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: To determine the flux of PCBs associated with particles in the water column, sediment traps were deployed in Green Bay from May to October of 1989. The sediment traps were deployed at five sample locations distributed from the North to the South in Green Bay. Each trap collected samples from two or three different depths. Thirty three samples from four of the stations were analyzed for PCBs. The congener profiles were dominated by the lower molecular weight congeners throughout the water column, similar to the aquatic biota and surface sediment. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 300 to 1500 ng/g. Flux of PCBs ranged from 5 to 450 mu g/m super(2)day. The samples taken close to Green Bay ranged from 180 to 450 mu g/m super(2)day and those taken farther out in the bay in water depths of 10 to 24 meters averaged between 10 and 100 mu g/m super(2)day. Accumulation rates of PCBs in bottom sediments is greater than 100 times less than PCB-particle fluxes determined from sediment traps.

AN: 3731221

99 of 362

TI: Field deployment of sediment trap arrays in Changjiang Estuary navigation channel area

AU: Gu,-Weihao; Guan,-Xuwei

AF: Shanghai Waterways Design and Res. Inst., Shanghai 200120, People's Rep. China

SO: J.-OCEANOGR.-TAIWAN-STRAIT-TAIWAN-HAIXIA 1994 vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 79-84

LA: Chinese

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Field deployment of five sediments trap arrays in the area of the North Passage in the Changjiang Estuary in August 1987 and in February 1990 are reported in this paper. Sediment traps are constructed of cylinders, 5 cm in diameter and 21 cm tall, of plexiglass. The characteristics of vertical distribution of mass of captured material in sediment traps and its median sediment size under the conditions of light breeze, of light breeze to strong breeze and of cold wave are respectively described. Thus, furnished here are the convincing proves of accretion of the North Channel and bed-load sediment coarsening due to wind and wave actions.

AN: 3729446

100 of 362

TI: Budgets and behaviors of uranium and thorium series isotopes in the Santa Monica Basin off the California Coast

AU: Yu,-L.

CA: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis (USA)

SO: 1991 100 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: DE920 15055/GAR Thesis (M.S.).

RN: DOE/ER/60819-T2 (DOEER60819T2)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Samples from three time-series sediment traps deployed in the Santa Monica Basin off the California coast were analyzed to study the flux and scavenging of uranium and thorium series isotopes fluxes in the water column were obtained by integrating these time-series deployment results. Mass and radionuclide fluxes measured from bottom sediment traps compare favorably with fluxed determined from sediment core data. This agreement suggests that the near-bottom sediment traps are capable of collecting settling particles representative of the surface sediment. The phase distributions of (sup 234)Th in the water column were calculated by an inverse method using sediment trap data, which help to study the variations of (sup 234)Th scavenging in the water column. Scavenging and radioactive decay of (sup 234)Th are the two principal processes for balancing (sup 234)Th budget in the water column. The residence times of dissolved and particulate (sup 234)Th were determined by a (sup 234)Th scavenging model. [Contract FG06-89ER60819 Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC] (DBO).

AN: 3722699

101 of 362

TI: Particulate fluxes in the Kara Sea and the Ob' and Enisei estuaries.

OT: Potoki osadochnogo veshchestva v Karskom more i v ehstuariyakh Obi i Eniseya

AU: Lisitsyn,-A.P.; Shevchenko,-V.P.; Vinogradov,-M.E.; Severina,-O.V.; Vavilova,-V.V.; Mitskevich,-I.N.

AF: IORAN, Moscow, Russia

SO: OKEANOLOGIYA 1994 vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 748-758

LA: Russian

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: The paper reports the first study of the fluxes and composition of suspended particulate matter in the Kara Sea and the Ob' and Enisei estuaries conducted during the 49th cruise of the R/V Dmitrij Mendeleev in September 1993. Material obtained at 13 sediment trap stations is analyzed. Particulate fluxes were estimated at 9.0-62.6 mg/m super(2) day in the open part of the sea off the Ob' and Enisei estuaries, 18.7-60.2 mg/m super(2) day in the southwestern part of the sea, 1321 mg/m super(2) day in the Ob' estuary, and 22156 mg/m super(2) day in the Enisei estuary. The respective organic carbon fluxes were 0.71-3.29, 4.28-9.04, 26.7 and 368 mg/m super(2) day. The sedimentary material consisted mostly of planktonic crustacean pellets and flocculent marine snow composed mainly of diatoms. Rapidly sinking particles were inhabited by abundant bacteria. An illustrated description of the sedimentary trap used in the study is provided.

AN: 3718065

102 of 362

TI: Remobilization of barium in continental margin sediments

AU: McManus,-J.; Berelson,-W.M.; Klinkhammer,-G.P.; Kilgore,-T.E.; Hammond,-D.E.

AF: Oregon State Univ., Coll. Oceanic Atmos. Sci., Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, USA

SO: GEOCHIM.-COSMOCHIM.-ACTA 1994 vol. 58, no. 22, pp. 4899-4907

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The rate of Ba release from California continental margin sediments has been measured, using an in situ benthic flux chamber, and the range of values (25-50 nmol/cm super(2)/y) is larger than any previously published benthic flux estimate for this element. The magnitude of the Ba flux suggests that a significant fraction of the Ba raining from the euphotic zone is recycled at the seafloor. Ba:Si regeneration ratios from these margin sediments increase with depth, demonstrating that Ba is decoupled from Si during the earliest stages of diagenesis. On the other hand, Ba regeneration rates and CaCo sub(3) dissolution rates covary; the coupling between these two constituents is supported by the observation that the Ba:CaCO sub(3) dissolution flux ratio (1.7 plus or minus 0.4 x 10 super(-3)) is independent of bottomwater depth-even in sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone along the continental margin. Furthermore, this flux ratio is consistent with both the water column Ba:alkalinity ratio for the world's ocean, as well as the Ba:CaCO sub(3) ratio in sediment-trap solid phases from the Equatorial Pacific (1.1-2.2 x 10 super(-3)). However, the constancy of the Ba:alkalinity ratio over geologic time remains in question, because the mechanism that controls this relationship remains a mystery. Our flux measurements suggest that diagenesis does not significantly influence the Ba:Ca ratio in the upper 0.5 mm of Pacific sediments, thereby supporting the idea of using the Ba concentration in surface-dwelling benthic forms as a proxy for deep-water chemical conditions. On the other hand, we predict that if a foraminifer lives 0.5 mm or more below this interface, then diagenetic effects could influence the Ba:Ca ratio that foram species would record. The carrier phase of the particulate Ba reactive during early diagenesis does not appear to be organic matter, oxyhydroxides, or calcium carbonate, but rather a mineral phase related to marine barite or perhaps celestite.

AN: 3715035

103 of 362

TI: Clay-mineral flux in the Fram Strait and Norwegian Sea

AU: Berner,-H.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Geowiss., Univ. Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., 28359 Bremen, FRG

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1994 vol. 116, no. 3-4, pp. p. 327-348

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Since 1983 time-series traps have been deployed in the Fram Strait and the Norwegian Sea to study sedimentation processes in open ocean and ice-covered areas. The seasonal and regional variability of clay minerals is used to decipher the effect of current systems on particle flux and particle producing processes. Toward this end the occurrence of the clay mineral kaolinite can be used to identify transported material. High koalinite/illite ratios are related to distinct sedimentation events caused by particularly high plankton productivity. In the various current systems, the following types of sedimentation can be distinguished: a "polar" type, characterized by low total flux, high lithogenic content and a kaolinite/illite-ratio of <0.3, in the region of the predominantly ice-covered East Greenland Current (EGC), and an "arctic-atlantic" type, characterized by very high total flux, high lithogenic content and a kaolinite/illite-ratio of >0.3, in the area of the West Spitsbergen Current. The type of sedimentation in the region of the drift-ice margin is referred to as "ice-margin" type, characterized by medium total flux, medium lithogenic content and a kaolinite/illite-ratio of >0.3. Additionally, in the near-shore sediments of the Norwegian Sea, a "continental" influence from resuspended material with high contents of terrigenous material in the otherwise characteristically pelagic sediments is apparent.

AN: 3715001

104 of 362

TI: A rapid technique for the determination of dry sediment mass from saturated marine sands

AU: Amos,-C.L.; Sutherland,-T.

AF: Geol. Surv. Canada, Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada

SO: J.-SEDIMENT.-RES.-A-SEDIMENT.-PETROL.-PROCESS. 1994 vol. A64, no. 3, pp. 668-669

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Measurement of sand transport in the marine environment relies heavily on direct sampling of sand discharge using traps such as the Helley-Smith sampler (Emmett 1980). Measurements of this kind are essential to the calibration of numerical models of sand transport (Amos and Judge 1991). Such models yield sand flux in terms of dry mass per unit width. The bulk samples collected using traps are partially saturated with saline water, and vary in weight from grams to kilograms. The usual procedure for analysis of such samples is to: (1) subsample the original sample; (2) wash the subsample free of salts; (3) dry the washed sample; and (4) weigh the dried sample to derive total dry sediment mass. This procedure is time consuming and error prone, and cannot be done easily in the field. The following is a simple field method to determine dry sediment mass from a wet bulk sample. The method makes use of the entire sample (and so avoids splitting errors), requires no drying of the sediment (and therefore no electrical power is needed, nor is there the need to remove interstitial salt), and is rapid (so results are available within minutes). It is particularly suited to use in the field, when large numbers of bulk samples are derived, such as during a time-series study of the bed-load transport of sand.

AN: 3709789

105 of 362

TI: Phorbin steryl esters in Black Sea sediment traps and sediments: A preliminary evaluation of their paleooceanographic potential

AU: King,-L.L.; Repeta,-D.J.

AF: Skidaway Inst. Oceanogr., 10 Ocean Sci. Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA

SO: GEOCHIM.-COSMOCHIM.-ACTA 1994 vol. 58, no. 20, pp. 4389-4399

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The distributions of pyropheophorbide-a steryl esters in one-year deployments of sediment traps at two locations in the Black Sea are described. In nearly all our trap samples, phorbin steryl esters (PSEs) contribute a significant portion of the total phorbin flux. The relative abundances of sterols esterified to pyropheophorbide-a varied throughout the year, and we suggest these changes result from the observed seasonal variation of phytoplankton species in the overlying water column. The distribution of free sterols in a one-year composite sediment trap sample closely approximates the distribution of sterols derived from the hydrolysis of sedimentary PSEs collected at an adjacent site. From these results, we suggest that the distribution of sedimentary PSE sterols provides a record of sterol deposition to the sediment-water interface. Esterification of sterols to pyropheophorbide-a apparently prevents the preferential removal of 4-desmethyl sterols relative to 4-methyl sterols, and the reduction of stenols to stanols during degradation. Analysis of PSEs in a gravity core covering the last 8-10 Kyr shows that the abundance and distribution of PSEs change with downcore variations in sedimentology. Detailed analysis of PSEs in sediments may, therefore, provide a means to evaluate paleooceanographic changes in phytoplankton community structure and sterol early diagenesis. The synthesis, NMR, CI-MS, and visible spectroscopic properties of four abundant PSEs found in the Black Sea are also described.

AN: 3709786

106 of 362

TI: Programmable sediment trap

AU: Siddall,-G.; Hargrave,-B.; Steeves,-G.

AF: Eng. & Tech. Serv. Div., Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS, Canada

SO: SEA-TECHNOL. 1994 vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 39-43

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The current-meter-instrumented, computer-controlled multi-sample "smartrap" collects particulates as a function of environmental conditions. "Smartrap," is designed and built at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. A steep-sided funnel concentrates the settling particles and directs them into one of several sample cups located on a rotatable carousel. A baffled lid is used to reduce water turbulence which could re-suspended particles that have already settled into the base of the funnel. These design features have been incorporated into almost all multisample sediment trap designs available today, including Smartrap.

AN: 3708147

107 of 362

TI: The distribution and chemical composition of particles in a macrotidal estuary

AU: Turner,-A.; Millward,-G.E.; Tyler,-A.O.

AF: Dep. Environ. Sci., Univ. Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1994 vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-17

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Spatial and short-term temporal measurements of hydrographic parameters [salinity and concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM)] and sediment characteristics (specific surface area, major and trace metals, C and N, super(137)Cs and super(241)Am) have been undertaken in a rapidly accreting macrotidal estuary (Dee Estuary, north-east Wales). The composition of the sediment indicates a dominance of marine material in the estuary and that fine SPM is fluvial in origin, admixing in the water column with coarse, tidally suspended bed material. The time-variable composition of SPM in the upper estuary, where tidal energy converges, was tested against a particle mixing model incorporating the compositions of permanently suspended and temporarily suspended populations operationally fractionated according to settling velocities. Agreement with the model was reasonable but suggested additional processes such as selective resuspension and/or advection of particle types. The behaviour and characteristics of different sediment populations are discussed in the context of the cycling and fluxes of particle-bound constituents and sorptive removal of dissolved constituents, and a flux model for the accumulation of super(137)Cs in the estuary is developed.

AN: 3704326

108 of 362

TI: Sediment trap experiments in the water column off southwestern Taiwan: super(234)Th flux

AU: Wei,-Ching-Ling; Jen,-Kwung-Lung; Chu,-Kenson

AF: Inst. Oceanogr., Natl. Taiwan Univ., P.O. Box 23-13, Taipei, Taiwan

SO: J.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 403-414

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The activity of super(234)Th (t sub(1/2) = 24.1 days) in dissolved, particulate and sediment trap samples was determined in the water column off southwestern Taiwan during 2-4 October, 1993. Vertical super(234)Th fluxes measured by the free-floating sediment traps ranged from 363 to 2290 dpm m super(-2) d super(-1) in the upper 450 m. Th-234 fluxes predicted from the irreversible scavenging model concur with those measured by the sediment traps. Comparison of the residence times of particulate super(234)Th and particulate organic carbon showed that their respective values differ by a factor of approximately 2 similar to 3, which suggests organic carbon is preferentially recycled relative to super(234)Th in the euphotic zone.

AN: 3698173

109 of 362

TI: Mooring line motions and sediment trap hydromechanics: In situ intercomparison of three common deployment designs

AU: Gust,-G.; Michaels,-A.F.; Johnson,-R.; Deuser,-W.G.; Bowles,-W.

AF: Arbeitsber. Meerestech. 1, Tech. Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, 21079 Hamburg, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1994 vol. 41, no. 5-6, pp. 831-857

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Trap array characteristics were monitored concurrent with particle collections for surface-tethered and bottom-moored cones and cylinders (MultiPITs) at the North Atlantic OFP-JGOFS site in the Sargasso Sea. At depths ranging from 145 to 3200 m, velocities of approaching fluid and those inside the traps were recorded at 5 Hz in bursts of 3-10 min every half hour during particle collections. A thermistor, a high resolution pressure gauge and two inclinometers concurrently monitored trap movements. Burst-averaged slip velocities experienced by both shallow and deep tethered traps reached 37 cm s super(-1), while a bottom-moored trap recorded 10-day averaged speeds of 4 cm s super(-1). Independent of deployment technique, for both cones and cylinders, flow cells inside the traps led to an intense flushing of fluid and particles. None of the surface-tethered traps tilted more than 8 degrees from vertical, even under strong flow accelerations. Tether-line motions, induced by the surface waves, generated high flow acceleration peaks of trap arrays at all depths, even for bungie-cord decoupled MultiPIT arrays. The flow cells inside traps were thus agitated with the result of intense turbulence prevailing close to the collection cup in the apex of tethered cones. Moored cone arrays recorded less dynamic environments. Trap fluxes by tethered cones were up to a factor of 8 smaller than by tethered MultiPITs at the same depth and time, cones collected more material with higher approaching fluid flows (untested so far for cylinders), and for the same conical geometry tethered traps collected less material than bottom-moored traps. The in situ deployments revealed substantial flow- and geometry-related differences in collection behavior among the different trap arrays, all of which deviated from steady-state flume simulation results. The diameter of the retention cup at the trap apex rather than the trap mouth diameter may be a controlling design parameter of particle collection rates for conical traps. Efforts to link trap and in situ fluxes require that hydrodynamics of individual trap arrays at depth are monitored, including line motions. Drift velocities rarely coincided with trap-experienced approach velocities. Trap simulation studies utilizing steady-state flume flows may be accurate only under very specialized conditions. Our data provide a hydrodynamic rationale for earlier recommendations by others of cylinders with adequate length-width ratio.

AN: 3689407

110 of 362

TI: Dynamics of the downward flux of particles and carbon in the open northwestern Mediterranean Sea

AU: Miquel,-J.C.; Fowler,-S.W.; La-Rosa,-J.; Buat-Menard,-P.

AF: IAEA Mar. Environ. Lab., P.O. Box 800, MC98012 Monaco Cedex, Monaco

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1994 vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 243-261

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Downward fluxes and the elemental composition of settling particles at 80, 200 and 1000 m depth measured during an 18-month sediment trap experiment are presented, together with associated hydrographic and biological data, in order to assess the relative importance of these factors in controlling particle flux. Mass, carbon and nitrogen fluxes were generally higher during the first half of the year. Mass flux maxima occurred at different times of the year depending on trap depth, whereas the peak carbon flux was measured in late June. Most of the total carbon flux was composed of organic carbon. On an annual basis the total particle flux was 32.9, 40.6 and 8.1 g/m super(2)/year at 80, 200 and 1000 m depth, respectively. The organic carbon flux decreased from 4.8 and 5.0 g/m super(2)/year at 80 and 200 m, respectively to 1.2 g/m super(2)/year at 1000 m, and the corresponding nitrogen flux from 0.7 and 0.8 to 0.2 g/m super(2)/year. Organic carbon and nitrogen content of sinking particles decreased with depth, whereas the carbonate carbon content remained constant. The contribution of zooplankton feces to the carbon flux was highly variable throughout the year, ranging from 1.6 to 62%. Swimmers, including fish, that entered the traps in the upper 200 m were abundant and, on average, were twice the weight of the sinking particle flux. Pelagic production was the main source of particles during the late spring and mid-summer sedimentation pulses; however physical forcing, particularly the winter mixing of the water column, was partially responsible for the high sedimentation during the earlier part of the year. Wind gusts and concomitant vertical mixing appeared responsible for the carbon rich particle flux in summer. Separation of data for the mixed and stratified water column periods clearly indicated that most of the downward flux occurred in mixed waters whereas the organic carbon content was higher in particles sedimenting through stratified waters. The export of organic carbon from the euphotic zone (upper 200 m) represented only 5-7% of the estimated phytoplankton production in this region. Furthermore time-series measurements of POC flux averaged on an annual basis were only 14-42% of indirect estimates of carbon export or "new production" for this region. This discrepancy suggests that a good portion of the total downward carbon flux occurs through advection and/or diffusion of DOC.

AN: 3687952

111 of 362

TI: Downward flux of particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSPp) in the tropical open ocean

AU: Corn,-M.; Belviso,-S.; Nival,-P.; Vigot,-A.; Buat-Menard,-P.

AF: Cent. Faibles Radioact., Lab. Mixte CNRS-CEA, Ave. Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA 1994 vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 233-236

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We report results from free-drifting sediment trap deployments at 200 m depth which enable measurement of the diel variations in the downward flux of detrital particulate dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSPp) over periods of 24-72 hours in three contrasting trophic regimes of the tropical northeastern Atlantic Ocean off Mauritania. The source of DMSPp was the phytoplankton living in surficial water layers. The three regimes exhibited similar strong diel cycles, the nocturnal fluxes being up to 100-fold lower than the daytime fluxes. High (or low) detrital DMSPp fluxes were associated with high (or low) numbers of pteropods trapped inside the sampling cups. Thus, contamination of sinking material is likely to have occurred, promoting an overestimate of the daytime fluxes. It is concluded that the transport of DMSPp at depths deeper than 200 m is strongly influenced by the downward migration of pteropods during the daylight hours. This mode of transport is shown to be a general process in tropical waters for accelerating DMSPp sedimentation. Under these oceanic and experimental conditions the daily DMSPp flux at 200 m accounted for only about 0.1% of the DMSPp standing stock. Hence, the DMSPp downward flux is likely to have a minor influence in the upper ocean budget of DMSPp.

AN: 3687572

112 of 362

TI: Particulate material degradation in sediment traps at 2000 m depth on the Meriadzeck Terrace (Bay of Biscay)

AU: Khripounoff,-A.; Crassous,-P.

AF: IFREMER-Cent. Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1994 vol. 41, no. 5-6, pp. 821-829

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Ten sediment traps were placed along a single mooring at a depth of 2100 m for 6 months in the Bay of Biscay. Nine single sampling traps assembled in triplicate on a frame were deployed 1, 10 and 50 m above the bottom. At each depth, two collectors were poisoned with a HgCl sub(2)-formalin mixture while the third was filled with filtered sea-water only. After 6 months, the non-poisoned traps collected on average 20% less organic carbon than the poisoned traps. The poison mixture had a positive effect on organic matter conservation, but formalin dissolved calcium carbonate at a rate up to 20%. Otherwise, no major difference in mineral composition was observed between poisoned and non-poisoned traps. The decay rate of organic carbon in non-poisoned traps was equal to 0.26%/day at 50 m, 0.21%/day at 10 m and 0.18% at 1 m above the bottom. The relative fragility of the particles collected at 50 m can be explained by the high concentration of labile chemical compounds of pelagic origin while the particulate flux at 1 m was more influenced by resuspended sediment.

AN: 3687418

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TI: Horizontal variation of the particles flux at micro and mesoscale on the California abyssal plain (4100 m depth).

OT: Variation horizontale du flux particulaire a micro- et meso-echelle dans la plaine abyssale de Californie (4100 m de profondeur)

AU: Crassous,-P.; Khripounoff,-A.

AF: IFREMER, Cent. Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA 1994 vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 227-231

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Nine sediment traps were assembled in triplicate on a frame and deployed at 100 m above the bottom in the California abyssal plain (4 100 m depth) for ten days. The distances between traps were from 30 cm to 11 km. The main flux measured during this period was 167 mg/m super(2)/day with a minimum of 43 mg/m super(2)/d and a maximum of 283 mg/m super(2)/d. This high variation of the particulate flux at the kilometric scale was also observed at a metric scale: for example, the particulate flux measured with one of triplicate traps was equal to 82.3 plus or minus 46.5 mg/m super(2)/d super(-) (more than 50 % of variation) between traps distant of less than 1 m. To explain this heterogeneity of the flux measurement, some hypotheses are developed in this study: sampling artefact, different hydrological conditions, heterogeneous production, or distribution of particles in the water column.

AN: 3686513

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TI: The IOSDL DEEPSEAS programme: Introduction and photographic evidence for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus at contrasting abyssal sites in the northeastern Atlantic

AU: Rice,-A.L.; Thurston,-M.H.; Bett,-B.J.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci. Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey, UK

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1994 vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1305-1320

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This paper introduces the IOSDL DEEPSEAS programme. Two abyssal sites in the northeast Atlantic with presumed contrasting regimes of organic carbon supply have been studied. One of these sites, on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP), has an overlying water column with a winter mixed layer in excess of 500 m and was forecast to receive a highly seasonal organic input, a significant portion arriving in the form of rapidly sinking phytodetritus derived from the spring bloom. The winter mixed layer over the second site, on the Madeira Abyssal Plain (MAP), is much shallower, and the resulting flux to the benthos was expected to be quantitatively less and not in the form of aggregated phytodetritus. Recently published sediment-trap results from nearby localities indicate relatively similar total fluxes and widespread seasonality at depth, contrary to our expectations. However, benthic photographic data from the two stations seem to support the original hypothesis, at least in part. Transect photographs (and multiple-corer samples) at the PAP site in August 1989 and May 1991 revealed the presence of phytodetritus on the seafloor, relatively flocculent and evenly distributed in May and more granular and patchily distributed in August. Time-lapse photographs obtained between May 1991 and April 1992 recorded the sudden arrived of phytodetritus on 16 May and a further deposition at the beginning of June. In contrast, at the MAP site neither transect photographs in August 1990 nor time-lapse photographs obtained between August 1990 and July 1991 show evidence of the arrival of aggregated phytodetritus.

AN: 3685411

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TI: Lunar-influenced carbonate flux of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) from the central Red Sea

AU: Bijma,-J.; Hemleben,-C.; Wellnitz,-K.

AF: Alfred Wegener Inst. Polar- und Meeresforsch., Columbusstr., D-27568 Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1994 vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 511-530

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Two phenomena control the rate of sedimentation of planktic foraminifers: (1) changes in the population structure with time; and (2) size-dependent settling velocities of empty shells. As a result, the total flux and the flux per-size-fraction change significantly during a reproductive cycle. This implies that timing and duration of collection of trap devices are important parameters for interpreting sediment trap-collected samples. Using data on the distribution and abundance of living Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) from the central Red Sea, a shell flux was modelled. The simulations demonstrate that the sedimentation pattern oscillates on a lunar basis. The foremost result of this study is that the timing of trap deployment within the lunar cycle does not influence the collection if the deployment time of the trap is equal to or a multiple of the reproductive cycle. The effect of two variables on the daily calcite flux was investigated: (1) the reproduction rate; and (2) the length of the reproductive period. A decrease in the reproduction rate shifts the calcite flux maximum from full moon to new moon. A short reproduction period intensifies the full moon flux maximum, especially at high reproduction rates. The total monthly calcite flux, however, is independent of these variables. An estimate for the carbonate flux in the Red Sea due to G. sacculifer alone is 1 g/m super(2)/year.

AN: 3685002

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TI: Measurements technics [sic] of wind blown sand on beaches.

OT: Techniques de quantification des transports sur les plages

AU: Bretel,-P.; Levoy,-F.

AF: Univ. Caen, Lab. Geol. Mar., 14000 Caen, France

CO: 4. Congr. Francais de Sedimentologie, Lille (France), 17-19 Nov 1993

SO: FOURTH-SYMPOSIUM-OF-THE-SEDIMENTOLOGISTS,-17-19-NOVEMBER-1993,-LILLE.-ABSTRACTS-ONLY.#4EME-CONGRES-FRANCAIS-DE-SEDIMENTOLOGIE,-17-19-NOVEMBRE-1993,-LILLE.-LIVRE-DES-RESUMES. Association-des-Sedimentologistes-Francais,-Paris-France PARIS-FRANCE ASSOCIATION-DES-SEDIMENTOLOGISTES-FRANCAIS 1993 no. 19 pp. 65-66

ST: PUBL.-ASSOC.-SEDIMENTOL.-FR. no. 19

NT: Abstract only.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: To establish the sediment balance of shoredunes, aeolian sand transport has to be quantified. Two sand traps designs are proposed. One is specific of saltation and the other of surface creep. Easily and rapidly installed, they provide measures with a quite good accuracy. The measures obtained can be used to valid theoratical equation.

AN: 3672144

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TI: Sediment deposition patterns in restored freshwater wetlands using sediment traps

AU: Fennessy,-M.S.; Brueske,-C.C.; Mitsch,-W.J.*

AF: Sch. Nat. Resour. Environ. Sci. Program, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA

SO: ECOL.-ENG. 1994 vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 409-428

NT: Special issue: Creating freshwater marshes.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sedimentation rates in constructed wetlands in northeastern Illinois, USA, ranged from 5.9 to 12.8 kg/m super(2)/y in 1989-1990, higher than expected based on concentrations of suspended sediment in influent waters of the wetlands. This predicted an accumulation of 0.5 to 1.0 cm/y. Rates were significantly lower in 1991 growing season, ranging from 1.2 to 4.2 kg/m super(2)/y. Factors contributing to the high sedimentation included internal autochthonous production of organic matter and resuspension. Low- and high-flow hydrologic conditions had little effect on sedimentation from 1989-90 but sedimentation was higher in the high-flow wetlands in the 1991 growing season. Deposition was a function of hydrologic loading near the water inflows; no differences were evident further downstream in the basins. Deposition rates and organic and phosphorus concentrations of the sediments increased through the growing season in conjunction with higher sediment concentration in the inflow water. The patchy nature of vegetation density within the experimental wetlands created channelized flow, resulting in spatial variability in sediment deposition.

AN: 3671970

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TI: Design and evaluation of a "swimmer"-segregating particle interceptor trap

AU: Hansell,-D.A.; Newton,-J.A.

AF: Bermuda Biol. Stn. Res., Inc. Ferry Reach, GE-01, Bermuda

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1487-1495

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A particle interceptor trap designed to segregate "swimmers" from sinking particles collected by the trap is described, and an evaluation of its effectiveness is presented. The trap was deployed at two coastal and two open-ocean sites. Most swimmers were effectively segregated from the sinking particles in the coastal environments (>70% exclusion efficiency for all copepods), but segregation was weak at an open-ocean site (37-72% efficiency for copepods). In general, the larger and more mobile the swimmers, the more effectively were they directed into the swimmer collection chamber. Carbon and nitrogen flux estimates from the swimmer-segregating trap and more conventional trap designs showed little difference. The trap, when effective in segregating swimmers, can be used for resolving the release of dissolved compounds by the sinking material and by the swimmers. This feature of the trap was tested in Monterey Bay, where inclusion of dissolved organic C in the total organic C material collected increased that value by 7%, while inclusion of dissolved organic N and ammonium increased the estimate for nitrogen collected by 17%.

AN: 3670138

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TI: Contribution of zooplankton lipids to the flux of organic matter in the northern Adriatic Sea

AU: Najdek,-M.; Puskaric,-S.; Bochdansky,-A.B.

AF: Ruder Boskovic' Inst., Cent. Mar. Res. Rovinj, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1994 vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 241-249

NT: Bibliogr.: 28 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Analyses of particulate material collected by sediment traps moored at a location in the northern Adriatic Sea in 1991 revealed the presence of zooplankton fatty acids, even though zooplankton and other 'swimmers' killed by the trap's preservative were carefully removed. Laboratory experiments were conducted to (1) prove the existence of zooplankton lipids within fecal pellets, (2) exclude the possibility of incomplete separation of swimmers and other material as eventual contamination with polyunsaturated fatty acids in fecal pellets, (3) evaluate the importance of zooplankton lipids to mass flux and (4) reveal the mechanisms which lead to excretion of undigested organic matter, in this case polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our results show that the main source of fatty acids found in mass flux were zooplankton lipid droplets inside fecal pellets. The predominant fatty acids of zooplankton fecal pellets were saturated acid 16:0, monounsaturated acid 18:1 and polyunsaturated acid 22:6. Lipid composition of fecal pellets was compared with those of zooplankton and phytoplankton. Aliquots of collected fecal pellets were stained with Nile Red in order to visualize lipid droplets within fecal pellets.

AN: 3668734

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TI: Occurrence of cyclopoid copepods and faecal material in the Halley Bay region, Antarctica, during January-February 1991

AU: Gonzalez,-H.E.; Kurbjeweit,-F.; Bathmann,-U.V.

AF: Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Polar und Meeresforsch., Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1994 vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 331-342

NT: 59 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Faecal material and cyclopoid copepods were collected during the expedition ANT IX/3, in the Halley Bay area (Weddell Sea, Antarctica), between January and February 1991. Faecal material comprised pellets produced by krill, copepods, ostracods and appendicularians. Cyclopoid copepods were represented by two genera, Oithona and Oncaea. In the Halley Bay area, higher concentrations of krill faecal material (420.9 mm super(3)/m super(2)) and chl.-a (39.3 mg/m super(2)) were found within the upper 200 m of the water column of the polynya than in ice-covered open-ocean areas (58.2 mm/m super(2) and 25.5 mg/m super(2), respectively). At an ice-drift station, high concentrations of krill (Euphausia superba) faecal strings under fast-ice were found. In addition, similarities between diatom assemblages in the pack-ice algae and krill faecal strings contents suggest an active utilization of ice-algae by krill populations. Sedimented material collected at 50 m depth by a sediment trap was dominated by krill faecal strings. Contents of small oval pellets (of probable cyclopoid copepod origin) resemble those of krill faecal pellets suggesting that coprophagy was involved. This suggestion is supported by: (1) The small quantity of food particles (other than krill faecal matter) available in the water column (< 0.3 mu g chl.-a/L). (2) The negative in situ correlation between krill faecal strings and cyclopoid copepods. (3) The structure of cyclopoid copepod buccal appendages, which are more adapted for raptorial feeding.

AN: 3668261

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TI: Swimmers: A recapitulation of the problem and a potential solution

AU: Karl,-D.M.; Knauer,-G.A.

SO: OCEANOGRAPHY 1989 vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 32-35

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We read, with great interest, the article by Lee et al. (1988) concerning the effects of "swimmers" on the measurement of particulate organic matter flux in the marine environment. Generally swimmers are either: (1) acknowledged and their impact reduced by manually removing the carcasses ("picking") before further sample processing, (2) acknowledged, but trap contents analyzed unaltered, or (3) totally ignored. None of these three options is acceptable, if the desired outcome is to obtain accurate particle flux estimates. As Lee et al. (1988) discuss in their review, the swimmer problem is exacerbated in near-surface waters ( less than or equal to 500 m). Unfortunately, the measurement of particulate organic matter flux in the upper water column is crucial to our understanding of biogenic element cycles, including the rates and mechanisms of nutrient regeneration and, consequently, crucial to addressing the Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS) program objectives. Because sediment traps are now recognized as the only method for estimating the passive downward flux of organic matter in the sea (SCOR WG-71 report on "Particulate Biogeochemical Processes," S. Krishnaswami, chairman), our progress toward a resolution of these important oceanic processes is stalled at this time. So, to provide a brief answer to the rhetorical question posed in their title, "Are 'Swimmers' a Problem?," we believe the reply is an overwhelming affirmative. (DBO)

AN: 3663177

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TI: Particle deposition in the Present and Holocene Black Sea

AU: Hay,-B.; Honjo,-S.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: OCEANOGRAPHY 1989 vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 26-31

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Black Sea represents a fascinating environment for detailed particle deposition studies. The basin is comparatively small, yet over 2,000 m deep. It is nearly completely enclosed and only connected through the shallow Bosporus to the world's oceans. The hydrography and the sediment input parameters from the surrounding rivers are comparatively well known. The seasonal changes in sedimentation are preserved in the bottom sediments in the form of laminated sequences, since the absence of oxygen in the deep water interface prohibits bioturbation. Once deposited, the sediments in the abyssal Black Sea remain in place; redistribution processes on the basin floor are comparatively insignificant. Recently, we investigated the seasonal particle flux in the water column in a feasibility study in the southwestern Black Sea with time-series sediment traps from 1982-1988 in collaboration with Dokuz Eyluel University in Izmir, Turkey, the University of Hamburg, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Sediment traps were moored consecutively at two sites at a water depth of 250m and 1200m. Conclusions from these first sediment trap studies, integrated in the discussion below, provided new insights into the particle deposition processes in that region of the Black Sea. (DBO)

AN: 3663174

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TI: Changes in inorganic carbon chemistry and deposition of Onondaga Lake, New York

AU: Driscoll,-C.T.; Effler,-S.W.; Doerr,-S.M.

AF: Dep. Civ. and Environ. Eng., 220 Hinds Hall, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY 13244-1190, USA

SO: ENVIRON.-SCI.-TECHNOL. 1994 vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1211-1218

LA: English

AB: Changes in Ca super(2+), alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH have occurred in the epilimnion of Onondaga Lake over a 10-yr period, in response to a major reduction in external Ca super(2+) loading that resulted from the closure of an adjoining soda ash manufacturer. These changes included reduced Ca super(2+) concentrations, diminished depletion of DIC and alkalinity in the upper waters in the summer, and a shift to higher pH values. Results of analyses from sediment trap collections before and after closure of the facility indicate approximately 3-fold reductions in particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and suspended solids deposition have occurred as a result of the closure. Despite these changes, the water column remains oversaturated with respect to the solubility of CaCO sub(3). Moreover, there was no apparent relationship between the degree of CaCO sub(3) saturation and PIC deposition. Changes in the extent of CaCO sub(3) precipitation have altered the acid-base chemistry of the lake which, in turn, affects prevailing pollution problems associated with inputs of domestic waste, such as NH sub(3) toxicity.

AN: 3661904

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TI: Particle flux, and composition of sedimenting matter, in the Greenland Sea

AU: Bauerfeind,-E.; Bodungen,-B.V.; Arndt,-K.; Koeve,-W.

AF: Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Univ. Kiel, Heinrich Hecht Platz 10, D 24118 Kiel, FRG

SO: J.-MAR.-SYST. 1994 vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 411-423

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Vertical flux of particulate material was recorded with moored sediment traps during 1988/1989 in the Greenland Sea at 72 degree N, 10 degree W. This region exhibits pronounced seasonal variability in ice cover. Annual fluxes at 500 m water depth were 22.79, 8.55, 2.39, 3.81 and 0.51 g/m super(2) for total flux (dry weight), carbonate, particulate biogenic silicate, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively. Fluxes increased in April, maximum rates of all compounds occurred in May-June, and consistently high total flux rates of around 100 mg/m super(2)/d prevailed during the summer. The increasing flux of biogenic particles measured in April is indicative of an early onset of algal growth in spring. Small pennate diatoms dominated in the trap collections during April, and were still numerous during the high flux period when Thalassiosira species were the most abundant diatoms. During May-June, up to 22% of the Thalassiosira cells collected were viable-looking cells. The faecal pellet flux increased after the May-June event. Therefore we conclude that the diatoms settled as phytodetritus, most likely in rapidly sinking aggregates. From seasonal nutrient profiles it is concluded that diatoms contribute 25% to new production during spring and 50% on an annual basis. More than 50% of newly produced silicate particles are dissolved above the 500 m horizon. High new production during spring does not lead to a pronounced sedimentation pulse of organic matter during spring but elavated vertical export is observed during the entire growth period.

AN: 3660533

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TI: Carbon-cycle imbalances in the Sargasso Sea

AU: Michaels,-A.F.; Bates,-N.R.; Buesseler,-K.O.; Carlson,-C.A.; Knap,-A.H.

AF: Bermuda Biol. Stn. Res., Ferry Reach GEO1, Bermuda

SO: NATURE 1994 vol. 372, no. 6506, pp. 537-539

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The net exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean, and thus the nature of the oceanic carbon sink, is dominated by the seasonal dynamics of carbon cycling in the upper ocean. This cycle represents a balance between abiotic and biotic carbon transport into, and export out of, the ocean's upper layer. Here we report measurements of these processes made over five years in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda, as part of the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). We find that the decreases in carbon stocks from the spring to the autumn in the upper 150 m of the ocean is three times larger than the measured sum of biotic and abiotic fluxes out of this layer. This discrepancy can be explained either by failure to account for horizontal advection of carbon or by inaccuracies in the fluxes of sinking particles as measured using sediment traps. Either the traps miss 80% of the sinking particles, or 70% of the carbon cycling is due to advection (or a combination of both processes is responsible). Sediment-trap measurements of the super(234)Th flux during this period suggest that most of the discrepancy may be due to inaccuracies in the trap methods, which would require a very general reassessment of existing ideas about particle export and remineralization of carbon in the oceans. If, on the other hand, advection is the main source of the discrepancy, the traditional one-dimensional (vertical) modeling of the oceanic carbon cycle cannot give a full account of carbon dynamics.

AN: 3656175

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TI: Labyrinth of doom: A device to minimize the "swimmer" component in sediment trap collections

AU: Coale,-K.H.

AF: Moss Landing Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 450 Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1990 vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1376-1381

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: A simple device used to discriminate between "swimmers" and "nonswimmers" in sediment trap collections has been developed. It consists of a series of funnels which concentrate passively sinking material into a central collection tube, whereas swimmers are distributed randomly between the inner and outer collection tubes. The degree to which swimmer/nonswimmer fractionation is achieved depends on the number and spacing of funnels and the ratio of inner to outer collection tube areas. Although inner collection tube samples contain a few swimmers, there are considerably fewer than are collected in cod ends without this device. Furthermore, outer tube contents are devoid of passively sinking material providing a "pure swimmer" fraction which can be compared to inner collection tube contents. This device has been successfully deployed on many occasions in traps of the Soutar (conical) and Knauer (cylindrical) type as part of the VERTEX program in the NE Pacific. (DBO)

AN: 3655585

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TI: The measurement of oceanic particle flux - Are "swimmers" a problem?

AU: Lee,-C.; Wakeham,-S.G.; Hedges,-J.I.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: OCEANOGRAPHY 1988 vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 34-36

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: About 10 years ago, the use of sediment traps to measure oceanic particle fluxes and composition began to proliferate. This technique has now become widespread. Research on particle composition and flux using sediment-trap and other large-particle sampling technologies has clearly shown the importance of particulate matter in global biogeochemical cycles. It has become a major goal within the oceanographic community to understand the processes controlling particle production, transport and destruction on both small and large scales. Particularly important to these studies is an accurate estimate of particle production and flux in surface waters. Initially, sediment traps were used to collect particles without careful regard to in-situ bacterial decay of material in the traps. As it became clear that organic material in particles could be significantly degraded during the two-week and longer periods over which traps were deployed, poisons and preservatives became more commonly used to prevent decomposition. Typical poisons currently used are HgCl sub(2) and NaN sub(3), while common preservatives are formalin and salt. We are currently investigating the effectiveness of these and other compounds in preventing decomposition and alteration of particulate organic compounds collected in sediment traps. However, with the use of poisons and preservatives, another potentially more significant bias is introduced to sediment trap collections. This is the collection of "swimmers": zooplankton and other marine animals that swim into the trap and die. Under some circumstances, particularly in shallow traps placed in coastal areas, much of the material collected can be swimmers. We observed this in trap samples collected in the California Current during the VERTEX V experiments. (VERTEX was a multidisciplinary study of VERtical Transport and EXchange of material in the upper ocean.) Even in deeper or less productive waters, swimmers can be present in trap samples. (DBO)

AN: 3655147

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TI: Radiolarian sedimentary imprint in Atlantic equatorial sediments: Comparison with the yearly flux at 853 m

AU: Boltovskoy,-D.; Alder,-V.A.; Abelmann,-A.

AF: Dep. Cienc. Biol., Fac. Cienc. Exactas Nat., Univ. de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina, and CONICET, Argentina

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1993 vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-12

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Radiolarian specific compositions in a series of 20 sediment trap samples covering an entire year (1.3.1989 to 16.3.1990, collected at 853 m) were compared with bottom (0-1 cm) materials from the same site (eastern Equatorial Atlantic: 01 degree 47.5'N, 11 degree 07.6'W). Data on mean sediment accumulation rates at the site of the mooring (1.59 g/cm super(2)/kyr), mean radiolarian flux at 853 m (28,446 shells/m super(2)/day), and abundance in the 0-1 cm bottom layer (48,258 shells/g) suggest that approximately 95% of the radiolarians produced are lost to the fossil record. Sediment trap sample-to-sample correlations (based on relative abundances of 40 radiolarian species present at levels greater than or equal to 1% in at least one sample, mean value, r = 0.886) did not differ significantly from correlations between each water column sample and surface sediments (mean r = 0.878). Similarities between the flux and the sediments were not associated with time of year and with periods of enhanced radiolarian output. Two taxa had lower, and nine taxa had higher percentage contributions in the sediments than in any one sediment trap sample, and a few of the abundant species had averages up to 7 times higher in either the water column or the sediments. These dissimilar percentage loadings are attributed to selective dissolution, lateral subsurface and deep advection of shells from higher-latitude areas, and identification biases. As opposed to species-level inventories, family-level databases (including shells identified to family only) differed significantly between the water column and the sediments. Spumellaria (especially Spongodiscidae) were more abundant in the sediments (35%) than in the water column (19%), while Nassellaria showed the opposite trend (64% and 80%, respectively). It is suggested that ease of identification of spongodiscid fragments and fragility of juvenile nassellarians are responsible for these differences.

AN: 3654368

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TI: Carbon isotope fractionation and changes in the flux and composition of particulate matter resulting from biological activity during a sediment trap experiment in Lake Greifen, Switzerland

AU: Lee,-C.; McKenzie,-J.A.; Sturm,-M.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1987 vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 83-96

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed in Lake Greifen, a hard-water eutrophic, Swiss lake, for 2 weeks in May and June 1983. Oxygen, pH, and suspended particle concentrations indicated a sharp increase in productivity during the experiment. Carbon isotope composition of the dissolved inorganic carbon recorded the balance between photosynthesis and respiration and showed possible evidence of diffusion of atmospheric CO sub(2) across the water-atmosphere interface, most likely to replace CO sub(2) used during photosynthesis. Allochthonous mineral debris from resuspended sediments or river input was a major component of the sedimenting material. Due to removal of CO sub(2), large, newly formed calcite crystals precipitated when photosynthesis increased. The carbon isotope ratio of trap calcite and the composition of trap amino acids showed the influence of the detrital input on the more dominant isotopic signal of authigenic calcite. Sediment calcite is enriched in super(13)C relative to authigenic calcite in the sediment traps. This enrichment is likely due to fractionation during precipitation in the surface waters or during dissolution in the water and sediments due to CaCO sub(3) undersaturation. We found extensive loss of material from unpoisoned sediment traps in the euphotic zone, most likely due to zooplankton feeding. (DBO)

AN: 3652002

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TI: Redistribution of sediments in three Swedish lakes

AU: Bengtsson,-L.; Hellstroem,-T.; Rakoczi,-L.

AF: Dep. Hydrol., Uppsala Univ., Vaestra Aagatan 24 S-752 20 Uppsala, Sweden

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA 1990 vol. 192, no. 2-3, pp. 167-181

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sedimentation and redistribution of fine sediments in three Swedish lakes of different character have been investigated using settling sediment traps. The bottom shear stress from wind generated waves are calculated and the extension of erodable bottom area is related to wind conditions. Wave induced erosion and deposition during and after cessation of storms in different parts of a lake are discussed theoretically. It is shown that a single one year storm may redistribute more bottom material than the accumulated resuspension caused by frequent but smaller wind events. The settling sediment trap deposition and the concentration of suspended solids are related to the extension of erodable bottom area of particular storms. It is found that in lakes where there are relatively large areas of erosion bottoms, resuspended material from the part of the lake most susceptible to strong winds of large fetch constitutes a major part of the settled material on deep bottoms. (DBO)

AN: 3651466

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TI: Comparative evaluation of erosion control products

AU: Fifield,-J.S.

AF: Hydrodynamics Inc., 19039 East Plaza Dr., Parker, CO 80134, USA

CO: 10. High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA), 4-6 Mar 1992

SO: PROCEEDINGS:-HIGH-ALTITUDE-REVEGETATION-WORKSHOP-NO.-10. Hassell,-W.G.;Nordstrom,-S.K.;Keammerer,-W.R.;Todd,-J.-eds. COLORADO-STATE-UNIV.,-FORT-COLLINS,-CO-80523-USA COLORADO-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. 1992 vol. 71 pp. 133-149

ST: INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71

LA: English

AB: Many erosion control products have been developed which have proven to be successful in controlling sediment. What is not readily available is information concerning their long term durability, applicability in a semi-arid environment, ability to assist with dry land grass establishment without irrigation, and so forth. In order to evaluate product potential limitations, over 40 erosion control materials were tested in the semi-arid environment of Parker, Colorado including hydraulic mulches, organic blankets, tackiness and synthetic mats. Sediment was collected from plots having 3:1, 2:1 and 1.5:1 slopes and statistically compared to product parameters. Biomass production from slopes having an easterly and westerly aspect were evaluated and also compared statistically to product parameters. It was concluded that as long products do not fail, they appear to reduce sediment from steep slopes at least 96%. In addition, product thickness appears to be important for controlling sediment. Finally, biomass production varies with slope aspect and appears to be impacted by product thickness and product color.

AN: 3650993

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TI: The expanding role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control

AU: Theisen,-M.S.

AF: Synthetic Ind., Construction Products Div., 4019 Industry Dr., Chattanooga, TN 37416, USA

CO: 10. High Altitude Revegetation Workshop, Fort Collins, CO (USA), 4-6 Mar 1992

ST: INF.-SER.-COLO.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. vol. 71

LA: English

AB: The use of geosynthetic erosion and sediment materials continues to expand at a rapid pace. From their early beginnings in the late 1950's, geosynthetic materials today are the backbone of the erosion and sediment control industry. Geosynthetic components are an integral part of erosion and sediment materials ranging from temporary products such as hydraulic mulch geofibers, plastic erosion control meshes and nettings, erosion control blankets and silt fences to high performance turf reinforcement mats, geocellular confinement systems, erosion control geotextiles, fabric formed revetments and concrete block systems. This paper provides a brief overview of these materials and concepts, and how they may be designed and incorporated into cost effective applications.

AN: 3650964

133 of 362

TI: Benthic fluxes and nitrogen cycling in sediments of the continental margin of the eastern North Pacific

AU: Devol,-A.H.; Christensen,-J.P.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr. WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1993 vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 345-372

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The exchange of O sub(2), N sub(2), NO super(-) sub(3), NH super(+) sub(4), Si(OH) sub(4), and PO sub(4) super(-3) between the sediments and the overlying water (benthic flux) was determined at 18 locations on the Washington State continental margin using an in situ benthic tripod. Oxygen consumption by the sediments ranged from 21.2 pmole cm super(-2) s super(-1) on the shelf to 2.85 pmole cm super(-2) s super(-1) on the slope. Nitrogen gas fluxes were from the sediments to the overlying water. They varied 5.5 to 1.2 pmole-N cm super(-2) s super(-1) and were always greater than the corresponding NO super(-) sub(3) flux into the sediments. A nitrogen mass balance indicated that the difference between the N sub(2) flux out and the NO super(-) sub(3) flux in could be accounted for by oxidation of NH super(+) sub(4) produced during aerobic and anaerobic carbon remineralization to NO super(-) sub(3) and subsequent denitrification to N sub(2). Comparison of the benthic fluxes of O sub(2), NO super(-) sub(3) and Si(OH) sub(4) with the fluxes predicted from molecular diffusion across the sediment water interface showed that for all three solutes the benthic fluxes were up to three times greater than the molecular fluxes and indicated the importance of macrobenthic irrigation in these sediments. However, several existing empirical irrigation models were not able to describe all three solutes. The overall carbon oxidation rate, as estimated from the sum of the O sub(2) flux, the N sub(2) flux and the measured SO super(=) sub(4) reduction rate, could be fit with a normalized power function; i.e., carbon oxidation rate (gC m super(-2) y super(-1)) = 110 x (z/100) super(-0.91). The exponent describing the rate of attenuation with depth (-0.91) was similar to the carbon rain rate attenuation coefficient determined from sediment traps in the pelagic, eastern North Pacific.

AN: 3650711

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TI: Sedimentation rates on the continental slope off eastern Taiwan

AU: Hung,-Gwo-W.; Chung,-Yu-Chia

AF: Inst. Mar. Geol., Natl. Sun Yat-sen Univ., Kaohsiung, Taiwan

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1994 vol. 119, no. 1-2, pp. 99-109

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: super(230)Th and super(210)Pb were measured to determine sedimentation rate and mass flux for several cores collected from the continental slope off eastern Taiwan. In the slope northeast of Taiwan at 490 m depth, the sedimentation rate, as determined from a box core by the excess super(210)Pb method, was 0.28 cm/yr for the past 60 years. In the deep slope off eastern Taiwan, the rates as determined from two piston cores by the excess super(230)Th method were similar at about 2-3 cm/kyr. In gravity core located near Lutao farther south, the sedimentation rate dropped to 0.6 cm/kyr. These rates suggest that the river input and runoff from the east coast of Taiwan contribute a significant mass of sediments to the slope off the east coast. The sedimentation rate obtained on the northern continental slope is about 100 times greater than that on the slope off the east coast, suggesting that the major sediment source for the former site is probably the East China Sea shelf. There are indications that the sediments from both the Yangtze and Yellow rivers are transported southward by the coastal current and then deflected eastward just north of Taiwan when the coastal current encounters the north-flowing Taiwan Warm Current. Sediment traps deployed near the coring site on the northern slope yield an apparent particulate flux that varies periodically with time. The flux ranges between 2.2 and 2.8 g/m super(2)/day. The high variability of trapped particulate flux was found to be closely correlated with the tidal current. The mass flux estimated from the sedimentation rate (0.28 cm/yr) and dry bulk density is about 11 g/m super(2)/day, about four to five times higher than the trapped particulate flux. This discrepancy may be mainly due to horizontal transport near bottom below the trap deployment depth. An alternative interpretation for the high mass flux on the northeastern slope is that the sediments have been transported from north to south along the shelf break by the counter current just immediately to the west of the Kuroshio.

AN: 3644900

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TI: Particle fluxes, South Central Black Sea: 1982-1985 (Black Sea sedimentation data file, volume 1)

AU: Honjo,-S.; Manganini,-S.J.; Asper,-V.L.; Hay,-B.J.; Karowe,-A.

CA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA (USA)

SO: 1987 113 pp

RN: WHOI-87-25 (WHOI8725)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Annual particle fluxes were measured by sediment traps deployed at a station about 40 km north of Amasra, Southern Black Sea, by an international team of oceanographers from Germany, Turkey, and the United States. This experiment continuously monitored oceanic particle flux for two and a half years at approximately two-week intervals at 250 m and 1200 m below the surface using 1.2 sq.m Mark 5-12 time-series sediment traps. The water depth at this station was about 2,000 m and both traps were situated within the anoxic layer of the Black Sea. The collected flux samples were analyzed at the Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution to document the basic sedimentary characteristics using a quarter of each sample split. In the first data file from the experiment, total mass, carbonate, noncombustible, combustible, opal (biogenic silica), organic carbon, and organic nitrogen fluxes data are presented in bar graphs and detailed tables, in unit samples covering a two-week period at each depth. The Black Sea Sedimentation Data File is intended to provide source data on particle fluxes from this unique ocean environment for further investigation and for planning advanced research program. (DBO)

AN: 3639081

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TI: Seasonal trends and preservation biases of polycystine radiolaria in the northern California Current system

AU: Welling,-L.A.; Pisias,-N.G.

AF: Coll. Ocean. and Atmos. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, USA

SO: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 1993 vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 351-372

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 3635227

137 of 362

TI: Particulate fluxes of organic compounds and their relationship to zooplankton fecal pellets in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

AU: Marty,-J.C.; Nicolas,-E.; Miquel,-J.C.; Fowler,-S.W.

AF: Obs. Oceanol. Villefranche, Lab. Phys. Chim. Mar., CNRS/INSU, BP 08, F 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1994 vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 387-405

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiments were conducted in the northwestern Mediterranean (Ligurian Sea) in 1987 in the course of Dyfamed project. The particles collected during 9-15 day intervals form February through July at 200 m and from April through May at 2000 m depth were analysed for organic carbon, nitrogen, fatty acid and n-alkanes. Concentrations in these particles were compared to those in freshly-produced zooplankton fecal pellets collected from several cruises during the same period. In winter, high mass fluxes were encountered at 200 m; the organic material was characterized by a relatively high proportion of n-alkanes and C24 fatty acid which are characteristic of refractory (old) organic matter and a low content of the more labile fatty acids. During the spring and summer period, fluxes contained undegraded phytoplankton and zooplankton material. In the 200 m trap samples, refractory organic matter was still present, but the fresh input was very low and had evidently been consumed in the upper water column. There was no tendency toward a higher content in bacterial fatty acid markers in zooplankton fecal pellets and 200 m sediment trap material. Based on the assumption that all n-alkanes in trap collections originate from sinking fecal pellets, end-member calculations indicate that intact zooplankton fecal pellets are important contributors to vertical particulate fluxes at 200 m. The maximum contribution is estimated to be between 10% (in summer) and 30% (spring) using n-alkane marker concentrations.

AN: 3632691

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TI: Release rates of trace elements and protein from decomposing planktonic debris. 2. Copepod carcasses and sediment trap particulate matter

AU: Reinfelder,-J.R.; Fisher,-N.S.*; Fowler,-S.W.; Teyssie,-J.-L.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1993 vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 423-442

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In experiments designed to relate the release kinetics of various elements with that of protein from biogenic particles, super(110m)Ag, super(241)Am, super(109)Cd, super(60)Co, super(75)Se and protein were measured over time in radiolabeled copepod carcasses and particles caught in unpoisoned sediment traps (mostly zooplankton fecal pellets and amorphous marine snow). Log-linear release rate constants (k) of super(110m)Ag, super(241)Am, super(109)Cd, and super(60)Co from carcasses ranged from 0.079/d for super(60)Co at 2 degree C to 0.130/d for super(109)Cd at 15 degree C, and did not vary significantly with temperature. super(75)Se was lost most rapidly from copepod carcasses at 2 degree C, with k = 0.168/d; however, at 15 degree C, super(75)Se was in two compartments, with 56% in a rapidly exchanging pool (k = 0.391/d) and 44% in a slowly exchanging pool (k = 0.107/d). Protein displayed loss from two compartments at both temperatures. At 2 degree C, protein was lost slowly (k = 0.065/d) for 1 wk, after which it was released from the carcasses very rapidly (k = 0.245/d). At 15 degree C, however, the loss of protein from carcasses was more rapid over the first 2 d (k = 0.627/d) than thereafter (k = 0.127/d).

AN: 3632674

139 of 362

TI: Coupling of near-bottom pelagic and benthic processes at abyssal depths in the eastern North Pacific Ocean

AU: Smith,-K.L.,Jr.; Kaufmann,-R.S.; Baldwin,-R.J.

AF: Mar. Biol. Res. Div., 0202, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1101-1118

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A time-series site was established in the eastern North Pacific Ocean to study the coupling between near-bottom pelagic and benthic processes at abyssal depths in an area with well-documented seasonality in surface water productivity. Particulate total mass (PTM), particulate organic C (POC), particulate total N (PTN), and particulate calcium carbonate [P(CaCO sub(3))] fluxes were measured from sediment trap collections at 600 and 50 m above bottom from February 1990 to October 1991 (606 d). The sea floor at 4,100 m was concurrently monitored with a time-lapse camera over a 386-d period from July 1990 to July 1991. During this study, in situ measurements of sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) were made and surface sediment samples collected seasonally with a free-vehicle grab respirometer. PTM, POC, PTN, and P(CaCO sub(3)) fluxes exhibited a strong seasonal signal, with episodic peaks from spring through fall and lows in winter. SCOC increased sharply between winter and summer, coinciding with spring peaks in particulate fluxes. Detrital aggregates appeared on the sea floor in pulses over a 6-month period from July to December 1990, coinciding with periods when particulate fluxes were elevated but delayed similar to 1.5 months after the initial peaks in particulate flux. Mobile epibenthic megafauna monitored with time-lapse photography consisted primarily of holothuroids and echinoids and were twice as active when detrital aggregates were observed on the sea floor as during the rest of the year. Our results show a temporal relationship between the flux of particulate matter entering the benthic boundary layer, the arrival and residence of detritus on the sea floor, and the activity of the sediment community and mobile epibenthic megafauna.

AN: 3626512

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TI: Flow in cylindrical sediment traps

AU: Hawley,-N.

AF: Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

SO: J.-GREAT-LAKES-RES. 1988 vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 76-88

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Flow behavior in cylindrical settling traps was observed in steady flow for trap Reynolds numbers (Re) between 1,600-30,500. The effects due to aspect ratio, wall thickness, a funnel at the bottom of the trap, and the presence of a mooring line were investigated. Although the data are semiquantitative, they show that upwelling frequency and intensity increased as Re increased and as the aspect ratio decreased. The relationships between the thickness of the bottom layer, the frequency of upwelling, and the settling velocity of a particle determines whether deposition occurs through the bottom tranquil layer or the viscous sublayer. Since the thickness of the bottom tranquil layer can be scaled by the trap diameter, the settling behavior of particles cannot be modeled simply by Re and the aspect ratio, as can flow behavior, but also depends on the ratio of flow velocity to settling speed. (DBO)

AN: 3613050

141 of 362

TI: Detrital bedrock elements as tracers of settling resuspended particulate matter in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea

AU: Blomqvist,-S.; Larsson,-U.

AF: Dep. Syst. Ecol., Sect. Mar. Ecol., Stockholm Univ., S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 880-896

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Particulate matter settling out of the trophogenic layer was collected in sediment traps at five stations during 5 yr in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea. Al, Fe, and Ti in the intercepted matter were inferred to be due mainly to the presence of fine-grained bedrock detritus and were used as markers to calculate the proportion of primary settling matter and resuspended sediment in the collected matter. Considerable variations, within and between years, seasons, and nearby stations, were found for gross sedimentation rate and for the ratio between primary settling matter and resuspended sediment. This pattern also applied to organic C. A predominance of primary settling matter was recorded mainly in spring. Resuspended matter was a large component in the annual budget for all years and stations. In fact, the resuspended portion commonly exceeded 50%, and periods without resuspension seem to occur rarely or never in the investigated area.

AN: 3608469

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TI: Evaluation of the influence of suspended matter due to civil and industrial discharges on benthic rocky communities

AU: Sara,-M.; Bavestrello,-G.; Cattaneo-Vietti,-R.; Cerrano,-C.; Danovaro,-R.; Fabiano,-M.

AF: Ist. Zool., Univ. Studi Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy

SO: FINAL-REPORTS-ON-RESEARCH-PROJECTS-DEALING-WITH-THE-EFFECTS-OF-POLLUTANTS-ON-MARINE-ORGANISMS-AND-COMMUNITIES.#RAPPORTS-FINAUX-SUR-LES-PROJETS-DE-RECHERCHE-TRAITANT-DES-EFFETS-DES-POLLUANTS-SUR-LES-ORGANISMES-ET-COMMUNAUTES-MARINS. UNEP-Mediterranean-Action-Plan,-Athens-Greece ATHENS-GREECE UNEP 1994 no. 80 pp. 73-83

ST: MAP-TECH.-REP.-SER. no. 80

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The annual cycle of sedimentation along a vertical cliff on the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea) was studied using sediment traps placed at 15, 20 and 25 m depth. The amounts of organic and inorganic matter, originating from the upper levels and due to biological activities and the erosion of the cliff, were compared with those collected in the water column close to the bottom, as suspended matter. An increase of the quantities of coarse matter was related to the rainfall and was higher in the superficial trap. On the contrary, fine sediments were mostly due to the local sea conditions, and increased from the superficial to the deepest trap. These data suggest that resuspension of fine sediments from the bottom may represent an important fraction of the settling matter along a cliff, mainly at lower levels.

AN: 3594835

143 of 362

TI: Sediment-trap experiments in the central and western Ross Sea, January and February 1990

AU: Dunbar,-R.B.; Mucciarone,-D.A.; Leventer,-A.

AF: Dep. Geol. Geophys., Rice Univ., Houston, TX 77251, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1991 vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 115-117

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: As part of an interdisciplinary, multi-institutional study of the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and silicon on the Ross Sea continental shelf, we deployed both drifting and moored arrays of particle interceptor traps at three sites in the central and western Ross Sea during January and February, 1990. Particle transport and dissolution/degradation dynamics in the southern ocean water column control a variety of important processes including nutrient regeneration, delivery of food to benthic communities, and preservation of sediment records of climate change. Many features of the carbon and silicon cycles on the antarctic continental shelf are not observed in lower latitudes and appear to be controlled by a combination of unusual seasonality, great water depths, low temperatures, and high current energies. One of our goals is to establish budgets for surface production, vertical and horizontal transport, and seabed accumulation of important bioactive phases in this unique setting.

AN: 3592669

144 of 362

TI: Circulation in eastern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, January through November 1990

AU: Dunbar,-R.B.; Leventer,-A.

AF: Dep. Geol. Geophys., Rice Univ., Houston, TX 77251, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1991 vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 117-120

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In November 1990, we completed the second year of winter observations of ocean currents in eastern McMurdo Sound. The winter circulation regime is of great importance to benthic communities because it exerts a primary control on the delivery of food to the seafloor following the cessation of summer blooms in surface waters and sea ice. It is also likely that regular seasonal shifts in the circulation pattern within McMurdo Sound influence the activities and standing stocks of large, highly mobile organisms such as penguins, marine mammals, and fish. The links between inter- and intra-annual oceanographic variability and the distribution of the regional biota can be elucidated only through careful year-round monitoring of the current regime coupled with detailed population studies. Ultimately, winter-over current monitoring systems must be installed and maintained at a number of locations within McMurdo Sound. In this article, we present results from the second year of a pilot study using a subsurface moored array of current meters and sediment traps in eastern McMurdo Sound.

AN: 3592665

145 of 362

TI: Marine trace element geochemistry: The importance of particles in surface waters of the Atlantic, the North Sea, and the Baltic

AU: Schuessler,-U.

AF: Inst. Meereskd. Univ. Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, FRG

SO: BER.-INST.-MEERESKD.-CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIV.-KIEL 1993 no. 236, 127 pp

LA: German

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The present thesis on the geochemistry of trace elements near the ocean's surface consists of a new development for the collection of particulates from seawater by large-volume centrifugation from within an integrated pumping system at low contamination levels, and improved particle digestion procedures. Data obtained during three field experiments are presented. A total of 33 elements was determined by means of atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, P, Si, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and the rare earth elements). This is an initial presentation of rare earth element contents in marine suspended particles.

AN: 3590091

146 of 362

TI: A model to predict gross sedimentation in small glacial lakes

AU: Haakanson,-L.

AF: Inst. Earth Sci., Uppsala Univ., Norbyv. 18B, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden

CO: Special Session at the 25. Cong. of the Int. Association of Limnology, Barcelona (Spain), 21-27 Aug 1992

SO: SEDIMENT-RESUSPENSION. Bloesch,-J.-ed. 1994 vol. 284, no. 1 pp. 19-42

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA vol. 284, no. 1

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This study is an attempt to quantify and rank variables of significance to predict gross sedimentation (i.e., net sedimentation plus resuspension) in small glacial lakes. Sediment traps were placed in 25 Swedish lakes and exposed for about 110 days during the summer for four years. Average values of rates of gross sedimentation in bottom traps were compared to catchment and morphometric parameters determined from different types of maps. Various hypotheses concerning the factors regulating gross sedimentation in lakes were formulated and tested. Different statistical tests were used to separate random influences from causal influences. The most important "map parameters" were: the relative depth, linked to resuspension and the form and size of lakes, the forest and open land percent of the so-called near area (= the proximate area of the lake as determined by the drainage area zonation method), the distribution of mires and lakes in the catchment, the relief of the drainage area and the theoretical lake water retention time. Each of these variables only provides a limited degree of (statistical) explanation of the variability in gross sedimentation among the lakes. The predictability of models for gross sedimentation can be markedly improved by accounting for the zonation problem, i.e., the distribution of the characteristics in the drainage area. The stability of the final model, which gives a r super(2)-value of 0.78, has been tested with positive results. The model allows mean values of gross sedimentation to the estimated from readily available data of "geological" characteristics of the lake and its drainage area. The variability in gross sedimentation from other factors/variables, such as temperature, precipitation, wind, and load of nutrients, may then be quantitatively differentiated from the impact of these "geological" factors/constants.

AN: 3581157

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TI: Deposition, resuspension, and decomposition of particulate organic matter in the sediments of Lake Itasca, Minnesota, USA

AU: Hicks,-R.E.; Owen,-C.J.; Aas,-P.

AF: Dep. Biol., Univ. Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA

CO: Special Session at the 25. Cong. of the Int. Association of Limnology, Barcelona (Spain), 21-27 Aug 1992

SO: SEDIMENT-RESUSPENSION. Bloesch,-J.-ed. 1994 vol. 284, no. 1 pp. 79-91

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA vol. 284, no. 1

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were used to investigate the settling, resuspension, and decomposition of particulate organic matter in Lake Itasca, MN (USA). Traps were deployed in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of the deepest basin during Jun, 1988, sampled twice during stratified conditions (Aug, Sep) and once after the lake had mixed (Oct). The downward flux of particulate material increased from summer to fall. The net sedimentation of organic matter ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 g/m super(2)/d at 4 m and increased to 2.1 to 3.2 g/m super(2)/d two meters above the bottom sediment indicating that resuspended sediment was at least 33% of the settling mass during all periods. The C:N ratios of captured particles (6.8-9.5) were between the ratios of plankton (5.8 to 6.8) and the sediments (9.9 to 10.2) but smaller than the ratios of terrestrial organic materials (13.5 to 222). The monosaccharide compositions of the entrapped particles were similar to plankton samples and different from the distinct composition of the sediments. Capture of rebound particles similar to the primary flux and not decomposition may have been responsible for this similarity. Total monosaccharide concentrations were lower in the sediments than in entrapped particles. Individual sugars exhibited different patterns of accumulation in the sediments. Glucose was lowest in sediments when the relative concentrations were compared to those in source materials and entrapped particles. In contrast, sediments had the highest rhamnose and fucose concentrations. Bacterial biomass could only account for small portions of these sugars in the sediment. The distinct monosaccharide composition of resuspended sediments was not strongly recorded in materials captured by the sediment traps even after the lake had mixed.

AN: 3581119

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TI: Possibilities and limitations of sediment traps to measure sedimentation and resuspension

AU: Kozerski,-H.-P.

AF: Inst. Freshwat. Ecol. and Fish., Dep. Limnol. Shallow Waters, Mueggelseedamm 260, D-12562 Berlin, FRG

CO: Special Session at the 25. Cong. of the Int. Association of Limnology, Barcelona (Spain), 21-27 Aug 1992

SO: SEDIMENT-RESUSPENSION. Bloesch,-J.-ed. 1994 vol. 284, no. 1 pp. 93-100

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA vol. 284, no. 1

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Settling flux of particulate matter measured by sediment traps in shallow and turbulent waters considerably exceeds settling flux calculated from mass balances. Theoretical consideration on sinking distance and particle settling leads to the conclusion that traps overtrap particles in even moderately turbulent waters. The disappearance of turbulent diffusion and bottom shear stress within the traps causes the high rates of "trapping", whereas their presence in natural water bodies hampers sedimentation. The use of sediment traps may be restricted to the identification of rapidly sinking particles, measurement of sinking velocities of well defined types of particles, and estimation of resuspension.

AN: 3581114

149 of 362

TI: A current-activated sediment trap

AU: Hargrave,-B.; Siddall,-G.; Steeves,-G.; Awalt,-G.

AF: Habitat Ecol. Div., Biol. Sci. Branch, Dep. Fish. and Oceans, Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 283-390

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A current-activated sediment trap is described that collects particles based on preselected current speed and direction criteria. The collector incorporates a steep-walled funnel, a motor-driven carousel with sample cups, an absolute optical shaft encoder, and an acoustic current meter. A field trial of the trap was carried out in a shallow marine embayment over 3 d where it correctly positioned cups in response to tidal changes in currents speed and direction. Particle organic content and sedimentation rates calculated over hourly intervals were similar to measurements with a standard sequential sampling trap over several hours when the two traps were deployed simultaneously.

AN: 3579925

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TI: Particulate flux in the water column overlying Santa Monica Basin

AU: Landry,-M.R.; Peterson,-W.K.; Andrews,-C.C.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: PROG.-OCEANOGR. 1992 vol. 30, no. 1-4, pp. 167-196

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phytoplankton pigments, biogenic silica and dry mass were measured using free-floating and moored sediment trap arrays in the Santa Monica Basin during the period from October 1985 to August 1990 as part of the California Basin Study (CaBS) Program. In field testing for potential sources of sediment trap biases, we found little significant or consistent difference in rate estimates between short-term drifting traps and long-term moored traps, between preserved and unpreserved traps in short-term experiments, between different preservatives (mercury or formalin) in long-term experiments, between different designs of small cylindrical traps, and between deep-moored cylindrical traps and large conical traps. We did, however, find that sediment trap samples collected and analyzed on 0.45 mu m silver filters gave estimates of carbon and nitrogen fluxes about 25% higher than samples collected on GF/F glass-fiber filters. Concurrent trap deployments at two stations 18 km apart revealed low mesoscale variability in flux estimates. Seasonal patterns in carbon and nitrogen flux were not evident in our data, but strong seasonality, with spring maxima and summer minima, were observed for fluxes of phaeopigments and biogenic silica out of the euphotic zone.

AN: 3569364

151 of 362

TI: Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and new production in the Southern California Bight

AU: Eppley,-R.W.

AF: Mar. Life Res. Group, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA

SO: PROG.-OCEANOGR. 1992 vol. 30, no. 1-4, pp. 117-150

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The study of phytoplankton distributions and processes in these waters has been stimulated in recent years by the synoptic views of surface pigment afforded by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) aboard the NIMBUS-7 satellite; by rapid developments in bio-optical oceanography toward the estimation of in sity photosynthetic rate; by use of sediment traps and geochemical tracers to determine the flux of organic matter from the euphotic zone; and by measurements of new production based on the utilization of nitrate by the plankton. The evolution and rationale of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study of ocean biogeochemical cycles and ocean climate change serve to focus much of the work. In that context, a major goal is to assess new/export production on large time and space scales accessible to date only by remote sensing.

AN: 3569123

152 of 362

TI: Fate of oxytetracycline in a freshwater fish farm: Influence of effluent treatment systems

AU: Smith,-P.; Donlon,-J.; Coyne,-R.; Cazabon,-D.J.

AF: Fish Dis. Lab., Dep. Microbiol., University Coll. Galway, Galway Cty., Eire

SO: AQUACULTURE 1994 vol. 120, no. 3-4, pp. 319-325

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The fate of orally administered oxytetracycline in a fresh-water hatchery was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. A filter of nominal porosity 50 mu m in the farm effluent was capable of at least a 500-650-fold concentration of the oxytetracycline into the filter retentate flow. No oxytetracycline was detected in the filtered farm effluent (limit of detection 0.02 mu g/ml). Analysis of hourly samples of the retentate taken over a 24-hour period allowed an estimate of the daily amount of oxytetracycline retained by the filter. This estimate (1250 g) was of the same order as the amount of oxytetracycline used on the farm (904 g on the day of sampling and 1104 g on the preceding day). Thus the quasi-totality of the input oxytetracycline was removed from the farm effluent by the filter. A sedimentation trap on the filter retentate flow removed oxytetracycline from this flow at a variable and lower (12-92%) efficiency. It is argued that correct design of effluent treatment systems could significantly reduce the environmental impact of land-based fish farms.

AN: 3564634

153 of 362

TI: Vertical and lateral transport of organic carbon and the carbon budget in Santa Monica Basin, California

AU: Venkatesan,-M.I.; Kaplan,-I.R.

AF: Inst. Geophys. and Planet. Phys., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1567, USA

SO: PROG.-OCEANOGR. 1992 vol. 30, no. 1-4, pp. 291-312

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The flux and compositions of solvent-extractable lipid fractions were measured in particulate matter collected periodically by moored sediment traps in the Santa Monica Basin from 1985-1988. The purpose was to assess the compositional changes during settling, the carbon dynamics in the basin and to estimate the impacts of energy-related by-products on the surface sediments. Sediment traps recorded consistently high lipid fluxes in the eastern slope relative to the central basin, reflecting elevated terrigenous carbon inputs possibly from land-based human activities. Generally, lipid fluxes decrease offshore but increase vertically with water depth below similar to 500 m, implying lateral transport of particles. The steep decline of flux in the top 500 m of the water is related to the rapid decomposition and mineralization of the marine-derived cellular carbon compounds. Less than 5% of the marine lipid components reach the seabed. In contrast, preferential preservation of terrigenous lipid is clearly evident from the chemistry of deeper traps and surface sediments. The lateral transport of particles is reflected in the presence of higher plant-derived lignin phenols and sewage-derived coprostanol and epicoprostanol in the deep trap material as well as in surface sediment throughout the basin. Petroleum triterpanes characteristic of natural seepage also permeates through the entire basin. Based on the data collected from both the trap particulate matter and surface sediments, a carbon budget for the Santa Monica Basin has been constructed.

AN: 3559041

154 of 362

TI: Stable isotopic biogeochemistry of carbon and nitrogen in a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake

AU: Wharton,-R.A.,Jr.; Lyons,-W.B.; Des-Marais,-D.J.

AF: Desert Res. Inst., Univ. Nevada System, Reno, NV 89506, USA

SO: CHEM.-GEOL. 1993 vol. 107, no. 1-2, pp. 159-172

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Lake Hoare (77 degree 38'S, 162 degree 53'E) is an amictic, oligotrophic, 34-m-deep, closed-basin lake in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Its perennial ice cover minimizes wind-generated currents and reduces light penetration, as well as restricts sediment deposition into the lake and the exchange of atmospheric gases between the water column and the atmosphere. The biological community of Lake Hoare consists solely of microorganisms - both planktonic populations and benthic microbial mats. Lake Hoare is one of several perennially ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys that represent the end-member conditions of cold desert and saline lakes. The dry valley lakes provide a unique opportunity to examine lacustrine processes that operate at all latitudes, but under an extreme set of environmental conditions. The dry valley lakes may also offer a valuable record of catchment and global changes in the past and present. We have analyzed the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of Lake Hoare for delta super(13)C and the organic matter of the sediments and sediment-trap material for delta super(13)C and delta super(15)N. The delta super(13)C of the DIC indicates that super(12)C is differentially removed in the shallow, oxic portions of the lake via photosynthesis. In the anoxic portions of the lake (27-34 m) a net addition of super(12)C to the DIC pool occurs via organic matter decomposition. The dissolution of CaCO sub(3) at depth also contributes to the DIC pool. Except near the Canada Glacier where a substantial amount of allochthonous organic matter enters the lake, the organic carbon being deposited on the lake bottom at different sites is isotopically similar, suggesting an autochthonous source for the organic carbon. Preliminary inorganic carbon flux calculations suggest that a high percentage of the organic carbon fixed in the water column is remineralized as it falls through the water column. At nearby Lake Fryxell, the substantial (relative to Lake Hoare) glacial meltstream input overprints Fryxell's shallow-water biological delta super(13)C signal with delta super(13)C-depleted DIC. In contrast, Lake Hoare is not significantly affected by surface-water input and mixing, and therefore the delta super(13)C patterns observed arise primarily from biological dynamics within the lake. Organic matter in Lake Hoare is depleted in super(15)N, which we suggest is partially the result of the addition of relatively light inorganic nitrogen into the lake system from terrestrial sources.

AN: 3558891

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TI: Utilization, cycling and vertical transport of particulate organic matter in the coastal marine environment. Final project report, November 15, 1987--May 14, 1992

AU: Landry,-M.R.

CA: Hawaii Univ. Manoa, Honolulu (USA). Dep. of Oceanography

SO: REP.-U.S.-DEP.-ENERGY 1992 6 pp

RN: DOE/ER/60628-3 (DOEER606283)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This project was funded as part of the California Basin Study (CaBS), a DOE-funded regional program investigating production, cycling, transport, and fate of organic matter, chemical tracers, and pollutants in the Southern California Bight. The study area, adjacent to Los Angeles, was of programmatic interest due to its heavy concentration of energy-related activities, including offshore oil drilling and natural seeps, shipping, nuclear power facilities, and industrial and municipal ocean waste disposal. It was also of scientific interest because the wide continental margin in the region, potmarked with natural sediment traps in the form of deep basins with restricted inputs and outputs, was ideal for integrating water-column and benthic studies and tracing the fates of in situ production and introduced pollutants. Our role in the CABS Program was to investigate the flux of particulate matter through the water column, emphasizing the relationship between macrozooplankton feeding and particle flux.

AN: 3551577

156 of 362

TI: Dredging alternatives study Cubits Gap, Lower Mississippi River. Report 1. TABS-1 numerical model investigation

AU: Copeland,-R.R.

CA: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Stn., Vicksburg, MS (USA). Hydraulics Lab.

SO: 1991 77 pp

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A numerical model of the Mississippi River between Reserve, Louisiana, at river mile 140.8, and East Jetty, LA, at river mile -19.6, was conducted to evaluate dredging alternatives in the Cubits Gap and Head of Passes reaches. The TABS-1 one-dimensional model was used. The model was adjusted to reported dredging quantities in Southwest Pass over a period of several years. The model was circumstantiated by reproducing dredging at Cubits Gap in 1989. An 11-year hydrograph was used to determine annual dredging requirements for existing conditions. Alternatives that included advance maintenance, a sediment trap, and water flow reduction in Cubits Gap were compared to existing conditions. The advance maintenance and Cubits Gap flow reduction alternatives were determined to be the most effective in terms of the percent of time that project depth could be maintained. The reduction of water flow provided for a significant decrease in total dredging requirements.

AN: 3551051

157 of 362

TI: Dredging alternatives study, Cubits Gap, Lower Mississippi River. Report 2. TABS-2 numerical model investigation, volume 2. Appendix B

AU: Lin,-H.J.; Martin,-W.D.; Richards,-D.R.

CA: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Stn., Vicksburg, MS (USA). Hydraulics Lab.

SO: TECH.-REP.-U.S.-ARMY-ENG.-WATERWAYS-EXP.-STN. 1990 26 pp

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This investigation of the Mississippi River in Louisiana used the TABS-2 finite element numerical model RMA-2V for hydrodynamic analysis and STUDH for sediment transport computation. A large-flow 87-day hydrograph was used to determine the performance of each plan. Results from the mathematical models of sedimentation showed that the best nonstructural plan was advance maintenance such as dredging. It provided a smaller quantity of shoaling than the sediment trap plan and affected a smaller area of the navigation channel. Both nonstructural plans, however, would increase the channel shoaling rate compared to existing conditions. For the structural plan, Plan 1 with a 2.800-ft-long angle dike and 800-ft-long headland dike provided the least amount of shoaling of any plan tested. All three dike plans tested would result in a substantial reduction in channel shoaling. Results from the hydrodynamic modeling showed that dike plan 1 returned the flow distribution at Cubits Gap to the amount expected with the supplement II works in place. This study did not address long-term sedimentation effects within Cubits Gap. AD-A231 238.

AN: 3551050

158 of 362

TI: Dredging alternatives study, Cubits Gap, Lower Mississippi River. Report 2. TABS-2 numerical model investigation. Volume 1. Main text and appendix A

AU: Lin,-H.J.; Martin,-W.D.; Richards,-D.R.

CA: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Stn., Vicksburg, MS (USA). Hydraulics Lab.

SO: TECH.-REP.-U.S.-ARMY-ENG.-WATERWAYS-EXP.-STN. 1990 56 pp

RN: WES-TR/HL-90-20 (WESTRHL9020)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This report presents results from the numerical model investigation. The primary objective of the mathematical models was to determine the best method to control shoaling in the navigation channel between Cubits Gap and Head of Passes in Louisiana. The secondary objective was to evaluate the best design configuration for a structural plan for dikes that are to be located at Cubits Gap and the ability of these designs to return the water flow distribution to its historical levels. Several plans were proposed to alleviate recurrence of these shoaling conditions. They included a sediment trap, advance maintenance, and additional training structures. The first two addressed shoaling problems in the reach between Cubits Gap and Head of Passes. The latter addressed shoaling created by sediment transport and water flow distribution in Cubits Gap.

AN: 3551049

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TI: Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea

AU: Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.; Rixen,-T.; Ramaswamy,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Curry,-W.B.

AF: Inst. Biogeochem. and Mar. Chem., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesst. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1993 vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1323-1344

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Long-term sediment trap studies have been carried out since 1986 at three locations in the western, central and eastern Arabian Sea. Here we present total and bulk component fluxes measured for 3 years at the central station and for 4 years at the western and eastern stations. Particulate fluxes to the deep sea are controlled by the monsoons with generally higher fluxes during the SW and NE monsoons and lower fluxes during the intermonsoon periods. The increase of particle fluxes occurs simultaneously with a drop in surface water temperature, induced by wind- or convective-mixing and an associated entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic zone. More than 50% of the annual particle fluxes to the deep sea occurs during the SW monsoon at the western location due to the prolonged influence of the monsoonal upwelling as indicated by increased biogenic carbonate and opal fluxes. However, the opal fluxes peak a month later than the carbonate fluxes. The delayed onset of opal flux peak appears to be controlled by the observed pre-monsoon silica distribution in the Arabian Sea, where the subsurface waters are silica depleted down to the thermocline at 150 m. At the central location particle fluxes are of similar magnitude during the SW and NE monsoons. The interannual variability of particle fluxes at the eastern location is determined by the NE monsoon. At the western and central locations, on the other hand, maximum interannual variability of fluxes occurs during the SW monsoon and particle fluxes were higher during years of stronger SW monsoon. The results further suggest that, apart from monsoon strength, geographic shifts of the area of maximum wind-stress may produce significant variabilities in particle fluxes to the deep ocean at the western Arabian Sea site.

AN: 3548527

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TI: Field evaluation of a valved sediment trap

AU: Peterson,-M.L.; Hernes,-P.J.; Thoreson,-D.S.; Hedges,-J.I.; Lee,-C.; Wakeham,-S.G.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr., WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1993 vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1741-1761

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An internally valved sediment trap designed to isolate sinking particulate matter from free-swimming animals, temporally subsample particle flux, and minimize washout of solid and dissolved material is described. The trap is controlled by a single microprocessor capable of supporting multiple traps as well as other instrumentation on a single array. Test deployments of valved and nonvalved control traps, along with three other conventional cylindrical trap designs, were undertaken during a series of six 1-week experiments in Dabob Bay, Washington. Treated traps containing biocide-spiked (HgCl sub(2) or Formalin) bottom brine layers (80ppt NaCl brine), brine layers alone, and only seawater (untreated) were deployed on multitrap arrays. Fluxes of material >850 mu m in size (almost exclusively large zooplankton) caught in biocide- and brine-treated valved traps were reduced by an average of 88% relative to non-valved control traps; all other open traps collected >850- mu m fluxes equivalent to controls. The type of treatment had a significant effect on the >850- mu m mass flux, with Formalin-treated traps >HgCl sub(2) similar to NaCl brine >> untreated. Fluxes of <850- mu m material were reduced in treated valved traps and averaged 39% less than fluxes caught in VERTEX-style particle interceptor traps. Organic C:total N ratios were higher in material caught in valved traps than in all other types, primarily due to reduced nitrogen fluxes. Reduced fluxes of the primarily autochthonous biochemicals (pigments, amino acids, and lipids) measured by valved relative to control traps indicate significant exclusion (>80%) of zooplankton <850 mu m from valved traps.

AN: 3547242

161 of 362

TI: Accumulation of a pheophorbide a-like pigment in sediment traps during late stages of a spring bloom: A product of dying algae?

AU: Head,-E.J.H.; Hargrave,-B.T.; Rao,-D.V.S.

AF: Bedford Inst. Oceanogr., Dep. Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1994 vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 176-181

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We examined the concentration and composition of pigments in material collected in a sediment trap array that collected samples over 14 sequential 4-d periods covering a spring bloom in Bedford Basin which was dominated by diatoms. Pyropheophorbide a, a chlorophyll a derivative known to be produced by copepod grazing, accumulated in traps in similar amounts throughout the bloom period. A second more polar a-type pheophorbide accumulated only during late stages of the bloom, in amounts comparable with those of chlorophyll a (+ isomers) and higher than those of pyropheophorbide a. This pheophorbide was spectrally and chromatographically very similar to a pheophorbide a-like pigment that has been attributed elsewhere to dying Phaeocystis. Previously, pheopigments in the water column and in sediment traps have been considered products of zooplankton grazing, but dead or dying phytoplankton may contribute significantly to both pools.

AN: 3545321

162 of 362

TI: Sediment trap fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mediterranean Sea

AU: Lipiatou,-E.; Marty,-J.-C.*; Saliot,-A.

AF: Lab. Phys. Chim. Mar., Obs. Oceanol. Villefranche, UA CNRS 353, Quai de la Darse, BP 8, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1993 vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 43-54

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the Ligurian Sea (northwestern Mediterranean Sea) in sediment trap experiments, from the DYFAMED operation (France/JGOFS program). PAH fluxes, from 0.30 to 0.91 mu g m super(-2)/d, were compared to those calculated from PAH concentrations in zooplankton fecal pellets collected in the same area and in Mediterranean surface sediments. The distribution of PAH and ratio of specific compound in sediment traps suggested that the PAH mixture has a predominantly pyrolytic origin from anthropic combustion processes. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were generally the major compounds in both sediment traps and fecal pellets. The transport pathways for these PAHs were different than for the higher molecular weight compounds (compounds with more than 4 rings). The low molecular weight PAH fluxes were larger in the water column than in surface sediment; fluxes for the higher molecular weight compounds were similar in both compartments. The difference in fluxes is discussed in terms of composition, transport and recycling of PAHs in different reservoirs.

AN: 3534013

163 of 362

TI: Short-term sedimentation patterns in the northern Indian Ocean

AU: Pollehne,-F.; Zeitzschel,-B.; Peinert,-R.

AF: Inst. Ostseeforschung, Seestr. 15, O-2530, Rostock-Warnemuende, FRG

SO: BIOGEOCHEMICAL-CYCLING-IN-THE-NORTHWESTERN-INDIAN-OCEAN. Burkill,-P.H.;Mantoura,-R.F.C.;Owens,-N.J.P.-eds. 1993 vol. 40, no. 3 pp. 821-831

ST: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. vol. 40, no. 3

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The flux of particles from the photic zone was monitored in one open ocean and two shelf stations in the northern Indian Ocean by means of drifting sediment traps in the inter-monsoon period, from March to June 1987. Samples were collected over daily intervals and analysed for organic carbon, nitrogen, total phosphorus and silica. Flux rates of all elements differed by up to a factor of 10 between the Oman shelf and the open ocean area. Mean rates of carbon sedimentation were 13.6 and 1.7 mmol C/m super(2)/day, respectively. On the Pakistan shelf, however, sedimentation rates were in the same low range as in the open ocean. These differences, particularly between the two shelf regions, were due to the different types of pelagic systems in the respective photic zones. The presence of nitrate in surface water of the Oman shelf permitted "new" production, which consequently led to enhanced particle export. In the open ocean and the Pakistan shelf, typical tropical recycling systems retained material by intense regeneration of nutrients in the surface layer. These differences also were reflected in the composition of the sedimenting particles. Changes in production-respiration equilibria in the photic zone lead to rapid shifts in the carbon/silica and carbon/nitrogen ratios of trapped material. Thus short term sedimentation measurements can provide valuable information on structural and functional variations in pelagic productivity.

AN: 3531583

164 of 362

TI: Factors controlling bioturbation in deep-sea sediments and their relation to models of carbon diagenesis

AU: Smith,-C.R.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd. Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

CO: NATO Advanced Research Workshop, College Station, TX (USA), 2-6 Apr 1991

SO: DEEP-SEA-FOOD-CHAINS-AND-THE-GLOBAL-CARBON-CYCLE. Rowe,-G.T.;Pariente,-V.-eds. DORDRECHT-NETHERLANDS KLUWER-ACADEMIC-PUBLISHERS 1992 vol. 360 pp. 375-393

ST: NATO-ASI-SER.-SER.-C:-MATH.-PHYS.-SCI. vol. 360

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: I review the processes controlling particle mixing in sediments at water depths greater than 1000 m, and discuss variations in these processes on a variety of space and time scales. In addition, I outline impacts of these variations on seafloor models of particulate-organic carbon (POC) diagenesis. Recent literature and scaling arguments suggest that deposit feeding typically controls the biological mixing of near-shore, and presumably, deep-sea sediments. Resultant bioturbation rates vary dramatically with particle quality; small and/or recently sedimented particles can be mixed at least 10 times faster than larger and/or older sediment grains. This variability requires careful selection of mixing tracers for use in modeling studies of organic-carbon diagenesis. Bioturbation in at least one deep-sea site (the Santa Catalina Basin) is highly variable on horizontal scales of meters due to the activities of megabenthos; scaling arguments suggest megabenthos may be similarly important to mixing in many deep-sea sediments. At the regional scale, a community-level synthesis suggests there are strong positive correlations between seafloor POC flux and bioturbation. In particular, an equation relating faunal body size, abundance, and sediment POC content predicts a greater than or equal to 10-fold decline in bioturbation rates, for a given tracer, along the JGOFS equatorial Pacific transect (from 0 to 10 degree N along 140 degree W) and the VERTEX transect (from the California slope to the North Pacific gyre); these predictions are in agreement with limited existing super(210)Pb data. Finally, I suggest that seasonal pulses of phytodetritus, such as observed in the temperate North Atlantic, may have large (and spatially patchy) positive and negative effects on deep-sea bioturbation rates. Seasonal studies of bioturbation are necessary to elucidate the impacts of such detrital pulses on POC and biomarker burial at the ocean floor.

AN: 3531318

165 of 362

TI: Large aggregate flux and fate at the seafloor: Diagenesis during the rebound process

AU: Walsh,-I.D.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843 USA

CO: NATO Advanced Research Workshop, College Station, TX (USA), 2-6 Apr 1991

SO: DEEP-SEA-FOOD-CHAINS-AND-THE-GLOBAL-CARBON-CYCLE. Rowe,-G.T.;Pariente,-V.-eds. DORDRECHT-NETHERLANDS KLUWER-ACADEMIC-PUBLISHERS 1992 vol. 360 pp. 365-373

ST: NATO-ASI-SER.-SER.-C:-MATH.-PHYS.-SCI. vol. 360

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Near-bottom sediment traps have been found to record higher fluxes of biogenic material than do traps in the mid-water column. The resuspension of biogenic-rich particles prior to their incorporation into the sediment, a process termed "rebound," was inferred to be the cause (Walsh et al., 1988a). Recent work with camera systems that quantitatively image aggregate (particles with diameters greater than or equal to 0.5 mm) concentrations in the water column have established the presence of the benthic aggregate nepheloid layers implied by the rebound model (Gardner and Walsh, 1990; Walsh, 1990). The diagenetic effect of the rebound process is to increase the residence time of primary flux material above the sediment water interface. If the residence time of aggregates above the sediment water interface is 30 days, the diagenetic loss of the major biogenic components, assuming first-order decay at mid-water column rates, is approximately 20 to 60% of the organic carbon flux, 15 to 30% of the calcium carbonate flux and 10 to 40% of the biogenic opal flux.

AN: 3531317

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TI: Particle export and resuspension fluxes in the western North Altantic

AU: Gardner,-W.D.; Richardson,-M.J.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843 USA

CO: NATO Advanced Research Workshop, College Station, TX (USA), 2-6 Apr 1991

SO: DEEP-SEA-FOOD-CHAINS-AND-THE-GLOBAL-CARBON-CYCLE. Rowe,-G.T.;Pariente,-V.-eds. DORDRECHT-NETHERLANDS KLUWER-ACADEMIC-PUBLISHERS 1992 vol. 360 pp. 339-364

ST: NATO-ASI-SER.-SER.-C:-MATH.-PHYS.-SCI. vol. 360

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed at several locations throughout the Western North Atlantic to measure export and resuspension fluxes. Unpublished nephelometer profiles were examined prior to each cruise and water samples were filtered during each cruise to determine the distribution of particles in the water column, especially the nepheloid layer. Fluxes measured in boundary layers are probably overestimates of the net flux because of secondary circulation and turbulence. Therefore, export fluxes should be measured below the surface mixed layer and above the bottom boundary layer. In areas of active resuspension it is recommended that the export flux reaching the seafloor be measured at least 500 m above bottom to avoid including a resuspension flux component. Our flux data were combined with other data published for the Western North Atlantic to look for regional trends. Seasonal variations in the export flux of organic carbon measured 1000 m above the seafloor by Deuser (1987) (0.2-4.2 mgC/cm super(2)/day) were larger than most of the spatial variations in the deep basin. Therefore, to accurately assess the spatial variations of export flux, it is necessary to measure the annual export flux, preferably in a time-series mode to determine the seasonal as well as the annual signal.

AN: 3531316

167 of 362

TI: The characterization of organic matter in abyssal sediments, pore waters and sediment traps

AU: Macko,-S.A.

AF: Dep. Environ. Sci., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

CO: NATO Advanced Research Workshop, College Station, TX (USA), 2-6 Apr 1991

SO: DEEP-SEA-FOOD-CHAINS-AND-THE-GLOBAL-CARBON-CYCLE. Rowe,-G.T.;Pariente,-V.-eds. DORDRECHT-NETHERLANDS KLUWER-ACADEMIC-PUBLISHERS 1992 vol. 360 pp. 325-338

ST: NATO-ASI-SER.-SER.-C:-MATH.-PHYS.-SCI. vol. 360

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Substantial information regarding the history, source and transfer of both carbon and nitrogen to and within the deep sea lies in the chemical and isotopic signals of organic materials. Isotopic and chemical characterization of sediment trap samples indicate that the captured particulate materials are an organic rich food source for abyssal organisms which become highly altered at or just below the sediment water interface. An enrichment in nitrogen isotopes with a decline in the amount of nitrogen that can be characterized as amino acids is indicative of the diagenetic pathway, possibly the result of peptide bond hydrolysis, followed by bacterial utilization of the free amino acids or shorter chain peptides. Nearly 100% of the nitrogen can be characterized as amino acids in sediment trap materials, whereas only approximately 2 to 4% of the nitrogen in surficial sediments could be identified as being amino acids. Porewater amino acids are chemically distinct from the bound amino acids within the sediments and are typically present at heightened levels ( mu m/L) only in the upper 10 cm of sediment. The decline in porewater amino acids correlates closely, on a molar basis, with the increase in the porewater ammonium over that depth range. Elucidation of the transfer of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep-sea food chains is facilitated through the use of stable isotopic compositions of tissues of higher trophic level animals and their potential prey items. Trophic levels in food webs are delineated by an approximately 3ppt enrichment in super(15)N with each level. Through new developments in isotope geochemistry, routine characterization of the super(13)C compositions of individual molecular components is now possible. Such a union of chemical analysis with isotopic compositions now offers a unique, extremely powerful tool in the delineation of production, and utilization of carbon compounds produced by abyssal organisms.

AN: 3531315

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TI: Metabolic potential of deep-sea animals: Regional and global scales

AU: Childress,-J.J.; Thuesen,-E.V.

AF: Dep. Biol. Sci., Univ. California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

CO: NATO Advanced Research Workshop, College Station, TX (USA), 2-6 Apr 1991

SO: DEEP-SEA-FOOD-CHAINS-AND-THE-GLOBAL-CARBON-CYCLE. Rowe,-G.T.;Pariente,-V.-eds. DORDRECHT-NETHERLANDS KLUWER-ACADEMIC-PUBLISHERS 1992 vol. 360 pp. 217-236

ST: NATO-ASI-SER.-SER.-C:-MATH.-PHYS.-SCI. vol. 360

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The vertical transport of organic carbon in zooplankton and micronekton is significant but is not recorded in studies that rely on measurements of particles caught in sediment traps. The energy metabolism of pelagic vertical migrators results in the production of CO sub(2) in deep water, but CO sub(2) production is currently estimated from the differences in particle fluxes at different depths. We review the factors that affect metabolic rates and the use of enzyme assays to estimate metabolic rates and conclude that a combination of these methods would enable one to estimate the in situ metabolic rates of all major pelagic zooplankton and micronekton groups. These data could, if used with appropriate biomass estimates, enable calculation of the contribution of these animals' respiration to global carbon flux and be a first step in evaluating their total role in the global carbon cycle.

AN: 3531308

169 of 362

TI: Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment-trap material, and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary

AU: Sigleo,-A.C.; Shultz,-D.J.

AF: Pac. Ecosyst. Branch, U.S. EPA, Newport, OR 97365-5260, USA

CO: 11. Bienn. Int. Estuarine Research Conf., San Francisco, CA (USA), 10-14 Nov 1991

SO: TRACE-CONTAMINANTS-AND-NUTRIENTS-IN-ESTUARIES. 1993 vol. 16, no. 3A pp. 405-415

ST: ESTUARIES vol. 16, no. 3A

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: Sediment trap deployments in estuaries provide a method for estimating the amount of organic material transported to the sediments from the euphotic zone. The amino acid composition of suspended particles, benthic sediment, and sediment-trap material collected at 2.4 m, 5.8 m, and 7.9 m depths in the Potomac Estuary was determined in stratified summer waters, and in well-mixed oxygenated waters (DO) in late fall. The total vertical flow, or flux, of material into the top traps ranged from 3 g/m super(2)/d in August to 4.9 g/m super(2)/d in October. The carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased in the deepest traps relative to the surface traps during both sampling periods, along with that of the total material flux (up to 47.3 g/m super(2)/d in the deepest trap), although the actual weight percent of organic carbon and organic nitrogen decreased with depth. Amino acid concentrations ranged from 129 mg/g in surface water particulate material to 22 mg/g in particulate material in 9-m-deep waters and in the benthic sediment. Amino acid concentrations from 2.4-m-depth sediment traps averaged 104 plus or minus 29 mg/g in stratified waters and 164 plus or minus 81 mg/g in well-mixed waters. The deep trap samples averaged 77.3 plus or minus 4.8 mg/g amino acids in summer waters and 37 plus or minus 16 mg/g in oxygenated fall waters. Amino acids comprised 13% to 39% of the organic carbon and 12% to 89% of the organic nitrogen in these samples. Analysis of the flux results suggest that resuspension combined with lateral advection from adjacent slopes can account for up to 27% of the material in the deep traps when the estuary was well-mixed and unstratified. When the estuary was stratified in late summer, the amino acid carbon produced by primary productivity in the euphotic zone decreased by 85% (86% for total organic carbon) at the pycnocline at 6 m depth, leaving up to 15% of the vertical organic flux available for benthic sediment deposition.

AN: 3530945

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TI: Annual biogenic particle fluxes to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean; studied at 34 degree N 21 degree W and 48 degree N 21 degree W

AU: Honjo,-S.; Manganini,-S.J.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02453, USA

SO: JGOFS:-THE-NORTH-ATLANTIC-BLOOM-EXPERIMENT. Ducklow,-H.W.;Harris,-R.P.-eds. 1993 vol. 40, no. 1-2 pp. 587-607

ST: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. vol. 40, no. 1-2

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In order to clarify the annual quality, quantity and export process of biogenic particles from the euphotic zone to the deep ocean interior, an array of automated time-series sediment traps were deployed for 1 year from 4 April 1989 to 17 April 1990 at 34 degree N 21 degree W and 48 degree N 21 degree W as part of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Program (JGOFS) North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (NABE). Three sediment traps with 13 time-series sediment collectors were placed at both stations approximately 1 and 2 km below the surface and 0.7 km above the bottom. They collected settling particles during 26 14-day intervals for 376 days with an 20-day hiatus in September-October 1989 for changeover of the trap moorings. The collection periods of the six traps were synchronized, forming a spatio-temporal matrix of 156 samples. The annual mass flux at about 2 km deep during this experiment was 22 and 27 g/m super(2)/y at the 34 and 48 degree N stations, consisting of biogenic particles with traceable quantities of lithogenic particle flux. The spring particle bloom, characterized by the sedimentation of particles relatively enriched by N sub(org), began in January at the 34 degree N station and in March at the 48 degree N station. The bloom continued for 4.5 and 3 months and provided 62 and 50% of the annual biogenic particle mass flux at 2 km at the 34 and 48 degree N stations. The surface bloom penetrated to the ocean interior within a few weeks, with apparently accelerated settling speed at deeper layers. The order of susceptibility of biogenic elements to mineralization while settling in the 1-0.7 km a.b. water column was, from least to most resistant: P, N sub(org), C sub(org), Si and Ca. The C/N/P ratio at 0.7 km a.b. was 154 : 18 : 1 at the 34 degree N station and 148 : 18 : 1 at the 48 degree N station.

AN: 3530699

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TI: The role of plankton in particle flux: Two case studies from the Northeast Atlantic

AU: Passow,-U.; Peinert,-R.

AF: Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA

SO: JGOFS:-THE-NORTH-ATLANTIC-BLOOM-EXPERIMENT. Ducklow,-H.W.;Harris,-R.P.-eds. 1993 vol. 40, no. 1-2 pp. 573-585

ST: DEEP-SEA-RES.-2-TOP.-STUD.-OCEANOGR. vol. 40, no. 1-2

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The relationship between the vertical flux of microplankton and its standing stock in the upper ocean was determined in the subtropical (33 degree N, 21 degree W) and tropical (18 degree N, 30 degree W) northeast Atlantic in spring 1989 as part of the North Atlantic Bloom Experiment. In the subtropical area specific sedimentation rates at all depths were low (0.1% of standing stock) and 10-20% of settled particulate organic carbon (POC) was viable diatoms. The high contribution of viable diatoms, their empty frustules and tintinnid loricae to settled material characterized a system in transition between a diatom bloom sedimentation event and an oligotrophic summer situation. In the tropical area specific sedimentation rates were similar, but absolute rates (3 mg C/m super(2)/day) were only about a third of those in the subtropical area. Microplankton carbon contributed only 2-6% to POC. Hard parts of heterotrophs found embedded in amorphous detrital matter suggest that particles had passed through a complex food web prior to sedimentation. Coccolithophorids, not diatoms dominated the autotrophic fraction in traps, and a shift in the composition of autotrophs may indicate a perturbation of the oligotrophic system.

AN: 3530698

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TI: Nitrogen circulation in the water column in the Oyashio region with reference to its high productivity

AU: Matsukawa,-Y.; Sasaki,-K.

AF: Natl. Res. Inst. Fish. Sci., Kachidoki 5-5-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan

SO: J.-OCEANOGR.-SOC.-JAPAN-NIHON-KAIYO-GAKKAI 1991 vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 265-275

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In order to determine quantitatively the reason for the high productivity in the Oyashio Region, which is the southwest part of the Pacific Subarctic Region, the annual-mean vertical circulation of nitrogen in the region was estimated from the vertical profiles of nitrate, dissolved oxygen and salinity, and sediment-trap data by adapting them to the balance equations. Estimates of the upwelling velocity (1.7 x 10 super(-5) cm/sec) and the vertical diffusivity (2.1 cm super(2)/sec) in the abyssal zone and the primary and secondary productivities (44 and 4 mgN/m super(2)/day, respectively) in the euphotic zone were close to those of previous works. The estimated vertical circulation of nitrogen strongly suggested that, since the divergence (5 mgN/m super(2)/day) is caused by the abyssal convergence (6 mgN/m super(2)/day) and the positive precipitation, the local new production (22 mgN/m super(2)/day) necessarily exceeds not only the sinking flux (10 mgN/m super(2)/day) itself but also the sum of the sinking flux and the downward diffusion of dissolved and particulate organic matter (7 mgN/m super(2)/day) produced probably in the euphotic zone. The important roles of the abyssal circulation, the winter convection, and the metabolic activity in the bathyal zone to support the high productivity in the euphotic zone were clarified quantitatively.

AN: 3520358

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TI: Particulate organic carbon supply to the sea bottom: Stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of the sediment trap samples at the mouth of Otsuchi Bay, northeastern Japan

AU: Kojima,-S.; Ohta,-S.

AF: Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo Minamidai 1-chome 15-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, Japan

SO: J.-OCEANOGR.-SOC.-JAPAN-NIHON-KAIYO-GAKKAI 1989 vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 361-368

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An array of sediment traps was deployed for the analysis of the pattern of particulate organic carbon (POC) supply to the sea bottom in April, May and July 1988 at the mouth of Otsuchi Bay (about 80 m depth), northeastern Japan. On the basis of a simple two-component mixing model using stable carbon isotope ratios, the POC flux was separated into marine planktonic and terrestrial components. Both the planktonic and terrestrial POC fluxes had maximum values at 30 m above the sea bottom throughout the three experiments. The planktonic POC flux showed a significant decrease with depth between 30 m and 10 m or 5 m above the bottom. Vertical supply of the planktonic POC and supply of the resuspended planktonic POC were estimated on the basis of regression lines between water depth and the planktonic POC flux in the depth range where the flux decreases with depth. Vertical supply of the planktonic POC and supply of the resuspended planktonic POC to the sea bottom were largest in May (52.1 mgC/m super(2)/d and 19.5 mgC/m super(2)/ at 5 m above the sea bottom), and horizontal supplies of the terrestrial POC were almost constant (31.9 plus or minus 3.5 mgC/m super(2)/d at 5 m above the bottom) throughout the three experiments.

AN: 3518608

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TI: Effect of shape of sediment trap on measurement of vertical flux of particles: Preliminary results

AU: Taguchi,-S.; Saito,-H.; Kasai,-H.

AF: Hokkaido, Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., 116, Katsurakoi, Kushiro 085, Japan

CA: National Inst. of Polar Research, Tokyo (Japan)

CO: 14. Symposium on Polar Biology, Tokyo (Japan), 4-5 Dec 1991

SO: PROC.-NIPR-SYMP.-POLAR-BIOL. 1993 no. 6, pp. 1-5

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Settling experiments were conducted to study sinking characteristics of phytoplankton cells within sediment traps. Simulated traps with three different shapes, i.e. cylindrical and conical shape with 75 and 60 degree angles, were employed for laboratory experiments. Navicula sp. as non-motile species and Tetraselmis sp. as motile one were employed for the experiment. Vertical flux of phytoplankton cells was determined continuously with a fluorometer. The present study indicated that conical shape traps caused underestimation of flux and the degree of underestimation was a function of wall angles. The underestimation was accelerated for Tetraselmis sp. The present results may suggest that a deployment of conical shape traps with collectors at the bottom would seriously underestimate the vertical flux of particles in the ocean.

AN: 3515191

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TI: A new subgenus of neritid gastropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California, Mexico

AU: Squires,-R.L.

AF: Dep. Geol. Sci., California State Univ., Northridge, CA 91330, USA

SO: J.-PALEONTOL. 1993 vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1085-1088

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Numerous specimens of the neritid gastropod Nerita (Bajanerita) n. subgen. californiensis (White, 1885) are present in the Upper Cretaceous Rosario Formation at Punta Banda, Baja California, Mexico. Marincovich (1975) assigned these strata to a Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian age. The strata contain extensive biostromal deposits of the caprinid rudistid bivalve Coralliochama orcutti White, 1885, that probably lived below mean wave base in a shallow-water, low-energy environment periodically affected by storm waves or currents (Marincovich, 1975). The nearby shoreline was apparently defined by steep wave-washed bedrock cliffs and local pocket beaches that formed along the margin of a forearc basin (Yeo, 1984). Scattered about in the sandstone matrix among the rudistid remains are the small-sized specimens of N. (B.) californiensis, which commonly weather out as resistant, complete shells on the surface of the rock. Saul (1970) concluded that the neritid and other shallow-water gastropods at Punta Banda accumulated in sediment-trapping depressions within the Coralliochama buildups. These gastropods had originally roamed over the algal pastures of these buildups. The color patterns preserved on many of the specimens of N. (B.) californiensis also provide evidence that the depth of water was shallow and within the photic zone. Furthermore, Sohl (1971) reported that Campanian and Maastrichtian gastropod assemblages of the Baja California region are mostly associated with rudist buildups, and warm-water rocky intertidal neritids area among the dominant faunal elements. Lowenstam and Epstein (1959), using oxygen-isotope studies of an ammonite, suggested that the Punta Banda rudistids lived at a marginally tropical temperature of about 19 degree C.

AN: 3514947

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TI: Effects of poisons and preservatives on the composition of organic matter in a sediment trap experiment

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.; Hedges,-J.I.; Lee,-C.; Pease,-T.K.

AF: Skidaway Inst. Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1993 vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 669-696

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes and molecular compositions of a group of major biochemical classes (lipids, lignin, pigments, amino acids, and carbohydrates) were compared among sediment traps treated with different poisons and preservatives and deployed for 1-2 months in a coastal marine environment. Fluxes and compositions of biochemicals were significantly more variable than bulk particle fluxes and elemental compositions. This observation was attributed to a greater influence of dead zooplankton "swimmers" in treated traps rather than differences in microbial decomposition due to the various treatments. Molecular compositions, especially of lipids, confirm the influence of zooplankton swimmers on the biochemical composition of the particulate material in treated traps compared to untreated controls even when large swimmers had been removed. An inventory of the major biochemicals we measured accounted for 25-45% of the organic carbon in our samples, with amino acids and sugars making up the bulk (80-90%) of the identified carbon.

AN: 3510030

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TI: Effects of poisons and preservatives on the fluxes and elemental compositions of sediment trap materials

AU: Hedges,-J.I.; Lee,-C.; Wakeham,-S.G.; Hernes,-P.J.; Peterson,-M.H.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr., WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1993 vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 651-668

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Bulk particle fluxes and organic elemental compositions were compared among sediment traps treated with different poisons and preservatives. The traps (3:1 open cylinders) were deployed for 1-2 months at 30 and 60 m depths in a coastal marine environment. The tested treatments included mercuric chloride, mixed antibiotics, sodium azide, formalin, chloroform, and salt, along with untreated controls. Fluxes of bulk particulate material and weight percentages of organic carbon measured for differently treated traps deployed simultaneously at the same depth both varied by an average of plus or minus 8% of the mean value. Great numbers of large (> 850 mu m) zooplankton swimmers were removed by sieving from bulk sediment trap samples treated with formalin and mercuric chloride, and to a lesser extent from those treated with azide and chloroform. The < 850 mu m "sediment" fractions of the formalin- and mercuric chloride-treated samples were characterized by slightly elevated %OC concentrations and lowered (C/N) ratios, apparently resulting from smaller swimmers that were not separated by sieving. Overall, problems involved with sample and treatment washout, and swimmer artifacts in poisoned traps affected measured fluxes and elemental compositions more than differences that could be clearly attributed to microbial degradation.

AN: 3510024

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TI: Seasonal patterns of vertical particle flux in equatorial and coastal upwelling areas of the eastern Atlantic

AU: Wefer,-G.; Fischer,-G.

AF: Fachbereich Geowissenschaft., Klagenfurter Str., Univ. Bremen, 28359 Bremen, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1993 vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1613-1645

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Eight time-series sediment traps were deployed on moored arrays of Mauritania (Cap Blanc), in the northern and southern Guinea Basin, and off Namibia (Walvis Ridge). The highest total fluxes, as well as carbonate and biogenic opal fluxes were recorded at the two coastal sites, off Mauritania and off Namibia, respectively. Intermediate rates were recorded north and low rates south of the equator. Surprisingly, carbonate-producing organisms dominated total fluxes at all sites, whereas biogenic opal was only a minor contributor. The most distinct flux maxima were in July-August both at the Cap Blanc and the northern Guinea Basin site (2 degree N). Carbonate fluxes also peaked during that period. In contrast, highest opal fluxes were measured there in late winter/early spring.

AN: 3509979

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TI: A biomarker perspective on prymnesiophyte productivity in the northeast Pacific Ocean

AU: Prahl,-F.G.; Collier,-R.B.; Dymond,-J.; Lyle,-M.; Sparrow,-M.A.

AF: Coll. Oceanic and Atmos. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP. 1993 vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 2061-2076

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Long-chain alkenones derived from prymnesiophyte algae were anlaysed in 1-year sediment trap time series (September 1987-1988) from three sites along a 630 km ofshore transect at similar to 42 degree N in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Biomarker flux monitored at 1000 m water depth was evident throughout the year at all sites and showed a consistent seasonal maximum in late spring which increased in amplitude with distance offshore. The integrated annual biomarker flux was constant along the transect, despite differences in seasonality between sites. Alkenone unsaturation patterns were remarkably uniform throughout the time series, reflecting an algal growth temperature of 10.6 plus or minus 1.1 degree C. This value corresponds to regional water temperature at the sea-surface in winter. It recurs in seasonal upwelling near the coast and at the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum offshore during seasons of stratification. These biomarker observations, interpreted in view of trap data for total organic (TOC) and inorganic carbon and ancillary hydrographic information, help to clarify seasonal productivity patterns for alkenone-producing prymnesiophytes in the northeast Pacific Ocean.

AN: 3509513

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TI: Maintenance guidelines for accumulated sediments in retention/detentions ponds receiving highway runoff

AU: Yousef,-Y.A.; Lin,-L.; Sloat,-J.V.; Kaye,-K.Y.

CA: University of Central Florida, Orlando, (USA). Dep. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences

SO: 1991 210 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: PB91-236042/GAR. FL/DOT/RMC-0381/3286

RN: FL-ER-47-91 (FLER4791)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A two year study funded by FDOT and FHWA was conducted to investigate sedimentation rates, heavy metal enrichment (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn) and leaching of metals using TCLP methodology by U.S. EPA from accumulated bottom sediments in detention/retention ponds. These studies assist in developing criteria for maintenance guidelines. Nine ponds covering the state of Florida from Ocala to Miami were studied. The accumulated top loose sediments exhibited higher percent moisture and % volatile matter and lower density than the underlying firm soil. They also showed higher nutrient content and heavy metal content. Metals are retained in the sediments and TCLP results suggest that these sediments are not hazardous waste. Therefore, land disposal of dredged sediments could be possible. A predictive empirical model for the accumulated sediment rates was developed to assist in the determination of the clean out cycle. The calculated clean out cycles for study ponds averaged 25 years. (Contract FDOT-997900-7490 See also PB87-190542. Prepared in cooperation with Federal Highway Administration, Tallahassee, FL. Florida Div. Sponsored by Florida State Dept. of Transportation, Tallahassee. Bureau of Environment.)

AN: 3509144

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TI: Particle fluxes in the Bay of Bengal measured by sediment traps

AU: Ramaswamy,-V.; Parthiban,-G.

AF: NIO, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

CO: Seminar on Geoscientific Studies in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, Calcutta, West Bengal (India), 9-11 Oct 1990

SO: RECENT-GEOSCIENTIFIC-STUDIES-IN-THE-BAY-OF-BENGAL-AND-THE-ANDAMAN-SEA.-PAPERS-PRESENTED-IN-THE-SEMINAR-HELD-ON-OCTOBER-9-11,-1990-AT-CALCUTTA. Geological-Surv.-of-India,-Calcutta-India Calcutta-India GSI 1992 no. 29 pp. 25-32

ST: GEOL.-SURV.-INDIA-SPEC.-PUBL. no. 29

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particle fluxes were measured between October, 1987 and March, 1988 using six automated time series sediment traps at three locations in the northern, central and southern Bay of Bengal. Particle fluxes varied between 16.8 and 345 mg/m super(2)/day with generally higher fluxes during December and January. Annual fluxes decreased from 41.2 g/m super(2)/y in the northern Bay of Bengal to 19.69 g/m super(2)/y in the southern Bay of Bengal. As compared to the Arabian Sea, the observed particle fluxes in the Bay of Bengal are higher by a factor of 1.5 despite the fact that the primary productivity here is lower. In the central and southern Bay of Bengal, the deeper traps show much higher fluxes compared to the shallow traps indicating significant lateral transport and scavenging of particles in the water column.

AN: 3504260

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TI: Determining primary production from the mesoscale oxygen field

AU: Emerson,-S.; Quay,-P.; Stump,-C.; Wilbur,-D.; Schudlich,-R.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr. WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

CO: Int. Symp. on Measurement of Primary Production from the Molecular to the Global Scale, La Rochelle (France), 21-24 Apr 1992

SO: MEASUREMENT-OF-PRIMARY-PRODUCTION-FROM-THE-MOLECULAR-TO-THE-GLOBAL-SCALE.-PROCEEDINGS-OF-A-SYMPOSIUM-HELD-IN-LA-ROCHELLE,-21-24-APRIL-1992. COPENHAGEN-DENMARK ICES 1993 vol. 197 pp. 196-206

ST: ICES-MAR.-SCI.-SYMP. vol. 197

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Net biological oxygen production can be determined from models of time-series measurements of the oxygen field, so long as there are simultaneous measurements of inert gas tracers to estimate the role of air-water transfer and mixing with the ocean interior. In the two locations where this has been done, the oxygen balance yields net nutrient production values that are within a factor of three of sediment trap and in vitro incubation experiments. Initial findings from a similar study at the US JGOFS time-series station near Hawaii (Station ALOHA) reveal that nitrogen uptake determined by net biological O sub(2) production in the upper 175 m, which includes both the euphotic and shallow respiration zones, agrees to within a factor of two of the mean annual sediment trap N flux at 150 m. Poorly known processes that should be explored to reconcile differences in the various methods are: (a) transport of dissolved and suspended particulate organic matter out of the euphotic zone, (b) alteration of O sub(2):DIC:NO super(-) sub(3) stoichiometry in the euphotic zone by production of carbon-rich dissolved organic matter, and (c) bacterial heterotrophic NO super(-) sub(3) uptake.

AN: 3039046

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TI: Gross sedimentation rates in the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition: Effects of stratification, wind energy transfer, and resuspension

AU: Lund-Hansen,-L.C.; Pejrup,-M.; Valeur,-J.; Jensen,-A.

AF: Dep. Earth Sci., Aarhus Univ., Build 520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA 1993 vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 205-212

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Gross sedimentation rates (GSR) were measured using sediment traps placed at different levels above the seabed (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 m) at a water depth of 17 m. The traps were deployed for 1.25 year. The study was carried out at a location in the semi-enclosed Aarhus Bay, in the southwestern part of the Kattegat, which forms the transitional zone between the highly saline (32-34) North Sea and the less saline (15-20) Baltic Sea. Hydrographic conditions in the Aarhus Bay are dominated by significant changes in salinity during the year, and the water column was stratified for 80 % of the time. High GSR values were recorded near the seabed with a mean of 114.8 (g/m super(2)/day) at 0.3 m above the seabed, whereas low GSR values were recorded in the upper traps with a mean of 5.5 (g/m super(2)/day) at 10 m above the seabed. The density difference between surface and bottom water was used as a stratification parameter. A strong negative correlation between stratification and wind energy transfer was found. A net sedimentation rate given by the Pb-210 method (2.5 g/m super(2)/day) was low compared to the high GSR near the seabed (114.8 g/m super(2)/day), this difference being primarily due to resuspension by currents and waves.

AN: 3027216

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TI: (East Atlantic 91/92--Expedition Cruise No. 20, M 20/1 and M 20/2 18 November 1991-3 February 1992.)

OT: Ostatlantik 91/92--Expedition Reise Nr. 20, M 20/1 und M 20/2, 18 November 1991-3 Februar 1992

AU: Wefer,-G.; Schulz,-H.D.

AF: Geowiss. Univ. Bremen, Postfach 33 04 40, D-W 2800 Bremen 33, FRG

SO: METEOR-BER. 1993 no. 93-2, 248 pp

LA: German

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The METEOR-Cruise No. 20 consisted of three cruise legs, the first two were carried out by the SFB 261 of Bremen University with the goal of collecting data and sample material from the eastern Equatorial Atlantic. The third leg from Dakar to Las Palmas was carried out by the Bundesanstalt fuer Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. Their goals were the exploration of the observed weak magnetic anomalies in the Jurassic magnetic quiet zone off Marokko and the investigation of the variability of the mesozoic oceanic crust.

AN: 3024599

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TI: Variations of sediment dynamics in Algoa Bay during the Holocene

AU: Illenberger,-W.K.

AF: Inst. Coast. Res., Geol. Dep., Univ. Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth, 6000, South Africa

CO: 10. Sasqua Biennial Conference, P Elizabeth (South Africa), 2-5 Jul 1991

SO: S.-AFR.-J.-SCI.-S.-AFR.-TYDSKR.-WET. 1993 vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 187-195

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The sediment dynamics of Algoa Bay involves sediment supplied by rivers, the coastal sand transport system (longshore drift and headland-bypass dunefields), sand sinks (coastal dunefields), and biogenic production of calcium carbonate. The Sundays and Swartkops Rivers are the main river systems delivering sediment to Algoa Bay and its beaches, supplying mud, sand, pebbles, cobbles and even small boulders. During river floods, mud passes through the coastal zone and settles in deep waters in the bay and beyond. It is by far the largest proportion of the sediment spectrum. At other times mud plays an almost negligible role in the sediment dynamics of Algoa Bay. Roughly a quarter of the coastal sand in transit along the coastline of Algoa Bay is supplied by the Swartkops and Sundays Rivers; a quarter is biogenic calcium carbonate produced in the coastal zone; the remainder comes from the coast west of Cape Recife via longshore drift. In the geologic past, the total amount of sand in the area varied according to climatically induced natural erosion cycles which resulted in sediment pulses. In the historic past, human activities have had a major impact on sediment dynamics along the greater eastern Cape coastline. Soil erosion was accelerated, leading to greatly increased fluvial sediment yields. At present coastal erosion is occurring at various places along the eastern Cape coast, mainly due to dunefield stabilization and breakwater construction, both of which interfere with the natural coastal sand transport system. This erosion can be expected to get worse when the sediment-trapping effect of dams is felt on the coast.

AN: 3022989

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TI: The expedition ANTARKTIS X/3 of RV "Polarstern" in 1992.

OT: Die Expedition ANTARKTIS X/3 mit FS "Polarstern" 1992

AU: Spindler,-M.; Dieckmann,-G.; Thomas,-D.

AF: Inst. Polaroekol., Univ. Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, FRG

SO: BER.-POLARFORSCH.-REP.-POLAR.-RES. 1993 no. 121, 122 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: (DBO)

AN: 3021488

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TI: Open ocean pelago-benthic coupling: Cyanobacteria as tracers of sedimenting salp faeces.

AU: Pfannkuche,-O.; Lochte,-K.

AF: Inst. Hydrobiol. Fischereiwiss., Univ. Hamburg, Zeiseweg 9, 2000 Hamburg 50, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 727-737

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Coupling between surface water plankton and abyssal benthos was investigated during a mass development of salps (Salpa fusiformis ) in the Northeast Atlantic. Cyanobacteria numbers and composition of photosynthetic pigments were determined in faeces of captured salps from surface waters, sediment trap material, detritus from plankton hauls, surface sediments from 4500-4800 m depth and Holothurian gut contents. Cyanobacteria were found in all samples containing salp faeces and also in the guts of deep-sea Holothuria. The ratio between zeaxanthin (typical of cyanobacteria) and sum of chlorophyll a pigments was higher in samples from the deep sea when compared to fresh salp faeces, indicating that this carotenoid persisted longer in the sedimenting material than total chlorophyll a pigments. The microscopic and chemical observations allowed us to trace sedimenting salp faeces from the epipelagial to the abyssal benthos, and demonstrated their role as a fast and direct link between both systems. Cyanobacteria may provide a simple tracer for sedimenting phytodetritus.

AN: 2996793

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TI: Annual cycles of mass flux and isotopic composition of pteropod shells settling into the deep Sargasso Sea.

AU: Jasper,-J.P.; Deuser,-W.G.

AF: Biogeochem. Lab., Dep. Chem. Geol. Sci., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 653-669

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Mass fluxes and stable isotopic compositions ( delta super(18)O and delta super(13)C) of pteropod shells collected during a 6-year series of 2-month sediment-trap deployments in the deep (3.2 km) Sargasso Sea provide information on annual population changes, habitat depths and life spans of thecosome pteropods (Euthecosomata). The flux of pteropod shells responds to the annual cycle of primary production in the upper ocean. Flux maxima of the shells (> 1 mm) of eight species occur from late winter through autumn. Seasonal changes in the hydrography of the upper water column are quite accurately recorded in the delta super(18)O variations of six perennial species, which generally confirm the distinction between non-migratory (Creseis acicula, Creseis virgula conica , and Diacria quadridentata ) and diurnally migratory taxa (Styliola subula, Cuvierina columnella , and Clio pyramidata ). Isotopic records of C. acicula and C. virgula conica are consistent with shell formation above 50 m. The records of the migratory species reflect what appear to be average calcification depths of 50-75 m. Average annual delta super(13)C variations reveal the annual cycles of primary production and stratification of near-surface waters. Adult life spans of the species studied appear to be no more than a few months. The results of this study should be useful in paleoceanographic reconstructions based on isotopic measurements of sedimentary pteropod shells.

AN: 2996789

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TI: Impact of atmospheric deposition on particulate iron flux and distribution in northwestern Mediterranean waters.

AU: Quetel,-C.R.; Remoudaki,-E.; Davies,-J.E.; Miquel,-J.-C.; Fowler,-S.W.; Lambert,-C.E.; Bergametti,-G.; Buat-Menard,-P.

AF: Cent. Faibles Radioactivites, Lab. Mixte CNRS-CEA. Av. de la Terrasse, domaine du CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 989-1002

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Iron distribution can be significantly influenced by the interactions between atmospheric inputs and internal recycling within the water column. This question was investigated in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea as part of the French DYFAMED program. Sediment traps were moored at 80, 200 and 1000 m depth at 42 degree 44'N. 8 degree 31'E during 1986-1987 to collect settling particles in which iron was analysed. During the same sampling period, concurrent atmospheric deposition fluxes of iron were measured at Capo Cavallo, Corsica, 20 nautical miles from our marine sampling site. Some short but intense atmospheric inputs (1.5-2.4 mg/m super(2)/day during 5-20 consecutive days) of mineral matter from Africa are shown to be sufficient to explain the yearly particulate iron flux leaving surface waters at 200 m depth. Zooplanktonic grazing activity, particularly intense from April to June, is mostly responsible for the sedimentation of iron. Faecal pellets control the total iron flux because they incorporate both iron associated with alumino-silicates (refractory particulate iron) and most of iron associated with biological material (biogenic iron). There was about 3300 ppm of iron in the organic matter collected by the sediment traps at 200 m during summer and fall. At 1000 m depth this concentration was greater by a factor of 2. During the same period, the calculated ratio of refractory particulate iron (Fe sub(REFR)) to particulate aluminium for the large particles at 80 and 200 m depth (Fe sub(REFR)/Al) sub(TRAP) = 0.43), was lower than the Fe/Al ratio usually measured in the Saharan aerosol (0.5 < Fe/Al < 0.7). This observation is underscored by the amplitude of the dissolved/particulate exchanges and suggests that most of the iron associated with sinking organic matter is provided by atmospheric input.

AN: 2996782

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TI: The bioaccumulation and resuspension of sediment-associated organic contaminants, benzo(a)pyrene and 2-chloro-biphenyl by the terebellid polychaete Loimia medusa .

AU: Anderson,-G.W.; Schaffner,-L.C.

AF: Coll. William and Mary/Virginia Inst. Mar. Sci., Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA

CO: ASLO and SWS 1993 Annu. Meet., Edmonton, AB (Canada), 30 May-3 Jun 1993

SO: ASLO-AND-SWS-1993-ANNUAL-MEETING.-ABSTRACTS. USA ASLO-SWS 1993. vp

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The objective of this experiment was to measure the bioaccumulation and resuspension of sediment associated organic contaminant by the polychaete Loimia medusa . Three aquaria were set up in the lab, each with five L. medusae , two were dosed with organic contaminants, radiolabeled with Tritium and Carbon-14. The other was left blank and used as a control. Sediment traps were placed in each aquarium to measure the amount of sediment resuspended into the water column at several different heights. After ten days, the animals were removed and dissected. Gut, gametes, and epidermis were removed and processed to measure the amount of organic contaminants that had accumulated in each tissue type using a scintillation counter. The sediment in the traps were processed also and the amount of organic contaminants was determined using the scintillation counter as well.

AN: 2989834

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TI: Saharan dust influenced trace element fluxes in deep North Atlantic subtropical waters.

AU: Kremling,-K.; Streu,-P.

AF: Inst. Meereskunde, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, W-2300 Kiel, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1155-1168

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate fluxes of aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, lead, vanadium and zinc in the northeast subtropical Atlantic Ocean have been determined from sediment trap samples collected between 1 December 1986 and 30 April 1987 at 1020 and 4120 m below the ocean surface. The fluxes of most elements (except Cd and P) show small variations between the different layers, and are closely associated with the vertical transport of aluminium. Elemental composition and flux rates suggest that aerosol loadings from northeast trade winds are the major contributor of these elements to depositing material. Extremely low fluxes of copper, lead and zinc also indicate that anthropogenic perturbations are of insignificant importance in this region.

AN: 2989130

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TI: Amino acid, hexosamine and carbohydrate fluxes to the deep Subarctic Pacific (Station P).

AU: Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.; Honjo,-S.; Manganini,-S.

AF: Inst. Biogeochem. Mar. Chem., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 547-560

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap samples covering the period from September 1982 to September 1983 at Station P in the subarctic Pacific were analysed for organic carbon, nitrogen, amino acids, hexosamines and carbohydrates. One trap was deployed at 3800 m water depth for the whole period and a second trap was deployed at 1000 m from March to September 1983. Peaks of particle fluxes were observed in September-November 1982. May-June 1983 and July-September 1983. Organic compounds, used as indicators for organic matter sources and degradation, revealed that organic matter is generally least degraded during periods of maximum particle fluxes. During most of the year organic matter is derived from phytoplankton (mainly diatoms). In July to October concentrations of all measured organic compounds peak simultaneously at both trap depths, and amino acid and hexosamine fluxes are higher in the deeper trap. Spectral distributions of amino acids and hexosamines suggest that their increase is due to the addition of organic matter derived from copepods. In this case about 15% of the organic matter in the shallow trap and about 60% of the organic matter in the deep trap is contributed by copepods. The considerable enrichment of the more resistant hexosamines in the deep trap indicates that the copepods entering the traps are not active swimmers, but their decayed remains or molts.

AN: 2988457

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TI: Nitrogen transport by vertically migrating diatom mats in the North Pacific Ocean.

AU: Villareal,-T.A.; Altabet,-M.A.; Culver-Rymsza,-K.

AF: Environ. Sci. Program, Univ. Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA

SO: NATURE. 1993. vol. 363, no. 6431, pp. 709-712

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Phytoplankton production in the surface waters of stratified oceans is fed mainly by nitrogen that has been recycled within the euphotic zone. The nitrogen that is lost from surface waters as organic matter exported to the deep ocean must be balanced by inputs of new nitrogen to the upper ocean. Sediment trap studies have shown that the super(15)N/ super(14)N ratio ( delta super(15)N) of the exported organic matter is higher than that of the suspended particulates, and suggest that the rich nitrate pool below the euphotic zone is the source of "new" nitrogen for the upper ocean. Yet steep vertical concentration gradients suggest that diffusive upward transport of nitrate is extremely limited. The authors present evidence that abundant diatom (Rhizosolenia ) mats migrate vertically between surface waters and deep nitrate pools in the central North Pacific Ocean. Rising mats contain significantly larger internal nitrate pools than sinking mats. Mat delta super(15)N is similar to that of the sub-nitricline nitrate, and consistently heavier than that of near-surface particulate organic matter. Rhizosolenia mats may transport the equivalent of 50% of the new nitrogen requirements into the surface waters of the North Pacific gyre.

AN: 2985560

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TI: Measurement of suspended sediments with a wide particle-size range.

AU: Antsyferov,-S.M.

AF: Shirshov Inst. Oceanol., Acad. Sci., Moscow, Russia

SO: OCEANOL.-ACAD.-SCI.-USSR. 1991. vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 486-491

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The paper shows that 'accumulating sediment samplers' can be used to find the concentration, mass flow rate, and composition of aleuritic and pelitic particles as well as of sand particles transported in suspension by tidal currents. Field experiments were used to establish the range within which particles are nonselectively accumulated by the accumulators. The problem of selective deposition of small particles is then solved, leading to a method of converting the data obtained from the accumulators to real concentrations and mass flow rates of sediments. Recommendations are tested against independent observations.

AN: 2985124

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TI: Nd isotopes as tracers in water column particles: The western Mediterranean Sea.

AU: Grousset,-F.E.; Henry,-F.; Minster,-J.F.; Monaco,-A.

AF: UA CNRS No. 197, Dep. Geol. Oceanogr., Univ. Bordeaux I, Ave. des Facultes, 33405 Talence Cedex, France

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1990. vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 389-407

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Measurements of Nd isotopic ratios in sediment trap materials are reported on samples obtained from the western Mediterranean Sea margin (Gulf of Lions). Trap samples from two different seasons were examined. For the summer-autumn series (October), the fluvial inputs are relatively weak, and the Saharan aerosol influence is clearly identified in the particles trapped in the surface water (0-100 m). Isotopic ratios can be explained by a mixture of low values, corresponding to Saharan detrital aerosol particles, with higher radiogenic ratios similar to values reported earlier for the Mediterranean watermass, which are carried by biogenic particulate components. On the other hand, bottom layers are more probably invaded by particles coming from the shelf and the neighbouring rivers. For the winter-spring series (March), high particle fluxes coming from the distant Rhone river and advected along the shelf and margin by ocean currents, are the dominant component in the surface and intermediate trap-samples. However, the near-bottom particulate flux and the sediments reflect the more local river signature.

AN: 2984562

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TI: Seasonal radiolarian flux at the VERTEX North Pacific time-series site.

AU: Gowing,-M.M.

AF: Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-1-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1993. vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 517-545

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes of radiolarians were measured at several depths from 50 to 2000 m at 33 degree N, 139 degree W with free-floating particle interceptor traps in a series of 3-month collections from October 1986 to May 1988. Fluxes of spumellarians, nassellarians and phaeodarians were generally highest and were most variable in the upper 100 m. Patterns of flux differed among the three groups, and no clear seasonal patterns were evident, within the resolution of the methods. Standing stocks, sampled with large-volume water samples, varied little during the study period. Fluxes of each group from the base of the euphotic zone (150 m) were similar throughout the study period, as generally were fluxes from 150 to 2000 m.

AN: 2980550

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TI: Vertical flux study of settling particulate matter in Taiwan Strait, Luoyuan Bay and Xiamen Bay.

AU: Hong,-Huasheng; Xu,-Li; Guo,-Laodong

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Xiamen Univ., Xiamen 361005, People's Rep. China

SO: MAR.-SCI.-HAIYANG-KEXUE. 1993. no. 1, pp. 47-51

LA: Chinese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A simple type of sediment trap was designed and manufactured. It was deployed successfully in southern Taiwan Strait (2 stations), Luoyuan Bay, and Xiamen Bay, the obtained vertical mass flux were 1. 14, 0.933, 11.9 and 81.5 mg super(-2)d super(-1). Organic carbon flux were 73.8, 98.5, 5054 and 856 mg/m super(2).d, relationship between the flux and primary production was discussed.

AN: 2965388

198 of 362

TI: Sediment resuspension, redeposition, and focusing in a small dimictic reservoir.

AU: James,-W.F.; Barko,-J.W.

AF: Waterways Exp. Stn., Eau Galle Limnol. Lab., Box 237, Spring Valley, WI 54767, USA

SO: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI. 1993. vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1023-1028

NT: Incl. bibliogr.: 30 ref.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Rates of seston (dry mass) sedimentation, estimated from sediment traps (ST rates) and sediment cores (SC rates), were determined at four water depths to examine seasonal and annual sedimentation patterns in Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin (USA). Annual ST rates overestimated annual SC rates at water depths less than or equal to 4 m, suggesting that sediment resuspension and redeposition in relatively shallow regions of the reservoir caused the overestimate. In contrast, annual ST and SC rates were similar at depths > 4 m, suggesting minimal sediment resuspension and redeposition in deeper regions of the reservoir. Our results indicate that during autumn overturn in this reservoir, peaks in sedimentation in the deep, profundal region, estimated from sediment traps, may reflect sediment focused from shallow regions rather than sediment resuspended from the profundal region.

AN: 2963943

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TI: Seasonal associations of phytoplankton and planktic foraminifera in an upwelling region and their contribution to the seafloor.

AU: Sautter,-L.R.; Sancetta,-C.

AF: S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, 287 Meeting St., Charleston, SC 29401, USA

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1992. vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 263-278

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Seasonal occurrences of both phytoplankton and zooplankton are closely associated with upwelling and stabilization in waters overlying the San Pedro Basin. This region is situated within the Southern California Bight and is affected by variations in the general southward flowing California Current and variable intrusion of oceanic waters. Increased northerly wind stress in spring and early summer results in upwelling of deeper, nutrient-rich waters into the photic zone. A seven month time-series sediment trap experiment revealed clear patterns in seasonal succession of both phytoplankton and planktic foraminifera. Several distinct high and low flux periods occurred over the study period, some of which can be related to rapid changes in the hydrographic environment caused by upwelling and subsequent surface water stratification. Factor analysis of relative abundances of combined phytoplankton and foraminiferal taxa defines seven assemblages reflecting seven stages of production which range in duration from two to five weeks. Factor scores describe phytoplankton and foraminiferal taxa indicative of specific production stages. Periods of high flux of the more abundant diatoms and planktic foraminifera also illustrate preferred production stages and compare well with percentage-based results. A comparison of the sediment trap assemblage with local sediment from an oxygenated portion of the basin suggests that long-term phytoplankton accumulation in this region is dominated by taxa associated with winter bloom and post-upwelling bloom production, implying that brief but massive episodic events overwhelm and dominate the annually averaged diatom species assemblage found in the sediments. Foraminifera, however, are modified by dissolution to the extent that the high production periods of late spring and during upwelling are poorly represented. Rather, species indicative of early spring and post-upwelling conditions dominate the planktic foraminiferal sedimentary assemblage.

AN: 2939852

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TI: Phosphorus sedimentation in seven basins of Lake Lucerne, Switzerland.

AU: Bloesch,-J.

AF: Swiss Fed. Inst. Technol. (EAWAG), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

CO: 3. Int. Workshop on Phosphorus in Sediments, Zeist (Netherlands), 30 Sep-3 Oct 1991

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-THIRD-INTERNATIONAL-WORKSHOP-ON-PHOSPHORUS-IN-SEDIMENTS. Boers,-P.C.M.;Cappenberg,-Th.E.;Raaphorst,-W.-van-eds. 1993. vol. 253, no. 1-3 p. 319

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA. vol. 253, no. 1-3

NT: Abstract only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In 1989 sedimentation in seven basins of oligotrophic Lake Lucerne was measured by means of cylindrical traps below the epilimnion (30-50 m) and in the hypolimnion 5 m above lake bottom. The aim of this study was to evaluate horizontal P sedimentation differences and the possible causes thereof. By means of measuring autochthonous primary production, mean sestonic PP concentration, major allochthonous P inputs and the P output, and increments in bottom sediments, the fate of P in the different lake basins might be elucidated, despite the complicated morphological structure of Lake Lucerne. The annual PP flux in the seven basins ranged between 0.6 and 2.0 g PP/m super(2)/yr. PP fluxes varied not only horizontally, but also seasonally and vertically between 0.4 and 11.7 mg PP/m super(2)/d, with one extreme sedimentation rate of 32 mg PP/m super(2)/d in a sediment trap 5 m above lake bottom, measured after a rainfall event in one basin and indicating a turbidity current.

AN: 2931668

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TI: Puget Sound sediment trap data: 1980-1985.

AU: Paulson,-A.J.; Baker,-E.T.; Feely,-R.A.; Bates,-T.S.; Murphy,-P.

CA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm., Seattle, WA (USA). Pacific Marine Environmental Lab.

SO: NOAA-DATA-REP. 1991. 50 pp

NT: NTIS Order No: PB92-160233/GAR.

RN: CONTRIB-1317 (CONTRIB1317)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In 1979, scientists at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory began investigating the sources, transformation, transport and fate of pollutants in Puget Sound and its watershed. The effort was called the Long-Range Effects Research Program (L-RERP) and was later called the PMEL Marine Environmental Quality Program. The Long-Range Effect Research Program consisted of sampling dissolved and particulate constituents in the water column by bottle sampling, sampling settling particles by sediment trap and sampling sediments by grab, box, gravity and Kasten corers. In the Data Report, a variety of data from particles collected in 104 traps deployed on 34 moorings in open waters between 1980 and 1985 are presented. The text of the data report begins with the sampling and analytical methods with the accompanying quality control/quality assurance data. The text of the data sections are a summary of the available data and published literature in which the data is interpreted along with a catalogue of the data available in the Appendix (on microfiche located in the back pocket of the data report).

AN: 2923887

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TI: NOGAP B.6; Volume 8: Sediment trap data collected in the Beaufort Sea, March 1987 -- March 1988.

AU: O'-Brien,-M.C.; Iseki,-K.; MacDonald,-R.W.; Forbes,-J.R.; Yang,-Lianfeng; McCullough,-D.

CA: Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC (Canada)

SO: CAN.-DATA-REP.-HYDROGR.-OCEAN-SCI. 1991. no. 60, 243 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: As part of the NOGAP B.6 program, with major objectives to determine hydrocarbon pathways and primary productivity of the waters overlying the Mackenzie Shelf, we measured water properties (biological, chemical and physical) on several transects. Coupled with the water sampling program, moorings were deployed at 4 sites (200 m) along the shelf margin. These moorings included current meters and sequential sediment traps of 2 designs (Honjo and Baker). Additionally, multi-traps (multiple baffled cylinders) and Kenney traps (closed, stacked cylinders with side ports) were deployed along a transect off Tuktoyaktuk during several intervals. We report here the results (flux and composition) of chemical analyses of the trap contents spanning the year from April 1987 to March 1988. Analyses include total mass, C, N, Chl a, Si, P, Al, Fe, Ca, and zooplankton composition. (DBO)

AN: 2910083

203 of 362

TI: Factors influencing fatty acid and hydrocarbon composition of sedimenting particles in the northeastern Adriatic Sea.

AU: Najdek,-M.

AF: "Ruder Boskovic" Inst., Cent. Mar. Res., Rovinj, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1993. vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 299-310

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fatty acids and hydrocarbons of sedimenting particles were investigated in the northeastern Adriatic Sea from November 1988 to December 1989. Particles were collected at approximately monthly intervals, using sediment traps deployed at 30 m depth (2 m above bottom). Seasonal changes in sedimentation of particulate matter were very pronounced. Hydrocarbon fluxes and concentrations were found to vary significantly depending on the season. They averaged 2.69 plus or minus 1.44 mg/m super(2)/day and 232.4 plus or minus 90.93 mu g/g in winter, respectively. In late spring-early summer the corresponding values amounted to 0.045 plus or minus 0.015 mg/m super(2)/day and 13.72 plus or minus 5.56 mu g/g, and they increased towards autumn, when mean values of 0.517 plus or minus 0.228 mg/m super(2)/day and 98.86 plus or minus 48.72 mu g/g were obtained. In contrast, fatty acid fluxes and concentrations were low during winter (0.26 plus or minus 0.08 mg/m super(2)/day and 21.95 plus or minus 3.35 mu g/g), increased slightly towards the summer (0.48 plus or minus 0.12 mg/m super(2)/day and 139.9 plus or minus 44.6 mu g/g) and reached maximum rate and concentration in autumn, when average values were 1.98 plus or minus 1.30 mg/m super(2)/day and 489.1 plus or minus 186.7 mu g/g, respectively. The differences in composition, concentrations and fluxes of the fatty acids and hydrocarbons were related to the sources of sedimenting material, reflecting the influence of resuspension of bottom sediments during winter and the appearance of mucus aggregates during summer and their subsequent deposition in autumn.

AN: 2896806

204 of 362

TI: The role of anoxia in organic matter preservation in coastal sediments: Relative stabilities of the major biochemicals under oxic and anoxic depositional conditions.

AU: Cowie,-G.L.; Hedges,-J.I.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

CO: 15. Int. Meet. of the European Assoc. of Organic Geochemists, Manchester (UK), 16-20 Sep 1991

SO: ADVANCES-IN-ORGANIC-GEOCHEMISTRY-1991.-PART-1.-ADVANCES-AND-APPLICATIONS-IN-ENERGY-AND-THE-NATURAL-ENVIRONMENT. Manning,-D.A.C.-ed. 1992. vol. 19, no. 1-3 pp. 229-234

ST: ORG.-GEOCHEM. vol. 19, no. 1-3

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap and core samples from two coastal environments, Dabob Bay (Washington State) and Saanich Inlet (British Columbia), which differ primarily in terms of bottom-water O sub(2) concentrations, were analysed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, amino acids, neutral sugars and lignin phenols. Comparison of these sites provides a test of the effects of anoxia on the preservation of sediment organic matter (OM). Biochemical compositions indicate lower concentrations of terrigenous OM in Saanich Inlet than in Dabob Bay. The benthic interface is an important site of diagenesis in both cases, with similar patterns of selective degradation. Although absolute reactivities at the benthic interface are consistently higher in Dabob Bay (oxic) than in Saanlich Inlet (anoxic), burial efficiencies for all measured OM components are indistinguishable under the two different regimes. Collectively, these results indicate that O sub(2) availability ultimately has little or no independent effect on OM preservation in these environments.

AN: 2894848

205 of 362

TI: Strictly aerobic and anaerobic bacteria associated with sinking particulate matter and zooplankton fecal pellets.

AU: Bianchi,-M.; Marty,-D.; Teyssie,-J.-L.; Fowler,-S.W.

AF: Microbiol. Mar., CNRS UPR 223, Campus de Luminy Case 907, F-13288 Marseilles Cedex 9, France

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1992. vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 55-60

NT: Bibliogr.: 30 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate material collected in sediment traps at 80 m depth in coastal northwestern Mediterranean waters, and fresh fecal pellets of copepods harvested in the surrounding water, were examined for the presence and activity of ammonia-oxidizing and methanogenic bacteria. Results provide the first evidence for the coexistence of living and active cells of methanogenic and nitrifying bacteria in either fresh zooplankton fecal pellets or large settling particles containing numerous large size fecal pellets. In addition, the presence of these 2 bacterial types in both copepods and the fecal pellets produced by them suggests that the bacteria probably originate from the digestive tract of zooplankton, most likely as ingested species for nitrifiers and enteric species for methanogens.

AN: 2891933

206 of 362

TI: Investigations using sediment traps in the small meromictic Lake Gemuendener Maar.

AU: Friebertshaeuser,-D.; Moegling,-A.; Bahring,-B.

SO: LIMNOLOGY-OF-EIFEL-MAAR-LAKES. Scharf,-B.W.;Bjoerk,-S.-eds. STUTTGART-FRG SCHWEIZERBART'-SCHE-VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG 1992. no. 38 pp. 103-113

ST: ERGEB.-LIMNOL.-ADV.-LIMNOL. no. 38

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment trap and chemical investigations were carried out in Lake Gemuendener Maar, an extreme soft water lake in the West Eifel area. During the investigations, a calcite precipitation was observed, which is in contrast of what could be expected in lake water of this type. Calculations of the calcite saturation index proved the lake water to be undersaturated with respect to all carbonates. However, the trap sediments showed up to 25 wt% of poorly preserved calcite crystals. They were precipitated during the time of diatom predominance in the phytoplankton (April-August), the grain size maximum was reached at a water depth of 15-20 m. Below this, the crystals are quickly dissolved. A comparison of hydrochemical and biological data suggests a biogenic control of the carbonate budget. Organic films may play an important role in the preservation of the calcite grains. However, a final explanation for the whole phenomenon is still lacking and will need further investigations.

AN: 2891279

207 of 362

TI: Methods in mooring deep sea sediment traps.

AU: Vankatesan,-R.; Vijayan,-F.; Rajaraman,-V.S.; Janakiraman,-G.

AF: NIO, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

CO: 4. Indian Conf. on Ocean Engineering (INCOE '91), Dona Paula, Goa (India), 4-6 Sep 1991

SO: FOURTH-INDIAN-CONFERENCE-ON-OCEAN-ENGINEERING.-PROCEEDINGS. National-Inst.-of-Oceanography,-Dona-Paula-India DONA-PAULA,-GOA-INDIA NIO no. 1991, pp. 179-183

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The experience gained during the process of deployment and retrieval of nearly 39 sets of deep sea sediment trap moorings on various ships like FS Sonne , ORV Sagarkanya and DSV Nand Rachit are outlined. The various problems encountered and the remedies to tackle them are described. Based on the past experience, a methodology is proposed to conduct successful and efficient deep sea mooring operations.

AN: 2890119

208 of 362

TI: Calculation of the flux and regeneration rate of organic matter in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

AU: Tseytlin,-V.B.

AF: Shirshov Inst. Oceanol., Acad. Sci., Moscow, Russia

SO: OCEANOL.-ACAD.-SCI.-USSR. 1991. vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 200-204

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The vertical flux of organic carbon and the rate of its regeneration at various depths are calculated from the biomass and the mean temperature in the top 100-m layer. The calculated fluxes are consistent with data obtained from sedimentation traps at depths of up to 2000 m.

AN: 2886575

209 of 362

TI: Fluxes of amino acids and hexosamines to the deep Arabian Sea.

AU: Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.; Ramaswamy,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Honjo,-S.

AF: Inst. Biogeochem. and Mar. Chem., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesst. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1992. vol. 40, no. 3-4, pp. 291-314

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Results of organic carbon, total nitrogen, amino acid and hexosamine analyses of samples collected during time-series sediment trap investigations in the Arabian Sea are presented. Samples were taken over a period of 1 1/2 years at two depths at each of three locations in the western, central and eastern part of the basin. Seasonal changes in amino acid contents and their spectral distributions show that degradation of organic matter in the water column is reduced during the monsoons, which are the high-flux periods in the western and central Arabian Sea. At the eastern site more degraded material of possibly recycled marine or terrestrial orgin reaches the traps during the late summer peak fluxes. The results of hexosamine analyses suggest that bacterial biomass is relatively enriched on particles sinking in the water column and, to a larger extent, at the sediment-water interface. Decomposition between intermediate and deep water results in a loss of 30-40% of total organic carbon and more than 40% of amino acids. Comparison of the measured accumulation rates of organic carbon in sediment traps with those of organic carbon preserved in sediments show that more than 85% is lost before final burial in the sediments.

AN: 2884784

210 of 362

TI: Sampling and experimental challenges for the next decade in marine organic chemistry - a prospectus.

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.

AF: Skidaway Inst. Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA

CO: DOC/DON Workshop, Honolulu, HI (USA), 15-19 Jul 1991

SO: MARINE-ORGANIC-GEOCHEMISTRY:-REVIEW-AND-CHALLENGES-FOR-THE-FUTURE. Farrington,-J.W.-ed. 1992. vol. 39, no. 1-3 pp. 239-242

ST: MAR.-CHEM. vol. 39, no. 1-3

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Major advances in marine organic chemistry during the past decade have come on three fronts. The application of modern analytical tools has made possible measurements of many more and more complex organic compounds in seawater and sediments than was previously possible. New sampling techniques have provided new and important sample types for analysis of their organic composition. Manipulative experiments to study processes are becoming common. In order to keep progressing into the future, however, several areas must see continued advancement. Fundamental steps must be taken to better sample and characterize the large pool of dissolved and colloidal organic material. Improved in situ sensing systems for continuous and real-time measurements of dissolved components would greatly help in this characterization. Increased use of time-series sediment traps for organic geochemical investigations is needed to enhance our understanding of temporal variations in organic compound flux and cycling. Increased emphasis on in situ experimentation will be needed in order to understand mechanisms and rates for biogeochemical processes in which organic matter participates.

AN: 2883988

211 of 362

TI: A fast, high-precision splitter for particle suspensions.

AU: Tennant,-D.A.; Baker,-E.T.

AF: NOAA, Pacific Mar. Environ. Lab., 7600 Sand Point Wy NE, Seattle, WA 98115-0070, USA

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1992. vol. 108, no. 3-4, pp. 247-252

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Samples of disaggregated particles, collected from within the water column by means of sediment traps or from the seafloor by means of cores of grabs, often must be split into smaller but representative portions to facilitate analysis. We have designed and tested a simple, precise, and inexpensive sample splitter that uses air pressure to discharge a uniformly mixed particle suspension into two to six equal-sized subsamples. The coefficient of variation of particle concentrations in subsamples produced from sediment trap samples was less than 2%, and less than 4% in subsamples from a core. A sample can be split into six subsamples in less than three minutes. The splitter is fabricated from acrylic and teflon to allow acid cleaning when necessary, and the design isolates the sample to reduce the risk of contamination.

AN: 2883213

212 of 362

TI: Modern sedimentation in the Japan Trench: Implications of the mineralogy and chemistry of clays sampled from sediment traps.

AU: Aoki,-S.; Kohyama,-N.

AF: Toyo Univ., Nat. Sci. Lab., 2-11-10 Oka Asaka, Saitama 351, Japan

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1992. vol. 108, no. 2, pp. 197-208

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: To determine the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of clay minerals, the composition of the clay-sized fraction and the sedimentological processes which affect these clay particles, two sediment traps were moored at depths of 8700 and 4000 m at the triple junction of the Japan Trench. Six types of clay minerals and nine types of non-clay minerals were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Smectite and illite were the most important clay minerals whereas quartz and plagioclase were the major non-clay minerals. Chemical analyses of the clay minerals showed that the smectite was an Fe-Al beidellite, illite a di-octahedral type rich in potassium and chlorite an Fe-Mg type. Two major mechanisms govern the transportation of the lithogenic mineral particles in the Japan Trench: (1) transportation by the turbidity currents in the neighbouring trough and canyon and (2) wind-borne transport of loess from mainland China. The settling time of clay-sized minerals to the bottom of the Japan Trench was roughly estimated to be 1 year.

AN: 2882569

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TI: Determination of factors controlling the fatty acid composition of settling particles in the water column by principal-component analysis and their quantitative assessment by multiple regression.

AU: Reemtsma,-T.; Ittekkot,-V.

AF: Inst. Tech. Umweltschutz, Tech. Univ. Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Str. des 17 Juni 135, W-1000 Berlin 12, FRG

SO: ORG.-GEOCHEM. 1992. vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 121-129

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A principal-component analysis, based on the correlation matrix of fatty acid data obtained from the analysis of sediment trap samples taken in the Bay of Bengal, helps to determine the origins of the settling organic material. After EQUAMAX-rotation, six vectors were identified which could best be interpreted as impact factors ascribed to four sources, namely, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria and land derived material. A multiple regression procedure, originally developed for receptor modeling, is adapted for this work and allows these impact factors to be quantitatively assessed. The complete method is illustrated by its application to samples of fluvial and deep-sea surface sediments and settling particles from the water column.

AN: 2878323

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TI: Lipid class and alkane distribution in settling particles of the upper Laurentian Great Lakes.

AU: Parrish,-C.C.; Eadie,-B.J.; Gardner,-W.S.; Cavaletto,-J.F.

AF: Ocean Sci. Cent., Mem. Univ. Newfoundland, St. John's, NF A1C 5S7, Canada

SO: ORG.-GEOCHEM. 1992. vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 33-40

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed at up to 6 depths at seven stations in Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron for 2 months during the summer of 1984. Total organic carbon, total lipid, lipid classes, and alkanes were measured in the collected material to gain information on the composition, sources, and fate of particulate organic matter in the Great Lakes. Total aliphatic hydrocarbon was a large component of all samples, accounting for more than 15% of the extractable lipids. Particles collected at 10-m depth in Lake Huron had especially high relative contributions (more than 65% of total lipids) of total aliphatic hydrocarbons at the three stations examined. The high proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbon appears not to have originated from customary pollution sources. The alkane distribution was strongly dominated by even-numbered carbon chains of unknown origin. Algae are a possible source for the unsaturated hydrocarbons that were present at relatively elevated levels in settling particles. Botryococcus braunii , sampled from Lake Michigan, had as much as 80% of its lipids in the form of hydrocarbons. Wax and sterol esters constituted less than 10% of the lipids in trap material except in samples from mid-depths in Lake Huron where high levels of these compounds may have resulted from elevated amounts of calanoid copepod debris or swimmers entering the traps.

AN: 2878290

215 of 362

TI: Particle fluxes and moving fluids: Experience from synchronous trap collection in the Sargasso Sea.

AU: Gust,-G.; Byrne,-R.H.; Bernstein,-R.E.; Betzer,-P.R.; Bowles,-W.

AF: Arbeitsber. Meerestech. 1, Tech. Univ. Hamburg-Harburg, D-2100 Hamburg 90, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1992. vol. 39, no. 7-8A, pp. 1071-1083

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A series of synchronous, 24-h experiments using sensor-equipped sediment traps revealed that higher particle collection rates were associated with higher approach velocities. Surface-tethered traps with variable drag configurations provided distinct differences in approach velocities for paired 400 m deployments and paired 1500 m deployments. Small-scale hot-film hydrodynamic sensors located both inside and outside the sediment traps detected flow cells within the traps with velocities between 50 and 100% of the external fluid approach velocities. In conjunction with laboratory flume simulations, these observations reveal that particles do not settle gravitationally across trap apertures. Instead, particles are swept advectively into traps at the downstream portion of trap apertures, and most are then expelled at the upstream portions of trap apertures. Fluid flows detected inside the drifting traps, which ranged from 1.2 to 31 cm/s, probably overwhelm all but the strongest "swimmers" that interact with these sampling devices. At our two sampling horizons (400 and 1500 m), tether-line motions generated trap depth oscillations with a period of the order of 10 s and an amplitude of about 0.5 m. Such effects have not been accounted for in flume simulations of sediment trap collection experiments.

AN: 2875254

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TI: Zooplankton collected by sediment trap moored in deep water south of Iceland.

AU: Gislason,-A.; Astthorsson,-O.S.

AF: Mar. Res. Inst., Skulagata 4, P.O. Box 1390, 121 Reykjavik, Iceland

SO: SARSIA. 1992. vol. 77, no. 3-4, pp. 219-224

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The seasonal abundance of deep-water zooplankton occurring in a sediment trap moored at 600 m depth south of Iceland was studied from integrated monthly samples during the period November 1986-September 1989. Copepods, ostracods and pteropods usually made up 70-90% of the animals in the samples. A total of 73 species and other taxa were found in the trap material of which the four most abundant ones were, in declining order of abundance, Limacina retroversa (Flemming) which showed peak abundance in January-February, Conchoecia borealis G.O. Sars which reached maximum abundance in July-September, Euchaeta norvegica Boeck with maxima in March or June-July and Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) which showed maximum numbers in February-March.

AN: 2872319

217 of 362

TI: Seasonal variability in primary production and particle flux in the northwestern Sargasso Sea: U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study.

AU: Lohrenz,-S.E.; Knauer,-G.A.; Asper,-V.L.; Tuel,-M.; Michaels,-A.F.; Knap,-A.H.

AF: Univ. Southern Mississippi, Cent. Mar. Sci., Stennis Space Cent., MS 39529, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1992. vol. 39, no. 7-8A, pp. 1373-1391

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The relationship between primary production and sediment trap-derived downward flux of particulate organic matter was characterized over a 2 year period at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site to evaluate the importance of temporal variations in upper ocean biogeochemical processes. Water column-integrated primary production ( integral of PP), determined once each cruise using super(14)C incubations (in situ dawn-to-dusk), peaked in late winter/early spring of both 1989 and 1990. Smaller increases in integral of PP also occurred in July 1989 and October-December 1990. Annual integral of PP was 9.2 mol C m super(-2)/y in 1989 and 12 mol C m super(-2)/y in 1990. This was higher than the 1959-1963 annual average (6.8 mol C m super(-2)/y) determined at Station "S" located approximately 50 km northwest of the BATS site.

AN: 2865866

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TI: Radiolarian taxa from Southern Ocean sediment traps (Atlantic sector).

AU: Abelmann,-A.

AF: Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Polar- und Meeresforsch., Columbusstr., D-W 2850 Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1992. vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 373-385

NT: Bibliogr.: 72 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This study gives a first inventory of radiolarian taxa collected with sediment traps in different areas of the Southern Ocean (Drake Passage, Powell Basin and Bransfield Strait). It includes 66 taxa or taxa groups of which 46 were already described. Two previously described species groups and 20, yet undescribed, taxa are documented. The name Protocystis bicornis is replaced by P. spinosus as it is a later homonym of P. bicornis . The occurrence pattern of the radiolarian taxa indicates distinct differences in the species composition between neritic environments (Bransfield Strait and Powell Basin) and pelagic, open ocean conditions (Drake Passage).

AN: 2859240

219 of 362

TI: Radiolarian flux in Antarctic waters (Drake Passage, Powell Basin, Bransfield Strait).

AU: Abelmann,-A.

AF: Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Polar- and Meeresforsch., Columbusstr., D-W 2850 Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1992. vol. 12, no. 3-4, pp. 357-372

NT: Bibliogr.: 58 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The study of radiolarians collected during sediment trap experiments in the Drake Passage, the northern Powell Basin, and the King George Basin of the Bransfield Strait provides new information on the fluxes of radiolarian shells in Antarctic waters, on the annual flux pattern, the species distribution and its ecological significance, and on alteration processes of the radiolarian shells in the water column and at the sediment/water interface. The distinct seasonal variations are linked to variations in the sea ice coverage. Other controlling factors are the production of phytoplankton and the impact by zooplankton grazers, e.g., krill. During the summer flux pulses the vertical fluxes of radiolarians range between ca. 3 and 21 x 10 super(4) shells m super(-2). Significant lateral transport of radiolarians was documented during the austral summer in the Bransfield Strait by a factor of 10 increase of the radiolarian flux in the lower portion of the water column and the species composition trapped in deeper waters.

AN: 2859220

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TI: Fluxes and accumulation of phosphorus in the East Coast of the Gulf of Thailand.

AU: Abe,-K.; Petpiroon,-S.

AF: Japan Int. Coop. Agency, Shinjuku, Tokyo 163, Japan

SO: THAI-MAR.-FISH.-RES.-BULL. 1991. vol. 2, pp. 59-68

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The fluxes of phosphorus were measured using a sediment trap deployed in waters in the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand. Real fluxes at 13 m, near the sea bottom, were obtained through a correction using the content of organic matter in trap samples and surface sediment in order to disregard any effect of resuspension. The residence times for phosphorus (P) in this area were obtained by dividing standing stocks in the water column by the real fluxes. Fluxes of PO sub(4) from sediments were also determined. The calculated residence times were about 11.5-13.8 days on the assumption that a steady state is maintained. And by using data on the fluxes, phosphorus concentration and density of surface sediment, the accumulation rate of P of about 130-234 mu mol/m super(2)/day and the sedimentation rate of about 1.13-1.45 mm dry sediment/year, were obtained.

AN: 2858088

221 of 362

TI: Bacterial production and the sinking flux of particulate organic matter in the subarctic Pacific.

AU: Simon,-M.; Welschmeyer,-N.A.; Kirchman,-D.L.

AF: Limnol. Inst., Univ. Constance, P.O. Box 5560, D-7750 Konstanz, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1992. vol. 39, no. 11-12A, pp. 1997-2008

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We measured bacterial production and estimated the carbon consumption by bacteria in the mesopelagic zone (80-600 m) in the subarctic Pacific during May and August. Bacterial production was measured by leucine and thymidine incorporation. The two methods gave similar results. Bacterial production in the euphotic zone accounted for about 13% of primary production and in the whole water column for 20% (0-600 m). To bracket bacterial carbon consumption we made a lowest and highest estimate of bacterial production. The lowest estimate assumes zero isotope dilution for converting super(14)C-leucine incorporation rates into bacterial production and a 50% growth efficiency. In the mesopelagic zone, this estimate implies that bacteria account for 52 and 41% of the POC sinking flux as measured by sediment traps in May and August, respectively. The highest estimate, assuming two-fold isotope dilution of super(14)C-leucine and a 30% growth efficiency, yields bacterial carbon consumption values of 172 and 137% of the POC downward flux in both months. This indicates that bacteria are important, if not the major consumers of organic matter in the mesopelagic zone of the subarctic Pacific.

AN: 2854467

222 of 362

TI: Morphological study of marine bacterial capsules: Implications for marine aggregates.

AU: Cowen,-J.P.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii Manoa, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1992. vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 85-95

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The morphological variation in bacterial capsules found in suspended and sinking particles from the open ocean is examined. The capsules consist of matrices of mucopolysaccharides that remain attached to and extend the cell surface. Transmission electron microscope images of several distinct and recurring morphs are presented. Capsule abundance relative to total numbers of bacteria is significantly higher in sinking particles (up to 80% of total bacteria present) than in fine suspended particles (up to 20%). Discrete fecal pellets and minipellets are inadequate sources of the capsules captured by sediment traps. Alternatively, the data and previous observations indicate that the bacterial capsules are removed from the fine suspended-particle phase in association with macroaggregates, or marine snow.

AN: 2849686

223 of 362

TI: Spring bloom sedimentation in a subarctic ecosystem. 2. Succession and sedimentation.

AU: Waite,-A.; Bienfang,-P.K.; Harrison,-P.J.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1992. vol. 114, no. 1, pp. 131-138

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A 5-yr study (1985 to 1989) of spring bloom sedimentation in Auke Bay, Alaska, indicates that the sinking response of diatoms to ambient nutrients influences both species succession during the spring bloom and the subsequent sedimentation of new production. Diatoms from the genera Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros and Skeletonema formed the bulk of the spring bloom each year. Growth of Thalassiosira spp. consistently initiated the primary bloom, while Skeletonema costatum tended to grow later in, or after, the primary bloom. We postulate that this successional pattern is driven by interspecific nutrient competition. Overall, sedimentation flux of the dominant species of bloom diatoms was correlated with surface concentrations of cells integrated over the bloom period.

AN: 2849321

224 of 362

TI: Sources and reactivities of amino acids in a coastal marine environment.

AU: Cowie,-G.L.; Hedges,-J.I.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr., WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1992. vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 703-724

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Amino acid analyses were performed on a suite of potential organic matter sources to coastal marine environments. They yielded no source-indicative compositional parameters, but microbes produced markedly higher carbon-normalized yields than did vascular plant tissues. Sediment trap samples collected monthly for a year at 30 and 60 m in Dabob Bay, Washington, were also analyzed, as were subsamples from a sediment core taken at the same site. Amino acid yields from the trap samples exhibited spring and fall maxima that coincided with blooms, and a winter minimum that resembled yields in underlying sediments. Amino acids in all samples were primarily of marine origin and low yields in winter traps resulted from low planktonic production, selective amino acid loss, and resuspension of amino acid-depleted sediments. Nonprotein amino acid levels and the fraction of total N represented by amino acids are indices of diagenetic alteration. Amino acids accounted for 13-37% of the total organic C and 30-81% of the total N in the 30-m samples, and, on average, 10 and 37% of sedimentary C and N.

AN: 2848104

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TI: A comparison of aggregate profiles with sediment trap fluxes.

AU: Walsh,-I.D.; Gardner,-W.D.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1992. vol. 39, no. 11A-12A, pp. 1817-1834

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Previous work has shown that sediment trap fluxes do not correlate well with the total particulate mass concentration as determined with a transmissometer. Sediment traps are thought to collect the settling particles in the marine snow size range (d > 0.5 mm). Cameras have been developed to quantitatively image particles in the marine snow size range but a correlation between measured flux in sediment traps and large-particle camera (LPC) profiles has not been established. In this study, LPC total particulate volume data are correlated with fluxes measured in sediment traps, indicating that sediment traps sample the large aggregate size range and that the flux is proportional to the concentration and size distribution of large aggregates. Partitioning of the major components of the bulk chemistry indicates that rebound aggregates contribute to aggregate nepheloid layers and increase measured trap fluxes. The bulk chemical composition of material from the deepest sediment traps indicates that downslope advection as well as cross-slope advection and subsequent settling may be an important pathway for biogenic material to the deep ocean.

AN: 2847256

226 of 362

TI: Particulate flux of Al, a component of land origin, in the western North Pacific.

AU: Saito,-C.; Noriki,-S.; Tsunogai,-S.

AF: Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1992. vol. 39, no. 7-8A, pp. 1315-1327

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The particulate fluxes of Al are generally greater in the western North Pacific than in the central and eastern North Pacific, Atlantic and Antarctic oceans. For instance, sediment trap data reported in this paper show the Al flux in the northern part of the Japan Trench is 12.7 mg m super(-2)/day at 5.2 km depth, 130 times greater than that in the deep Antarctic, even though total particulate fluxes are similar. The particulate fluxes of Al extrapolated to the ocean surface layer roughly equals the observed Al flux occurring at the ocean-atmosphere interface, suggesting that particulate Al is atmospheric in origin. Excess Al fluxes in the subsurface water probably indicate horizontal transport from the continental margin. This is indicated by the different Mg/K ratios of settling particles between the western and eastern North Pacific.

AN: 2846079

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TI: Temporal changes in particulate flux in the northern Adriatic Sea.

AU: Puskaric,-S.; Fowler,-S.W.; Miquel,-J.-C.

AF: Ruder Boskovic Inst., Cent. Mar. Res. Rovinj, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1992. vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 267-287

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The annual cycle of sedimentation in the northern Adriatic Sea is described from data collected over 1 year with multisample sediment traps. Resuspended sediment and primary settling matter (phytoplankton cells, detritus) originating from the pelagic system were the main contributors to the particulate flux measured by the traps. High fluxes from Nov to Apr were associated primarily with resuspended sediment. peaks in sedimentation of primary material were observed in spring and summer. From May to Aug fluxes were low, correlated with large "marine snow" aggregates which were retained in suspension at the pycnocline for a long time. Organic substances produced in situ as well as those retained by the pycnocline settled in short time intervals presumably in relation to storms which disturbed the pycnocline. The lack of intact zooplankton fecal pellets could be explained as rapid remineralization and recycling in the water column, or a result of physical breakage and disintegration. Alternatively there could have been extremely low zooplankton grazing.

AN: 2837568

228 of 362

TI: Sediment translocation in Lake Erie during winter.

AU: Ros,-F.

AF: Environ. Canada, Lakes Res. Br., Natl. Water Res. Inst., Canada Cent. Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada

CO: 34. Conf. of the Int. Assoc. for Great Lakes Research, Buffalo, NY (USA), 2-6 Jun 1991

SO: THE-34th-CONFERENCE-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH,-JUNE-2-6,-1991.-PROGRAM-AND-ABSTRACTS. ANN-ARBOR,-MI-USA IAGLR-UNIV.-MICHIGAN 1991. p. 153

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment trap moorings were deployed in the three basins of Lake Erie, to measure downflux of particulates and associated contaminants during the winter. The mean downflux of Total Trapped Matter (TTM) and the concentration of total PCBs in different types of sediments in each basin were measured. The degree of recent contamination should be revealed by comparing PCB concentration between the trapped matter and the top 0-10 mm. The mean downflux of TTM, and the concentrations of PCBs in all sediment samples, decrease from west to east and the trap concentrations are equal to the surficial sediment concentrations. PCB concentrations in the trap are higher than in the bottom sediments (0-10 mm) by similar to 33% in the Central and East Basin. These research results show that the Central and East Basin sediments continue to be laden with PCBs translocated from the West Basin, at a rate of 3.1 mu g/m/d, during the winter months.

AN: 2830982

229 of 362

TI: Detrital pathways in a coral reef lagoon. 2. Detritus deposition, benthic microbial biomass and production.

AU: Hansen,-J.A.; Klumpp,-D.W.; Alongi,-D.M.; Dayton,-P.K.; Riddle,-M.J.

AF: Australian Inst. Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.C., Qld. 4810, Australia

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1992. vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 363-372

NT: Bibliogr.: 39 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We report the results of seasonal measurements, taken in 1986, of bacterial numbers and production, protozoan numbers, community primary production and respiration in the sediments of Davies Reef lagoon. Deposition rates of organic matter in the lagoon were also measured. Deposition rates ( plus or minus 1 SE) of carbon ranged from 9.2 ( plus or minus 1.5) to 140.7 ( plus or minus 10.3) mgCm super(-2)/d. Deposition rates were highest in winter and spring, lowest in summer. Rates of bacterial production ranged from 4.7 ( plus or minus 0.2) pmol thymidine incorporated/g dry wt (DW)/h in winter to 23.5 ( plus or minus 1.0) pmol thymidine incorporated/g DW/h in spring. The number of ciliates ranged from 65 ( plus or minus 10) to 356 ( plus or minus 50) cm super(-3) through the year and the number of large ( greater than or equal to 20 mu m) flagellates from 38 ( plus or minus 7) to 108 ( plus or minus 16) cm super(-3). There were no clear relationships between the sediment organic content, detrital input or temperature and the rates of bacterial processes, community metabolism or the standing stocks of microbes in the lagoon.

AN: 2823831

230 of 362

TI: Impact of atmospheric deposition on particulate manganese and aluminium distribution in northwestern Mediterranean surface water.

AU: Davies,-J.E.; Buat-Menard,-P.

AF: Cent. Faibles Radioact., Lab. Mixte CNRS-CEA, Domaine CNRS, F-91198 Gif-sur Yvette Cedex, France

SO: PALAEOGEOGR.,-PALAEOCLIMATOL.,-PALAEOECOL. 1990. vol. 89, no. 1-2, pp. 35-45

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment-trap samples and upper-water-column profiles of suspended particulate matter were collected at 42 degree 44'N, 8 degree 31'E in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea during 1987 as part of the French DYFAMED programme. Particulate sediment-trap samples and suspended particulate matter were analysed for aluminium and manganese. In specified samples, fecal-pellet fluxes were also measured. Concurrent manganese and aluminium atmospheric-depositional fluxes measured at Capo Cavallo, Corsica, 20 km from our sampling site were available for the corresponding sampling period for data interpretation. The results show that on a yearly basis the atmospheric input (1.6 mg Al/m super(2)/day and 30.6 mu g Mn/m super(2)/day) is sufficient to be the major source of both particulate aluminium and particulate (LE(leachable) + RE(refractory)) manganese in the sediment-trap flux at a depth of 200 m (2.2 mg Al/m super(2)/day and 22.5 mu g Mn/m super(2)/day). Significant correlation between both particulate-aluminium and refractory-particulate-manganese fluxes and the fecal-pellet fluxes shown that the settling flux of atmosphere mineral matter is probably governed by zooplankton grazing.

AN: 2819134

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TI: Production and downward flux of zooplankton fecal pellets in the anticyclonic gyre off Shikoku, Japan.

AU: Ayukai,-T.; Hattori,-H.

AF: Fac. Agr., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA. 1992. vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 163-172

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiments were conducted to assess the production, disintegration and downward flux of zooplankton fecal pellets in the upper 500 m water column of the anticyclonic gyre off Shikoku, Japan. The particulate organic carbon (POC) flux decreased from 53.7 mgC m super(2)/d at 50 m to 23.7 mgC m super(2)/d at 500 m. The POC flux at the bottom of the euphotic layer (100 m) was 37.9 mgC m super(2)/d, which was equivalent to about 5% of the daily primary production in the gyre. The estimated pellet carbon flux accounted for 0.4-1.7% of the total POC flux. The pellet flux rapidly decreased in the upper 150 m layer, in parallel with the decrease in zooplankton abundance. The pellet production rate of the copepod and euphausiid populations in the euphotic layer was estimated from zooplankton abundance data and shipboard measurements for pellet production rates.

AN: 2813125

232 of 362

TI: Comparison of phytoplankton in sediment trap time series and surface sediments along a productivity gradient.

AU: Sancetta,-C.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY, USA

SO: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY. 1992. vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 183-194

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Three years of sediment trap data collected by the Multitracers project are compared with surface sediments for sites off the coast of southern Oregon, using phytoplankton microfossils. Sites were located to monitor a region frequently affected by plumes from coastal upwelling (Nearshore), one occasionally affected by the largest plumes (Midway) and an area outside the zone of coastal influence (Gyre). Diatoms overwhelmingly dominate the microfossils, with silico-flagellates an order of magnitude fewer and calcareous nanofossils absent. This absence suggests that the rarity of the group in the sediments may be a function of low production, rather than of deepwater dissolution. The Midway and Nearshore sites were generally similar in taxonomic composition and timing of flux maxima, while the Gyre site differed in both regards. Interannual variability in taxon composition appears to correlate with productivity; the most productive site (Nearshore) has the most consistent interannual trend and the least productive (Gyre) exhibits the greatest variability. The sediment assemblage at the Nearshore site is most similar to trap samples from the late fall and winter seasons, rather than the more productive spring and summer.

AN: 2808953

233 of 362

TI: Morphometry and sedimentation as regulating factors for nutrient recycling and trophic state in coastal waters.

AU: Wallin,-M.; Haakanson,-L.

AF: Univ. Uppsala, Dep. Hydrol., Vaestra Aagatan 24, S-753 09 Uppsala, Sweden

CO: 5. Int. Symp. on Sediment/Water Interactions, Uppsala (Sweden), 6-9 Aug 1990

SO: SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERACTIONS. Hart,-B.T.;Sly,-P.G.-eds. 1992. vol. 235-236 pp. 33-45

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA. vol. 235-236

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The aim of this work is to quantify the importance of morphometry and sedimentation/resuspension on nutrient recycling and trophic characteristics in coastal waters. Extensive field work has been carried out in 23 coastal areas in the Swedish and Finnish part of the Baltic Proper. Sediment traps were deployed for two one-week periods in all areas. On average, 56% of the total sedimentation in sediment traps 3 m below the water surface (SedS) and 62% of the total sedimentation on sediment traps 1 m above the bottom (SedB) was resuspended material. Coastal morphometric parameters, surface water retention time and bottom dynamic conditions were determined for all areas. There is a marked relationship between SedS and inorganic-N concentration in the surface water. The relationship was improved significantly by using sedimentation of the resuspended fraction at 3 m water depth (SedR) instead of SedS. These results emphazise the importance of resuspension for nutrient recycling and trophic state in coastal waters. The importance of coastal morphometry and surface water retention time on total sedimentation and nutrient recycling makes it possible to classify coastal areas in terms of potential nutrient recycling capacity/trophic state from these simple sensitivity parameters.

AN: 2805613

234 of 362

TI: Interpretation of sedimentation data measured in a former tidal channel Lake Volkerak.

AU: Tamminga,-G.H.

AF: Agric. Univ. Wageningen, Inst. Inland Water Manage. and Waste Water Treatment, Van Leeuwenhoekweg 20, 3316 AV Dordrecht, Netherlands

CO: 5. Int. Symp. on Sediment/Water Interactions, Uppsala (Sweden), 6-9 Aug 1990

SO: SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERACTIONS. Hart,-B.T.;Sly,-P.G.-eds. 1992. vol. 235-236 pp. 107-117

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA. vol. 235-236

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In Lake Volkerak, the Netherlands, downward settling fluxes are related to external inputs of suspended solids and wind action. The settling fluxes, measured using sediment traps, were 55 g (dw) m super(-2)/d on average. The ratio of metal concentration to scandium concentration was used to discriminate between external (polluted) suspended solids and internal (relatively clean) suspended solids. Generally, the contribution of the river suspended solids was small compared to that of resuspended material; the river-transported material was mainly deposited in the centre and to the east of the lake. The amount of material trapped increased substantially with increasing wind velocity. A simple model was used to interpretate the data. This model does not have a predictive capacity, but can be used to interpret and assess the significance of material retained in the sediment traps. Erosion was related to the wind velocity, using an empirical relationship between the orbital velocity of the wind-generated waves at the bottom and the wind velocity. The extremely high amounts retained in the sediment traps in shallow areas during storms emphasised the importance of these wind conditions for the transport of fine sediments.

AN: 2805240

235 of 362

TI: Measurement and prediction of sedimentation in small Swedish lakes.

AU: Evans,-R.D.; Haakanson,-L.

AF: Environ. Sci. Cent., Trent Univ., Peterborough, Ont., Canada

CO: 5. Int. Symp. on Sediment/Water Interactions, Uppsala (Sweden), 6-9 Aug 1990

SO: SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERACTIONS. Hart,-B.T.;Sly,-P.G.-eds. 1992. vol. 235-236 pp. 143-152

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA. vol. 235-236

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were placed in 29 small lakes in south and central Sweden at 2 m below the surface of the lakes and at 2 m above the lake bottom. Traps were exposed for approximately 120 days during the summer months before collection. Rates of sedimentation in both top and bottom traps were compared to 32 catchment, morphometric and water column parameters in an attempt to identify the processes which influence sediment accumulation. Using only lake water pH, maximum lake depth (D sub(max)) and lake surface area (A sub(0)), 67% of the variance in the bottom trap sedimentation rates was explained. Only pH and A sub(0) were useful predictors for the top traps. Using the bottom traps as a measure of gross sedimentation and the top traps as a measure of net sedimentation (plus periphyton growth in the traps), resuspension was separated from net sedimentation in the bottom traps. Resuspension calculated from these data is compared with more conventional methods of calculation.

AN: 2805191

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TI: Effectiveness of various treatments in retarding microbial activity in sediment trap material and their effects on the collection of swimmers.

AU: Lee,-C.; Hedges,-J.I.; Wakeham,-S.G.; Zhu,-Ningli

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1992. vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 117-130

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various poison, preservative, and antibiotic treatments currently in common use in sediment trap work. Our reports agree with previous reports that most biological activity in sediment traps can be inhibited by appropriate concentrations of formaldehyde, chloroform, or mercuric chloride. Sodium azide appears to be less effective at inhibiting biological activity, while antibiotics and salt alone are probably too ineffective for long-term deployments. On the basis of laboratory experiments, effective concentrations when sustained throughout the deployment are 50% saturated chloroform, 37 mM formaldehyde, or 180 mu M HgCl sub(2). Our results also indicate, however, that the weight of swimmers (zooplankton which swim into the trap and die there from contact with the poison) collected in sediment traps is higher when more effective treatments are used. The presence of large numbers of swimmers can greatly affect the flux and composition of particulate organic matter collected in sediment traps and may decrease the effectiveness of the various treatments in inhibiting microbial activity in the traps.

AN: 2804074

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TI: Krill diet affects faecal string settling.

AU: Cadee,-G.C.; Gonzalez,-H.; Schnack-Schiel,-S.B.

AF: Netherlands Inst. Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg Texel, Netherlands

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1992. vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 75-80

NT: Bibliogr.: 32 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Free-floating sediment traps used on a transect from Scotia Sea to Weddell Sea collected larger, more degraded, krill (Euphausia superba ) faecal strings in the deeper (150 m) than in the 50 or 75 m traps. The smallest faecal strings were only present in the shallower traps. Sinking velocity of smaller faecal strings was - as expected - much lower than for larger ones, with a total range of 50 to 800 m/day for faecal string volumes of 0.007 to 0.53 mm super(3). Krill feeding largely on diatoms produced faeces with higher settling velocity than those feeding on non-diatom phytoplankton. Smaller krill faecal strings do not leave the upper mixed layer. Small oval faecal pellets of unknown origin showed relatively high settling velocities (80 to 250 m/day for 0.002 to 0.013 mm super(3)) due to higher compaction and lower form resistance to sinking.

AN: 2784115

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TI: Vertical fluxes and ecological significance of organic materials during the phytoplankton bloom during austral summer in Breid Bay, Antarctica.

AU: Handa,-N.; Nakatsuka,-T.; Fukuchi,-M.; Hattori,-H.; Hoshiai,-T.

AF: Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1992. vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 469-478

NT: Bibliogr.: 54 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A mooring system consisting of an in situ fluorometer at a depth of 50 m and a time-series sediment trap at a depth of 110 m was deployed at the sediment trap site (70 degree 11.536'S; 24 degree 18.679'E; water depth: 300 m) in Breid Bay, Antarctica in austral summer from 28 December 1985 to 13 February 1986. Sinking particles, consisting of diatoms (mainly Thalassiosira antarctica ), were analyzed for organic materials, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Vertical fluxes of organic carbon and nitrogen were determined to be within the ranges of 12.3 to 116 mg C m super(-2)/d and 1.79 to 15.4 mg N m super(-2)/d, respectively, with maxima in the middle of January 1986, after which time the organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes tended to decrease with a steep gradient.

AN: 2756414

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TI: Annual primary production and export flux in the Southern Ocean from sediment trap data.

AU: Wefer,-G.; Fisher,-G.

AF: Fachber. Geowiss., Univ. Bremen, Klagenfurter Str., D-2800 Bremen 33, FRG

CO: Int. Symp. on Biochemistry and Circulation of Water Masses in the Southern Ocean, Brest (France), 2-6 Jul 1990

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1991. vol. 35, no. 1-4, pp. 597-613

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Since 1983 time-series traps have been deployed in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean to measure the flux of organic carbon, biogenic silica and carbonate. The organic carbon flux data are used to calculate primary production rates and organic carbon fluxes at 100 m water depth. From these calculations, annual primary production rates range from about 170 g C/m in the coastal area (Bransfield Strait) to almost zero in the Permanent Sea-Ice Zone. High rates were calculated for the Polar Front Zone and rather low values characterize the Maud Rise area. The estimated primary production for the entire Southern Ocean (south of 50 degree S), using various subsystems with characteristic carbon fluxes, is in the order of 1 x 10 super(9) tons/year; the organic carbon flux out of the photic layer is 0.17 x 10 super(9) tons/year. This is substantially lower than previously reported values.

AN: 2736084

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TI: Reconciling aggregation theory with observed vertical fluxes following phytoplankton blooms.

AU: Hill,-P.S.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr. WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES.-C-OCEANS. 1992. vol. 97, no. C2, pp. 2295-2308

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap data show that rapidly sinking pulses of phytodetritus form after phytoplankton blooms, even when bloom intensity is low. A numerical model of physical aggregation and sedimentation in the surface ocean was used to gauge whether predicted aggregation rates were high enough to generate postbloom sediment pulses. Initial models behaved inaccurately without a full range of particle sizes, abundant nonphytoplankton particles, and explicit hydrodynamic retardation of particle contact. Provision for background particles while tracking phytoplankton required implementation of a novel bookkeeping scheme. To address the degree of retardation for contact between particles, an expression for contact efficiency for collision by turbulent shear was developed. The most realistic way to produce model results that mimicked field data was to include background particles, to invoke particle stickiness in the range 0.1-1.0, and to make modest upward adjustments to contact efficiencies calculated for impermeable spheres.

AN: 2735040

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TI: Changes with time of the transport rate of sediment mixtures.

AU: Hardwick,-R.I.; Willetts,-B.B.

AF: Dep. Eng., Univ. Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

SO: J.-HYDRAUL.-RES.-J.-RECH.-HYDRAUL. 1991. vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 117-128

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A novel sediment trap, designed to enable bed-load activity to be related to elapsed time, is described. An account is then given of its use in a short pilot experiment on the armouring of a mixed grain size bed in a small laboratory flume. Significant information was obtained about the variation with time of bed load transport rate and of the composition of the bed load in the early stages of armouring. The changes of composition are presented in terms of log hyperbolic size distributions. It is contended that, for the purpose of validating numerical models of the armouring process, this information about bed load composition has higher value than data on changes in the static bed population, because the latter involve severe sampling problems.

AN: 2733632

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TI: Suspended particles in submarine canyon of Toulon (France).

OT: Etudes des particules en suspension piegees dans le canyon sous-marine de Toulon (France)

AU: Roux,-M.R.; Degiovanni,-C.; Blanc-Vernet,-L.; Le-Campion,-J.; Poydenot,-F.; Weydert,-P.

AF: Cent. Oceanol. Marseille, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France

CA: Association des Sedimentologistes Francais, Paris (France)

CO: 3. Congr. Francais de Sedimentologie, Brest (France), 1991

SO: THIRD-FRENCH-SYMPOSIUM-OF-SEDIMENTOLOGY:-T1-ABSTRACTS,-T2-TRIPS;-BREST,-PALAIS-DE-CONGRES,-18-19-20-NOVEMBER-1991.. 3e-CONGRES-FRANCAIS-DE-SEDIMENTOLOGIE:-T1-LIVRE-DE-RESUMES,-T2-LIVRE-DES-EXCURSIONS;-BREST,-PALAIS-DES-CONGRES,-18-19-20-NOVEMBRE-1991. 1991. p. 239

NT: 2 Vol. XIV-295, 160 pp. Only the Tome 1 (295 pp) is cited by ASFA.

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The studies of suspended particles in the canyon of Toulon shows the little differences of composition between subsurface and bottom sediment traps. The benthic and pelagic origins of the biogenic particles composition allow to differentiate lateral adventive and convective transports.

AN: 2729372

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TI: Fluxes of super(226)Ra and barium in the Pacific Ocean: The importance of boundary processes.

AU: Moore,-W.S.; Dymond,-J.

AF: Dep. Geol. Sci., Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA

SO: EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.-LETT. 1991. vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 55-68

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The super(226)Ra/Ba ratio in particles collected in sediment traps decreases with depth. Fluxes of Ba and Al increase with depth. These observations cannot be explained by simple vertical processes. Instead they require a component to the deep flux which originates at the ocean margins. We suggest that the deep traps are enriched in Ba through the advection of barite originally precipitated in biologically productive regions of the ocean margin. This source is less important for super(226)Ra because some is lost by radioactive decay between the precipitation of barite on the margin and outward transport. The boundary flux is an important source of material to the deep sea. From super(226)Ra fluxes in the upper 1000 m of the water column, we estimate that the residence time of super(226)Ra in the upper ocean is 400 years. The removal of super(226)Ra in the particle flux is approximately balanced by the upwelling of waters enriched in super(226)Ra.

AN: 2729170

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TI: Biogeochemistry and fluxes of manganese and some other metals in regions of hydrothermal activities (Axial Mountain, Juan de Fuca Ridge and Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California).

AU: Tambiev,-S.B.; Demina,-L.L.

AF: Arctic Res. Cent., Russian Acad. Sci., 4. Shvernik Str., 117036 Moscow, Russia

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1992. vol. 39, no. 3-4A, pp. 687-703

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Study of seawater, suspended matter, sediments and freely settling matter collected by sediment traps has shown that suspended matter over the caldera of the Axial Mountain (Juan de Fuca Ridge) is dominated by Fe. Particulate Mn contents are an order of magnitude lower, mostly found only in bacteria-like aggregates; most Mn is in dissolved form. In contrast, suspended and freely settling matter in near-bottom waters at the southern trough of Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) are enriched in Mn and impoverished in Fe. The rapid conversion of dissolved to particulate Mn in hydrothermal clouds suggests bacterial mediation. The presence of Mn-enriched fecal pellets (FP) in the deepest sediment traps indicates that benthopelagic zooplankton organisms had grazed on the Mn-enriched bacteria, utilizing their organic matter and excreting Mn-oxides in the form of vernadite. Behaviour of Cu probably also was governed biogeochemically. Fe did not participate in this biogeochemical process; it was scattered in the form of fine particles through the surrounding waters.

AN: 2718623

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TI: The transport of sediments along a transect of the Gulf of Trieste during the August 1988 algal bloom.

AU: Marocco,-R.; Tunis,-G.; Vio,-E.

AF: Inst. Geol. Paleontol., Univ. Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy

SO: BOLL.-OCEANOL.-TEOR.-APPL. 1990. vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 83-92

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This paper deals with a series of experiments carried out using a variety of sediment traps in August 1988 in the Gulf of Trieste (during the algal bloom) in order to give a qualitative-quantitative valuation of the transport of sediments by bed-load and suspended load in different hydrodynamic conditions. Offshore, perceptible transport and sedimentation processes only occurred during a south-westerly storm (Libeccio) and involved small quantities of pelitic sediments. In particular, the contribution of coloured water episodes and algal bloom were insignificant to the pelagic sedimentation of the Gulf. Nearshore, the same storm mobilized about 60 times as much sediments as offshore. The material was derived from the erosion and transport of pelitic sediments as well as the erosion and selective transport of sandy-gravelly sediments. With regard to coastal sedimentary processes, faecal pellets produced by mussel-farming plants along the coast of the Gulf of Trieste seem to be playing an increasingly major role.

AN: 2713415

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TI: The contribution of deep-sea macroplankton to organic remineralization: Results from sediment trap and zooplankton studies over the Madeira Abyssal Plain.

AU: Lampitt,-R.S.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1992. vol. 39, no. 2A, pp. 221-233

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: At a subtropical deep-sea site of water depth 5440 m the flux of material entering and leaving a 900 m thick stratum 100 m above the seabed was measured using sediment traps. Differences between the organic carbon entering the stratum and that leaving was taken as a measure of the remineralization rate within it. At the same site the biomass of the net zooplankton was measured, and using published estimates of their respiratory requirements, their organic carbon demands were calculated. The results indicate that the zooplankton were responsible for about 9% of the remineralization occurring in that body of water but possibly much higher further up in the water column. The remainder is presumably carried out by those organisms too small, too fragile or too agile to be captured by the net. Although the zooplankton may not contribute greatly to organic carbon remineralization, they are likely to modify sinking and suspended particles in such a way as to have a significant effect on material flux.

AN: 2700982

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TI: A sediment trap intercomparison experiment in the Panama Basin, 1979.

AU: Honjo,-S.; Spencer,-D.W.; Gardner,-W.D.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1992. vol. 39, no. 2A, pp. 333-358

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In order to compare the collection efficiency of settling particles among sediment traps in a variety of design concepts, 28 sediment traps of 11 different designs were deployed at six depths ranging from 665 to 3769 m along five rigid moorings anchored in a sill-protected marginal basin about 3865 m deep for about 4 months from August to November 1979. The traps represented three basic designs: (1) cylinders with an aspect ratio between 2 and 3; (2) funnels with a large opening covered by a baffle with a small grid and (3) open boxes whose openings were covered by a baffle. All but two of these types of participating traps had a mechanism to isolate the collected sample. Monitoring instruments indicate that all moorings provided a stable platform throughout the duration of Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment (STIE) with relatively low current velocity at the middle layers and very low velocity at the deep layers. Total mass flux, fluxes of three size fractions after water sieving, carbonate, combustible and noncombustible fractions, organic carbon, nitrogen and other sedimentary constituents in the individual samples were determined and evaluated with regard to the relative consistency in terms of depth and statistical tests on the similarity of the constituents.

AN: 2698602

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TI: Seasonal changes in sedimentation of particulate matter and lipid content of zooplankton collected by sediment trap in the Arctic Ocean off Axel Heiberg Island.

AU: Hargrave,-B.T.; Bodungen,-B.-von; Conover,-R.J.; Fraser,-A.J.; Phillips,-G.; Vass,-W.P.

AF: Inst. Meereskd., Univ. Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, D-W 2300 Kiel, FRG

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1988-89. vol. 9, pp. 467-475

NT: Bibliogr.: 33 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sedimentation of particulate matter measured at a depth of 100 m varied from 0.2 to 6.0 mg dry weight/m super(2)/d. Detritus deposited during December and January, the period of maximum sedimentation, contained relatively low amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen (4.0% and 0.5% of dry weight, respectively) with a carbon:nitrogen ratio > 7. Maximum rates of organic carbon and nitrogen sedimentation (0.60 and 0.12 mg/m super(2)/d, respectively) during February were associated with debris enriched with organic matter (organic carbon and nitrogen content of 17.0% and 3.4% of dry weight, C:N = 5). Dry weight of macrozooplankton, predominantly Calanus hyperboreus) and Metridia longa , separated from preserved trap contents, equalled or exceeded by up to an order-of-magnitude the weight of sedimented debris. Lipid content of CV and adult female stages of C. hyperboreus decreased from 46%-64% of dry weight in September to 20%-30% in January.

AN: 2697711

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TI: Zooplankton retained in sequential sediment traps along the Beaufort Sea shelf break during winter.

AU: Forbes,-J.R.; MacDonald,-R.W.; Carmack,-E.C.; Iseki,-K.; O'-Brien,-M.C.

AF: Inst. Ocean Sci., Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada

SO: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI. 1992. vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 663-670

NT: Incl. bibliogr.: 35 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Zooplankton retained in four sediment traps deployed along the shelf break of the eastern Beaufort Sea, from September 1987 to March 1988, were used to investigate temporal and regional variations of the zooplankton community during winter. Despite trap selectivity, the species composition indicated that both the shelf community and Atlantic water community of the deep Arctic Ocean are excluded from the shelf break at this time of year. There was no evidence of off-shelf transport during the study period. Taxa collected, predominantly pteropods (Spiratella helicina ) and calanoid copepods, were typical of the community in the upper 200 m of the central Arctic Ocean.

AN: 2690747

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TI: Design of settling basins.

AU: Garde,-R.J.; Raju,-K.G.R.; Sujudi,-A.W.R.

AF: Indira Gandhi Natl. Open Univ., New Delhi, India

SO: J.-HYDRAUL.-RES.-J.-RECH.-HYDRAUL. 1990. vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 81-92

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: Experiments have been carried out in the laboratory concerning the efficiency of settling basins. The data indicate that the existing methods of their design are not satisfactory. Analysis of all the available data had led to a new relationship for the efficiency. The parameters L/D and w/u sub(*) are found to govern the efficiency.

AN: 2684780

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TI: A multitracer study of radionuclides in Lake Zurich, Switzerland. 1. Comparison of atmospheric and sedimentary fluxes of super(7)Be, super(10)Be, super(210)Pb, super(210)Po, and super(137)Cs.

AU: Schuler,-C.; Wieland,-E.; Santschi,-P.H.; Sturm,-M.; Lueck,-A.; Bollhalder,-S.; Beer,-J.; Bonani,-G.; Hofmann,-H.J.; et-al.

AF: Swiss Fed. Inst. Water Resour. and Water Pollut. Control (EAWAG), Dubendorf, Switzerland

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES.-C-OCEANS. 1991. vol. 96, no. C9, pp. 17,051-065

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Atmospheric and sedimentary fluxes of natural (i.e., super(210)Pb, super(210)Po, super(7)Be, and super(10)Be) and artificial (i.e., Chernobyl super(137)Cs) radionuclides and particles through Lake Zurich (at 50 m and 130 m depth) between 1983 and 1987 were compared in order to establish trace metal pathways and their kinetics. Atmospheric fluxes averaged 0.83 dpm/(cm super(2)/yr) for super(210)Pb and 16.0 dpm/(cm super(2)/yr) for super(7)Be during 1984 to 1987. Vertical fluxes of super(210)Pb and super(7)Be, associated with settling particles, were measured in sediment traps deployed at 50 m and 130 m depth at a station near the deepest part of Lake Zurich. Average fluxes of super(210)Pb and super(7)Be at 50 depth were 0.94 and 4.90 dpm/(cm super(2)/yr), respectively, and 16.5x10 super(7) atoms (m super(2)/d) for super(10)Be. Sediment traps at 50 m quantitatively collected atmospherically deposited super(210)Pb falling through the water column. At 130 m depth, immediately above seasonally anoxic bottom waters, super(210)Pb, super(10)Be, and super(137)Cs fluxes were higher than at 50 m by up to 60% at times during the summer stagnation period. Sediment inventories of super(210)Pb and super(10)Be are in agreement with atmospheric nuclide fluxes, suggesting moderate recycling of these nuclides in the bottom waters, whereas super(137)Cs inventory in the sediments is lower than expected from sediment trap fluxes, indicating remobilization of this nuclide.

AN: 2671490

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TI: Enhanced particle fluxes in Bay of Bengal induced by injection of fresh water.

AU: Ittekkot,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Honjo,-S.; Ramaswamy,-V.; Bartsch,-M.; Manganini,-S.; Desai,-B.N.

AF: Inst. Biogeochem. and Mar. Chem., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesst. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: NATURE. 1991. vol. 351, no. 6325, pp. 385-387

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The melting of ice sheets during deglaciation results in the injection of large amounts of fresh water into the oceans. To investigate how such injections might influence particle fluxes in the ocean, and hence the uptake of atmospheric CO sub(2), we deployed three sediment-trap moorings (two traps in each mooring) in the northern, central and southern parts of the Bay of Bengal, respectively. From north to south, the carbonate flux increases, whereas fluxes of opal, organic carbon and particulate matter decrease. The overall flux pattern seems to be controlled by the seasonally varying input from the rivers and the accompanying shift in marine biogenic production. We conclude that freshwater pulses during deglaciation may therefore have caused similar shifts in marine biogenic production, resulting in short-term episodes of increased oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO sub(2).

AN: 2669114

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TI: Labyrinth of doom: A device to minimize the "swimmer" component in sediment trap collections.

AU: Coale,-K.H.

AF: Moss Landing Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 450, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1990. vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1376-1381

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AN: 2669070

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TI: Near-bottom concentration and flux: Temporal variations observed with sediment traps and nephelometer on the Meriadzek Terrace, Bay of Biscay.

AU: Vangriesheim,-A.; Khripounoff,-A.

AF: IFREMER, Cent. Brest, B.P. 70, 29263 Plouzane, France

SO: PROG.-OCEANOGR. 1990. vol. 24, no. 1-4, pp. 103-116

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Meriadzek Terrace was chosen as the experimental site for a multidisciplinary programme to observe the parameters needed for a better understanding of biological processes in the benthic environment. Two approaches were used to study the input of particulate matter to the bathyal seabed: sediment traps and indirect particle concentration measurements with nephelometry. The results point out the different time scales (from some hours to several months) of the large temporal fluctuations which affect the near-bottom particle behaviour.

AN: 2665990

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TI: A method for the measurement of bedload sediment transport and passive faunal transport on intertidal sandflats.

AU: Emerson,-C.W.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4J1, Canada

SO: ESTUARIES. 1991. vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 361-371

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A simple and inexpensive sampler to measure bedload sediment transport in shallow subtidal or intertidal areas is described. The cylindrical sub-sediment trap with an aspect ratio of 20 (height:diameter) is an improvement over conventional bedload samplers which are difficult to use in shallow areas or fail to collect the biological material associated with bedload. Traps deployed on a low-energy intertidal sandflat for six months provided daily estimates of bedload transport (quartz grains: 0.0001-40 kg/m/d), passive infaunal transport (e.g., the bivalve Mya arenaria , max: 800 ind/m/d), and organic detrital flux (e.g., macrophyte fragments, max: 400 g dry wt/m/d). Bedload rates estimated with traps were compared to predictions from a numerical bedload model to evaluate the trap's collection and retention efficiency. A significant linear regression between observed (trap) and predicted (model) rates indicated that the traps were useful for the measurement of high- and low-frequency variability in bedload transport. Potential applications of the traps in benthic oceanography include recruitment and recolonization studies.

AN: 2658639

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TI: Measurement of sediment resuspension rates in Long island Sound.

AU: Bokuniewicz,-H.; McTiernan,-L.; Davis,-W.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

CO: Int. Workshop on Cohesive Sediments, Brussels (Belgium), 5-7 Nov 1990

SO: CHARACTERIZATION-OF-MUD-SEDIMENTS. Wartel,-S.-ed. 1991. vol. 11, no. 3-4 pp. 159-161

ST: GEO-MAR.-LETT. vol. 11, no. 3-4

NT: Special issue.

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Resuspension rates have been measured on Long Island Sound sediments (New York/Connecticut, USA) under an oscillating grid, using a flume, and in place, using high frequency acoustics, transmissometers, and sediment traps. Despite differences, the results compare favorably. The methods all provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of the resuspension rate and increases under storm conditions can be estimated.

AN: 2645103

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TI: Sediment trap diatom assemblages from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region.

AU: Leventer,-A.

AF: Byrd Polar Res. Cent., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH 43210, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1991. vol. 38, no. 8-9A, pp. 1127-1143

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Quantitative floral analyses were performed on 29 samples collected during similar to 24-h deployments of floating sediment traps. Traps were deployed at five sites in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region during December 1986 to March 1987. These analyses and comparison to surface sediment data provide information concerning the influence of primary production, spore formation, post-bloom mass sedimentation, advection, and resuspension on the sinking and sedimented floral assemblage. At three of the five sites, absolute diatom flux decreased by more than an order of magnitude from January to February, the result of the sinking of bloom populations and subsequent decreased levels of primary productivity. These data indicate that at least to 200 m, grazing and pelletization did not obscure the primary signal. Relatively low and uniform diatom flux in Drake Passage was indicative of a deeply mixed surface layer in which peak levels of biomass were not permitted to accumulate.

AN: 2621379

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TI: Seasonal coupling of organic matter production and particle flux in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica.

AU: Karl,-D.M.; Tilbrook,-B.D.; Tien,-G.

AF: Sch. Ocean and Earth Sci. and Technol., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1991. vol. 38, no. 8-9A, pp. 1097-1126

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Simultaneous measurements of seasonal depletions in dissolved inorganic carbon ( Sigma CO sub(2)), nitrogen (NO sub(3)@)u- + NO sub(2)@)u-) and phosphate (HPO sub(4)@) super(2)- )and concentrations of C, N and P collected using sediment traps at five representative sites in a 25,000 km super(2) sector of the western Bransfield Strait over a 4-month period have allowed us to evaluate the coupling between primary production and particle flux. During the spring bloom period (December to January), we observed a substantial removal of Sigma CO sub(2), (NO sub(3)@)u- + NO sub(2)@)u-) and HPO sub(4)@) super(2)-c)orresponding to a net upper water column (0-50 m) seasonal production of 8410 mmol C/m super(2), 827 mmol N/m super(2) and 53.1 mmol P/m super(2). This equates to an average C:N:P ratio of 158:15.6:1. These C:N (and C:P) ratios are higher than the expected Redfield ratios and also exceed the C:N and C:P ratios directly measured for suspended and sinking particles. We hypothesize a coupled formation of carbon-rich dissolved organic matter as a sink for approximately 30-50% of the Sigma CO sub(2) removed during net photosynthesis. The rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton in the northern portion of Gerlache Strait during the spring bloom resulted in a substantial pCO sub(2) undersaturation compared to surface samples collected from lower productivity areas in Drake Passage.

AN: 2620495

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TI: Indication of hydrothermal sedimentation in the near-bottom layer above the Reykjanes Ridge.

OT: Priznaki gidrotermal'nogo osadkoobrazovaniya v pridonnom sloe okeana nad khrebtom Rejk'yanes

AU: Kontar'-,-E.A.; Sivkov,-V.V.; Stryuk,-V.L.

AF: Atlant. Otd. IOAN, Kaliningrad, Russia

SO: DOKL.-AN-S.S.S.R. 1991. vol. 317, no. 1, pp. 207-210

LA: Russian

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Based on the analysis of samples taken with sediment traps at a distance of 6 and 36 m from the bottom during the 49th cruise of the R/V Akademik Kurchatov in Sep 1988 it is concluded that the sediments can be classified as ore-bearing. The rates of total vertical flow of sediments were estimated as 58.6 and 20.1 mg/m super(2) per day in the lower and upper points respectively. The analysis of hydrological data revealed a nepheloid layer which is related to the intrusion of relatively warm water in the 5-25 m off-bottom layer which in its turn is related to hydrothermal activity.

AN: 2613215

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TI: Seasonal and depth-related changes in the source of sinking particles in the North Atlantic.

AU: Altabet,-M.A.; Deuser,-W.G.; Honjo,-S.; Stienen,-C.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: NATURE. 1991. vol. 354, no. 6349, pp. 136-139

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Large, fast-sinking particles are important in the downward transport and redistribution of biogeochemical species in the deep ocean. Using nitrogen isotope ratio, super(15)N/ super(14)N, as an in situ tracer, we investigate the source and transformation of these particles in the North Atlantic ocean. We observe seasonal variations in delta super(15)N associated with seasonal changes in near-surface nitrate concentration and particle flux; the nitrogen isotope variations are consistent with, but much larger than, previously observed variability. Our results show that the signal from these near-surface changes propagates rapidly into the deep ocean, but is modified depending on the phase of the seasonal production cycle. Surprisingly, we find that delta super(15)N values of sinking particles decrease with depth during low-flux periods--behaviour that may occur generally in the open ocean. The sinking particles must therefore be either gaining light nitrogen or losing heavy nitrogen, an effect that we believe requires there to be another source of sinking particles, apart from recent surface production.

AN: 2611636

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TI: Variability in sterol flux in the ice-covered lagoon Saroma Ko, Hokkaido, Japan.

AU: Sasaki,-H.; Yamaguchi,-T.; Watanabe,-K.; Tanimura,-A.; Fukuchi,-M.

AF: Fac. Agric., Tohoku Univ., 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amemiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981, Japan

CA: National Inst. of Polar Research, Tokyo (Japan)

CO: 11. Symp. on Polar Biology, Tokyo (Japan), 12-14 Dec 1988

SO: PROC.-NIPR-SYMP.-POLAR-BIOL. Hoshiai,-T.-ed. 1990. no. 3, pp. 8-15

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: A time-series sediment trap was deployed in a shallow lagoon, Saroma Ko, from 9 December 1986 to 2 May 1987. During the ice-covered period (mid-January to mid-April) total mass fluxes (dry weight) were lower than 2 g/m super(2)/day, while after mid-April the flux increased to more than 11 g/m super(2)/day. The dominant sterol associated with sinking particles throughout the observation period was cholesterol most of which were possibly from animal-derived sources such as scallop feces.

AN: 2602435

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TI: Do upper-ocean sediment traps provide an accurate record of particle flux?.

AU: Buesseler,-K.O.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: NATURE. 1991. vol. 353, no. 6343, pp. 420-423

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps are widely used to measure the vertical flux of particulate matter in the oceans. In the upper ocean, sediment traps have been used to determine the extent to which CO sub(2) fixed by primary producers is exported as particulate organic carbon. In addition, the observed decrease of particle flux with depth has been use to predict regeneration rates of organic matter and associated elements. Over seasonal or annual timescales, the import of limiting nutrients into the upper ocean (new production) should be balanced by particle export. Given the importance of accurately determining the sinking particle flux, it has been suggested that super(234)Th might be used to "calibrate" shallow-trap fluxes. The author presents a re-evaluation of existing super(234)Th data which indicates that trap-derived and model-derived super(234)Th particle fluxes can differ by a factor of plus or minus 3-10, suggesting that shallow traps may not provide an accurate measure of particle fluxes.

AN: 2580752

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TI: Organic debris on the continental margins: A simulation analysis of source and fate.

AU: Walsh,-J.J.; Dieterle,-D.A.; Pribble,-J.R.

AF: Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1991. vol. 38, no. 7A, pp. 805-828

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A fine-mesh (0.5 km, 2.5 m) two-dimensional model of particle transport and decomposition in the aphotic zone (> 150 m) is used to analyse time series (April-August) of element fluxes caught by sediment traps, moored in a transect from the upper slope (500 m) to the continental rise (2750 m) of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Inclusion of a benthic boundary layer within generally quiescent of offshore flows of similar to 1 cm/s in the model allows replication of the time phasing and amount of organic carbon sampled by the traps at 50 m above bottom. Over the lower 75 m of the water column on the upper slope, the survival of shelf diatom chains (sinking at 10 m/day), as well as slope picoplankton (1 m/day) and zooplankton fecal pellets (100 m/day), provides most of the model's fidelity after the demise of the spring bloom.

AN: 2579751

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TI: Settling of particles in a hydrothermal vent field (East Pacific Rise 13 degree N) measured with sediment traps.

AU: Khripounoff,-A.; Alberic,-P.

AF: IFREMER-Cent. Brest, B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1991. vol. 38, no. 6A, pp. 729-744

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Samples from nine sediment traps moored in the vicinity of an active hydrothermal vent on a segment of the East Pacific Rise (EPR), near 13 degree N, were collected in 1987 during the Hydronaut cruise. The results show variability in the distribution and composition of the particle flux to the area immediately surrounding the sea-floor vents. The settling of material measured at three distances from the "Totem" vent field demonstrates a sharp decrease in total flux with increasing distance from the source. The amount of particles collected with sediment traps at the vent field is 5.6 times greater than the pelagic flux measured on this site. Comparison of elemental fluxes determined in the near- and far-field experiments reveals the spatial distribution of vent effluent. The sulphur particle flux decreases by a factor of 300 between the near-field station and the seamount station 15 km southeast of the vent. In contrast, the pelagic carbonate flux appears equally distributed throughout the studied area. Few organic particles produced by the vent ecosystem are reaching the seafloor only 80 m away.

AN: 2579689

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TI: Variations in the rate of sediment accumulation in a backwater lake, Pool 2, Mississippi River.

AU: Hornbach,-D.J.; Deneka,-T.; Miller,-A.C.; Payne,-B.S.

AF: Dep. Biol., Macalester Coll., St. Paul, MN 55105, USA

SO: J.-FRESHWAT.-ECOL. 1991. vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 53-60

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The rates of sediment deposition in a backwater lake were examined in the summers of 1987, 1988, and 1989 in River Lake (RM 826). To ascertain the spatial variation in sediment accretion, deposition was measured using PVC tubes (height:diameter ratio, 10:1 = 38.1:3.81 cm). Nine replicates were placed at each of three stations along each of three N/S transects of the lake for two-week periods. These transects were parallel to the flow of the river. In 1987 and 1988 the total dry weight and ash-free dry weight to the accumulated sediment was measured in a subsample of the traps. For 1987-1989, the volume of sediment was also assessed. Significant differences were found among transects and stations in the rates of deposition and in the percent organic matter in the deposited sediment.

AN: 2571067

266 of 362

TI: Seasonal changes in sedimenting material collected by high aspect ratio sediment traps operated in a holomictic eutrophic lake.

AU: Flower,-R.J.

AF: Palaeoecol. Res. Unit, Dep. Geogr., University Coll., London WC1H 0AP, UK

CO: 5. Int. Symp. on Palaeolimnology, Ambleside (UK), 31 Aug -- 6 Sep 1989

SO: ENVIRONMENTAL-HISTORY-AND-PALAEOLIMNOLOGY. Smith,-J.P.;Appleby,-P.G.;Battarbee,-R.W.;Dearing,-J.A.;Flower,-R.;Haworth,-E.Y.;Oldfield,-F.;O'-Sullivan,-P.E.-eds. 1991. vol. 214 pp. 311-316

ST: HYDROBIOLOGIA. vol. 214

LA: English

AB: Cylindrical sediment traps with an aspect ratio (height (60 cm): diameter (5.1 cm)) of 11.8 were located 1 m above the surface sediment by a rigid metal framework support. Traps were exposed in Lough Neagh for one year, from May 1978. Each trap collected between 11 and 12 cm of faintly laminated sediment. The algal record in trapped sediment is shown to correspond with successional changes in phytoplankton abundance in the lake during the year of study. The sediment accumulation rate measured by the traps is an order of magnitude greater than that measured in dated sediment cores and redeposited and inwashed sediment formed the bulk of trapped material.

AN: 2567787

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TI: Sediment resuspensions observed by means of sediment traps in the Mediterranean Sea at 2000 m depth.

OT: Remises en suspension sedimentaires observees en Mediterranee par 2000 m de profondeur a l'aide de pieges a particules

AU: Crassous,-P.; Khripounoff,-A.; La-Rosa,-J.; Miquel,-J.-C.

AF: IFREMER, Cent. Brest, B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzane, France

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA. 1991. vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 115-121

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Four sediment traps of 2 different types and 2 current meters were deployed fixed to 2 identical moorings, at a depth of 2,000 m, off the coast at Nice. The particulate flux measured with sediment traps decreased from 1,000 to 95 mg/m super(2)/day during this experiment. The carbonate carbon concentration of the particles also decreased during this period. It is concluded that these changes reveal the presence of a deep-sea storm with a significant resuspension of sediment to a height greater than 200 m. By the end of the experiment, identical sediment traps had not collected the same particle weight although the distance between them was only 300 m. This flux variation indicates the high horizontal heterogeneity of the resuspension.

AN: 2559307

268 of 362

TI: Sedimentation and sediment accumulation rates in a low-energy embayment.

AU: Lund-Hansen,-L.C.

AF: Dep. Earth Sci., Univ. Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1991. vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 969-980

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This paper describes sedimentary conditions in a low-energy embayment in the Western Baltic. Water depths vary between 32 m and 4 m. The tidal range of 20 cm is less than the sea level fluctuations caused by strong winds. Sediment accumulation rates were examined by means of sediment traps and the Pb-210 method. It is shown that the two methods give almost identical sediment accumulation rates. There are seasonal variations with low rates in summer ( approximately equals 260 g/m super(2)*y) and high rates ( approximately equals 2600 g/m super(2)*y) in fall and winter. Sediment accumulation rates are positively correlated with strong winds from the south-west. Changes in the organic content is shown to reflect changes in the depth-limit of eel-grass (Zostera marina) L.). It is also shown that the sediment transport mode in the study area is suspension. A sediment transport model applied to the data predicts that sediments are transported from the outer to the inner part of the embayment.

AN: 2555244

269 of 362

TI: Settling flux and sinking velocity of seston in Lago di Mergozzo (northern Italy) and influence of microbial activity on the decomposition of entrapped organic material.

AU: Callieri,-C.; Bertoni,-R.; de-Marco,-C.; Contesini,-M.

AF: CNR-Ist. Ital. Idrobiol., Largo Tonolli 50, 28048 Pallanza, Italy

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA. 1991. vol. 213, no. 2, pp. 155-165

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Settling flux and velocity of seston, particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll a were measured at three depths during 8 seven-day exposure periods in Lago di Mergozzo (Northern Italy). The percentage of organic fraction inside the traps was always lower than outside. The comparison of preserved and unpreserved traps showed no significant difference in both organic matter content and bacterial numbers. Therefore, the higher settling velocity of the inorganic particles was responsible for the higher percentage of this fraction in the traps. The settling velocity of sestonic particles increased, during the stratification period, with increasing depth and reached a maximum value of 2.5 m/d.

AN: 2551225

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TI: Lake Cochrane perimeter road-sediment traps project.

AU: Siegel,-J.L.

CA: East Dakota Conservancy Sub-District, Brookings, SD (USA)

SO: MISC.-REP.-SER.-U.S.-ENVIRON.-PROT.-AGENCY. 1979. 32 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: PB89-210082/GAR. Grant EPA-S-804248.

RN: EPA/908/3-79/001 (EPA908379001)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Lake Cochrane is one of the few deep high quality prairie lakes in northeastern South Dakota, USA. Local interests tried unsuccessfully for several years to reduce sediment inflow. The proposal to develop sediment traps as a part of the lake's perimeter road system was selected for a grant award under EPA's "Clean Lakes" program initiated in 1975. Three sediment traps were developed to control the sediment inflow from 66% of the lake's watershed area. By incorporating the sediment traps into the perimeter road system, 2700 feet of new gravel road, the sediment traps, and a new boat access area were constructed. In addition, two of the sediment traps have been utilized as fish rearing ponds. Preliminary evidence indicates good suspended solids removal in the sediment traps. There is evidence, however, that temporary storage of runoff water may not provide any nutrient removal. (Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, CO. Region VIII, and South Dakota Dept. of Water and Natural Resources, Brookings.)

AN: 2541144

271 of 362

TI: Lithogenic fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea measured by sediment traps.

AU: Ramaswamy,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Manganini,-S.; Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.

AF: Natl. Inst. Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1991. vol. 38, no. 2A, pp. 169-184

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particle fluxes measured continuously for one year at three locations in the Arabian Sea using time-series sediment traps show that lithogenic sedimentation processes are strongly coupled to biological processes. The vertical flux of lithogenic matter is controlled by episodic production and fluxes of biogenic matter. Illite and quartz are the dominant clay minerals in the traps at all three locations. Smectites generally range between 2 and 8%, but show higher fluxes up to 25% in the central and eastern Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon period. Most of the river discharge is retained on the continental shelf, and less than 5% of the annual input of lithogenic material to the Arabian Sea is deposited in the deeper part as hemipelagic sediments.

AN: 2527113

272 of 362

TI: Field calibration and performance of sediment traps in a eutrophic holomictic lake.

AU: Flower,-R.J.

AF: Palaeoecol. Res. Unit, Dep. Geogr., University Coll., 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK

SO: J.-PALEOLIMNOL. 1991. vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 175-188

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In wind-stressed and unstratified Lough Neagh low aspect ratio sediment traps, which allow for internal resuspension, collected sediment at a rate close to the natural sediment accumulation rate inferred from dated sediment cores. High aspect ratio traps grossly overestimated the natural rate of sediment accumulation as did, but to a lesser extent, burial rate measurements on an artificial stratigraphic marker. The former type of trap deployed over long exposure periods is therefore recommended as providing the best estimate of net downward particle flux in lakes such as Lough Neagh. However, it is emphasized that all sediment trap types, when operated in shallow turbulent lakes, will to a greater or lesser extent be "contaminated" by secondary or redeposited material and so will not provide a direct measure of primary sedimentation. Use of tube traps in lakes such as Lough Neagh should not, however, be discounted since they can provide a record of the quality of sedimenting material through time.

AN: 2522624

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TI: Variability in the vertical flux of microorganisms and biogenic material in the epipelagic zone of a North Pacific Central Gyre station.

AU: Taylor,-G.T.

AF: Hawaii Inst. Geophys., Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1989. vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1287-1308

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Free-floating particle interceptor trap arrays were deployed at a single station (26 degree N, 155 degree W) in the North Pacific central gyre for three consecutive periods (I: 24-31 Mar 1986; II: 31 Mar to 12 Apr 1986; III: 14-17 Apr 1986). Temporal changes in plankton biomass and biogenic vertical fluxes coincided with a 10 day storm that produced up to 35 kn winds and 3.5 m swells. Mean wind speed increased during the study period as did suspended (ATP) concentrations in the upper 120 m. Vertical fluxes of total particulate carbon (PC), ATP, diatoms, dinoflagellates, bacteria, mastigotes and fecal pellets were greatest during the post-storm period, whereas ciliate fluxes were nearly equal in all three trap sets. Aloricate ciliates were the dominant taxonomic group, accounting for 45-79% of the total microbial biomass in the traps. Findings support the hypothesis that physical forcing by the storm stimulated planktonic production and altered assemblage structure in the epipelagic zone and consequently stimulated efflux of biogenic materials and organisms from this zone.

AN: 2519117

274 of 362

TI: A sediment trap experiment in NW Adriatic coastal waters.

AU: Giordani,-P.; Frignani,-M.

AF: Ist. Geol. Mar., CNR, Via Zamboni 65, 40127 Bologna, Italy

CA: Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia, Trieste (Italy)

CO: 8. Congr. della Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia, Pallanza (Italy), 1-3 Jun 1988

SO: ATTI-DELL'-8-supero-CONGRESSO-DELLA-ASSOCIAZIONE-ITALIANA-DI-OCEANOLOGIA-E-LIMNOLOGIA,-PALLANZA-1-3-GIUGNO-1988. Bregant,-D.;Fanzutti,-G.P.-eds. 1991. no. 8 pp. 445-456

ST: ATTI-CONGR.-AIOL. no. 8

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Data are presented showing grain size, mineralogical and major element composition for samples of settling particles collected by sediment traps at a station 6 km off-shore from the town of Cesenatico, in NW Adriatic coastal waters. These experiments were carried out to test the efficiency and limits of the trap methods as a part of ongoing studies of geochemical cycling of pollutants and related elements. Preliminary results have shown that traps are good tools to collect suspended particle samples. The quantity collected depends primarily on meteorological conditions and the origin is mostly terrestrial. The annual sedimentation rate obtained in three experiments are more than twice the values calculated from super(137)Cs profiles measured in a sediment core from the same area.

AN: 2517522

275 of 362

TI: Analytical phosphorus fractionation of sediment trap material.

AU: Liebezeit,-G.

AF: Nationalparkverwalt., Oekosystemforsch. Niedersaechs. Wattenmeer, Virchowstr. 1, W-2940 Wilhelmshaven, FRG

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1991. vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 61-69

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap samples from the Sea of Marmara, the North Sea, the South China Sea and the Voering Plateau were analysed for water- and acid-extractable inorganic and total organic phosphorus. Whereas water-extractable P accounts for < 3.6% of total P, acid-extractable P represents up to 62%. Inorganic phosphorus may originate from biogenic carbonate and silica, detrital clay minerals, fish debris and atmospheric fallout. The relative contributions from these sources are reviewed.

AN: 2508176

276 of 362

TI: Phosphorus losses from the epilimnion in Rimov Reservoir.

AU: Porcalova,-P.

AF: Inst. Landscape Ecol., Czech. Acad. Sci., Na sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia

SO: INT.-REV.-GESAMT.-HYDROBIOL. 1990. vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 273-279

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The amount of settling phosphorus was measured in Rimov Reservoir using sediment trap technique from April 1986 to April 1987. Sediment traps were placed at three depths near the dam of the reservoir and at the bottom along the reservoir. The highest amount of phosphorus in trapped material was found during the fall turnover in the epilimnion and near the bottom in both spring periods (1986, 1997). During the growing season the changes in dry weight and total phosphorus in setting seston were related to changes of phytoplankton biomass in the trophogenic layer. The amount of trapped phosphorus was higher near the bottom than in the upper layers of the reservoir throughout the year.

AN: 2501329

277 of 362

TI: Behaviour of copper and cadmium during a phytoplankton bloom: A mesocosm experiment.

AU: Slauenwhite,-D.E.; Wangersky,-P.J.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4J1, Canada

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1991. vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 37-50

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A bloom of the phytoplankton Chaetoceros gracilis was induced in the Aquatron Tower Tank at Dalhousie, and dissolved and particulate forms of copper and cadmium were followed over the course of the bloom. Copper was found to become increasingly more complexed with organic chelates amenable to extraction by C-18 Sep-Pak cartridges and remained in dissolved form over the time-scale of the bloom studied. There were no obvious trends apparent for a correlation between organic copper and the concentration of organic matter in the dissolved phase. A larger part of the cadmium in the dissolved phase was found to be removed from the upper part of the water column by association with large sinking particles.

AN: 2501255

278 of 362

TI: Highway construction site erosion and pollution control manual. Implementation manual.

AU: Horner,-R.R.; Guedry,-J.; Kortenhof,-M.H.

CA: Washington State Transportation Cent., Seattle (USA)

SO: 1990. 53 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: PB90-219155/GAR.

RN: WA-RD-200.1 (WARD2001)

LA: English

AB: New techniques and products have been developed to reduce erosion at its source or interrupt the transport of eroded soil. However, these developments have not heretofore been systematically and comprehensively tested and compared to one another in effectiveness. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) funded research to perform such tests in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of highway construction site erosion and pollution control. The manual presents criteria and guidelines relative to a number of slope covering techniques, silt barriers, sedimentation ponds, and construction management techniques. (Sponsored by Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Olympia.)

AN: 2475063

279 of 362

TI: Seasonal particulate carbon flux in the coastal northwestern Mediterranean Sea, and the role of zooplankton fecal matter.

AU: Fowler,-S.W.; Small,-L.F.; La-Rosa,-J.

AF: Int. Lab. Mar. Radioact., IAEA, 9 Ave. des Castellans, MC 98000, Monaco

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA. 1991. vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 77-85

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: During a six-year (1978-1984) sediment trap study in the northwestern Mediterranean off the coast of Monaco, large variations in mass flux and carbon flux through 100 and 150 m were observed with maximum flux values occurring in late winter or early spring and minimum flux in late summer. Total particulate carbon flux was linearly related to mass flux. Zooplankton fecal pellets were always an abundant component of the sinking particles and the pellet carbon flux was linearly related to the total carbon flux at the 3 depths (50, 150 and 250 m) examined. The estimates suggested that zooplankton fecal pellet deposition is a significant contributor to the downward particulate carbon flux in this region of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

AN: 2473254

280 of 362

TI: Lithogenic fluxes to the Arabian Sea measured by sediment traps.

AU: Ramaswamy,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Manganini,-S.; Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.

AF: Natl. Inst. Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403004, India

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1990. vol. 38, no. 2A, pp. 169-184

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 2464803

281 of 362

TI: Organic carbon turnover time in deep-sea benthos.

AU: Rowe,-G.T.; Sibuet,-M.; Deming,-J.; Tietjen,-J.; Khripounoff,-A.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77843, USA

SO: PROG.-OCEANOGR. 1990. vol. 24, no. 1-4, pp. 141-160

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The ratio of organic carbon supply to the deep-sea floor estimated with sediment traps to total benthic biomass (in terms of organic carbon concentration) was used to calculate "average" turnover or residence times for the benthic community over a broad depth interval in the western North Atlantic. Ratios indicate that the biomass carbon turns over on average time scales of months, with little predictable variation over the depth interval (70 m to 5300 m). Detrital organic carbon in sediments at the same stations turned over on scales of years to centuries. The shortest detrital carbon turnover was just over 8 years in a sandy continental shelf environment versus 609 years at 5.3 km depth on the Hatteras Abyssal Plain. The turnover time estimates calculated with POC fluxes were assessed by comparing POC fluxes with estimates of total community respiration. At each location the POC flux rates were greater than the sediment oxygen demand flux rates (in mg Carbon/m super(2)/d), and the disparity was much greater in the deep sea than on the continental margin.

AN: 2463578

282 of 362

TI: Roles of viral infection in organic particle flux.

AU: Proctor,-L.M.; Fuhrman,-J.A.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1991. vol. 69, no. 1-2, pp. 133-142

NT: Bibliogr.: 66 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap material from 30 to 400 m collected from the north Pacific Ocean during the "VERTEX" cruises in 1980 to 1982 was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Viruses were present in all of the sinking particles examined except for those from one sample, of highly degraded algal cells or small fecal pellets, from 400 m. Viruses in the sinking particles often appeared aggregated. From 0.7 to 3.7% of the bacteria in sinking particles contained mature phage; from these data and limited information from pure cultures, we estimate that 2 to 37% of the particulate-associated bacteria may be killed by viral lysis. Many eukaryotic cells were also apparently infected with viruses, but none ( less than or equal to 50 cells observed) of the cyanobacteria or "Chlorella -like" cells appeared infected. Viral lysis of bacteria associated with sinking particles and free-living bacteria may be causally linked and may play a role in dissolved organic carbon production and the dynamics of sinking particles.

AN: 2458645

283 of 362

TI: Sediment transport in the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers of western Washington.

AU: Sikonia,-W.G.

CA: Geological Surv., Tacoma, WA (USA). Water Resources Div.

SO: WATER-RESOUR.-INVEST.-U.S.-GEOL.-SURV. 1990. 215 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: PB90-240433/GAR.

RN: USGS-WRI-89-4112 (USGSWRI894112)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In 1983, the Pierce County Public Works Department began a study of flood protection for the lower Puyallup, White, and Carbon Rivers of western Washington. The report presents the results of a substudy directed at obtaining information on sediment deposition, scour, and movement in the river channels in response to potential alternatives for sediment control measures. The information was applied to investigate means of maintaining the flow carrying capacity of the river channels. Three alternative approaches for managing sediment deposition on the rivers were compared using a computer model of sediment transport. (Also available from Supt. of Docs. Prepared in cooperation with Pierce County Public Works Dept., Tacoma, WA., and Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Olympia.)

AN: 2458610

284 of 362

TI: Evaluation of sediment traps in Lake St. Clair, Lake Ontario, and Hamilton Harbour.

AU: Boyce,-F.M.; Hamblin,-P.F.; Robertson,-D.G.; Chiocchio,-F.

AF: Lakes Res. Branch, Natl. Wat. Res. Inst., Environment Canada, Burlington, Ont. L7R 4A6, Canada

SO: J.-GREAT-LAKES-RES. 1990. vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 366-379

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps are simple inexpensive devices that yield time-integrated samples of material suspended in the water column. The cylindrical settling tube is a design capable of yielding quantitative results in relatively calm waters. The reliability of these or any other trap in shallow water with significant wave orbital motions is unknown. This paper describes attempts to assess the field performance of conventional settling tubes and 2 versions of horizontally-ported chambers in shallow, wave-dominated water. With present levels of understanding, results from sediment traps of these designs deployed in shallow, wave-dominated water should be given qualitative status only.

AN: 2457857

285 of 362

TI: Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen.

AU: Walsh,-J.J.

AF: Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. South Florida, 140 7th Ave. S., St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

SO: NATURE. 1991. vol. 350, no. 6313, pp. 53-55

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The continental margins occupy less than 20% of the surface area of the world ocean, and it is widely assumed that they do not play a significant part in the oceanic biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Data from 32 sediment-trap moorings, 16 in the deep sea and 16 on the continental slope, suggest that at an average depth of 2,650 m on the slope, the combined rain of surviving shelf and slope particles yields a mean carbon flux of 6.9 g C/m super(2)/yr - about ten times that at the same average depth in the deep sea (0.8 g C/m super(2)/yr). Because the area of the deep sea is about ten times greater than that of the continental slopes, using the sediment-trap data and assuming a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 5:1, the equivalent total particulate offshore nitrogen loss is 0.5 x 10 super(14) g N/yr at 2,650 m. If these trap observations are generally representative of the oceans and continental margins, then the supply of dissolved nitrate to the overlying euphotic zones should also be similar. Here I provide an independent estimate of the annual supply of onwelling nitrate from the deep sea to the shelves and find that it may balance the offshore flux of carbon, suggesting that the continental margins and deep sea are equally important in the carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles.

AN: 2449252

286 of 362

TI: Effects of ice coverage and ice-rafted material on sedimentation in the Fram Strait.

AU: Hebbeln,-D.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Univ. Bremen, Geowiss., Postfach 330440, 2800 Bremen 33, FRG

SO: NATURE. 1991. vol. 350, no. 6317, pp. 409-411

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: As little is known about pelagic sedimentation processes in Arctic environments, the interpretation of biological and chemical processes, as well as the reconstruction of ancient conditions, including those in the glacial North Atlantic, is difficult. Here we provide sediment-trap results, which show that the position of the sea-ice boundary significantly influences the particle flux. The seasonal variability of the particle flux differed markedly in the various sediment-trap sites in Fram Strait, depending on the behaviour of the sea ice. Under complete ice cover, sedimentation is very low, whereas maximum sedimentation is found at the ice margin. The highest particle flux observed, showing a large lithogenic component, was observed at the ice edge where the water was warmer (> 2 degree C). We find that high biogenic opal fluxes are characteristic of the summer ice margin, indicating that the sedimentary record of opal fluxes may allow the position of ice margins in the past to be reconstructed.

AN: 2449050

287 of 362

TI: Trace petroliferous organic matter associated with massive hydrothermal sulfides from the East Pacific Rise at 13 and 21 degree N.

AU: Brault,-M.; Simoneit,-B.R.T.; Saliot,-A.

AF: Pet. Res. Group, Coll. Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA. 1989. vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 405-415

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Two active hydrothermal vent sites on the East Pacific Rise at 21 degree and 13 degree N have similar biogeochemical settings. They are characterized by large animal communities surrounding large porous sulfide edifices venting hot water (200-300 degree C) as black smokers. Samples from these sites were analyzed in terms of biological marker lipids such as n-alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, triterpanes, steranes and fatty acids to describe their sources, bacterially-mediated transformation products and alteration by hydrothermal fluids.

AN: 2448350

288 of 362

TI: Variability of some elemental fluxes in the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean.

AU: Jickells,-T.D.; Deuser,-W.G.; Fleer,-A.; Hemleben,-C.

AF: Sch. Environ. Sci., Univ. East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

SO: OCEANOL.-ACTA. 1990. vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 291-298

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes of 16 major and trace elements into a deep-ocean sediment trap in the Western tropical Atlantic are reported. Fluxes are temporally variable and this may be the result of the influence of South American rivers on this area. Despite this variability, fluxes of aluminium and other trace elements associated with abiogenic and biogenic material, correlate with organic carbon, suggesting that biogenic and abiogenic material are transported by the same mechanisms as in central ocean regions. A small compositional difference is seen between the samples collected during periods of high and low total flux. This appears to result from dilution of three of the main components.

AN: 2427340

289 of 362

TI: Nd isotopes as tracers in water column particles: The western Mediterranean Sea.

AU: Grousset,-F.E.; Henry,-F.; Minster,-J.F.; Monaco,-A.

AF: UA CNRS 197, Dep. Geol.-Oceanogr., Univ. Bordeaux I, Ave. Facultes, 33405 Talence Cedex, France

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1990. vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 389-407

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Measurements of Nd isotopic ratios in sediment trap materials are reported on samples obtained from the western Mediterranean Sea margin (Gulf of Lions). Trap samples from two different seasons were examined. For the summer-autumn series (Oct), the fluvial inputs are relatively weak, and the Saharan aerosol influence is clearly identified in the particles trapped in the surface water (0-100 m). Isotopic ratios can be explained by a mixture of low values, corresponding to Saharan detrital aerosol particles, with higher radiogenic ratios similar to values reported earlier for the Mediterranean watermass, which are carried by biogenic particulate components. On the other hand, bottom layers are more probably invaded by particles coming from the shelf and the neighbouring rivers. For the winter-spring series (Mar), high particle fluxes coming from the distant Rhone river and advected along the shelf and margin by ocean currents, are the dominant component in the surface and intermediate trap-samples. However, the near-bottom particulate flux and the sediments reflect the more local river signature.

AN: 2425029

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TI: Size-fractionated sedimentation in a tropical neritic ecosystem near Kingston, Jamaica.

AU: Hopcroft,-R.R.; Roff,-J.C.; Berges,-J.A.

AF: Dep. Zool., Univ. Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 795-806

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particles collected at a tropical neritic station by 24 sediment trap deployment were size fractionated and analysed for chlorophyll a and phaeopigment. Under carlm conditions, picoparticles (< 2 mu m) did not settle out and therefore must be grazed within the water column; the data also indicate that 12-18% of the nanoplankton (2-20 mu m) and > 30% of the netplankton (> 20 mu m) daily primary production were exported to the benthos. Assuming that the annual pattern of net sedimentation can be predicted from a knowledge of the size structure and production of the phytoplankton, our calculations indicate a flux to the benthos of 36 g C/m super(2)/y or similar to 15% of the annual primary production.

AN: 2417182

291 of 362

TI: Surface-ocean color and deep-ocean carbon flux: How close a connection?.

AU: Deuser,-W.G.; Muller-Karger,-F.E.; Evans,-R.H.; Brown,-O.B.; Esaias,-W.E.; Feldman,-G.C.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1990. vol. 37, no. 8A, pp. 1331-1343

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Seven years of simultaneous, quasi-continuous data collected by the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner and by a deep-ocean sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea allow the derivation of empirical relationships between remotely sensed ocean color and the sinking of particulate carbon into the deep sea. In agreement with earlier observations, the results indicate a 1.5-month lag between surface-ocean events observed by the satellite and arrival of a record of those events, carried by sinking particles, at a depth of 3200 m. In addition, the results suggest that the sea-surface area most influential on particle-flux characteristics recorded by the sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea lies to the northeast of the trap's mooring site. The results point towards possible ways of quantifying the role of marine biota in the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide through use of satellite observations.

AN: 2408864

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TI: New production at the VERTEX time-series site.

AU: Knauer,-G.A.; Redalje,-D.G.; Harrison,-W.G.; Karl,-D.M.

AF: Univ. South. Mississippi Cent. Mar. Sci., John C. Stennis Space Cent., SSC, MS 39529, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1990. vol. 37, no. 7A, pp. 1121-1134

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes measured with free-floating sediment traps deployed six times over an 18-month period were combined with super(14)C primary production and super(15)N uptake measurements in order to obtain annual estimates of new production (NP) and associated f-ratios at the VERTEX time-series site. The site, located in the northeast Pacific Ocean at 33 degree N, 139 degree W, was occupied at trimonthly intervals to conduct water column studies and to recover/redeploy the sediment traps. The upper 250 m of the VERTEX site exhibited considerable variability in some biological properties over seasonal time scales. The f-ratio appeared to be inversely related to primary production, with lowest estimates obtained during the period of highest productivity. Values of annual NP derived from various estimates were remarkably similar ranging from 13-17 g C/m super(2)/y. The average annual f-ratio ranged from 0.11 to 0.14.

AN: 2408861

293 of 362

TI: New views on the degradation and disposition of organic particles as collected by sediment traps in the open sea.

AU: Banse,-K.

AF: Sch. Oceanogr., WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1990. vol. 37, no. 7A, pp. 1177-1195

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sharp gradients with depth (z) of fluxes (F) and concentrations (C) of organic particles are present in the upper few 100 m of the open sea. Because of under-determination of the system in the field, the balance of processes that maintain these gradients cannot yet be specified. A new scenario, with both quickly settling ( similar to 100 m/d), slowly decaying material and slowly sinking ( similar to 20-33 m/d), labile material that is degraded from within, mimics the observed gradients of F and C. A critique of recent ideas, which minimize decomposition of particles from within, notes that unambiguous interpretation in differences of cumulative particle collection between poisoned and live traps is difficult if daily decomposition rates of similar to 20 to similar to 30% prevail; these are claimed here for the labile fraction but have occasionally been observed even in bulk material from traps. The gradients with depth of F or C cannot be modeled as due to a first-order reaction. In the euphotic zone, mesozooplankton might generate substantial amounts of dissolved organic matter at depth, which is presumably degraded by free-living bacteria. Attention to animals is urged for flux studies.

AN: 2408849

294 of 362

TI: Cryptic zooplankton "swimmers" in upper ocean sediment traps.

AU: Michaels,-A.F.; Silver,-M.W.; Gowing,-M.M.; Knauer,-G.A.

AF: Bermuda Biol. Stn. Res., 17 Biological Lane, Ferry Reach, GE01, Bermuda

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES.-A-OCEANOGR.-RES.-PAP.. 1990. vol. 37, no. 8A, pp. 1285-1296

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps are the major oceanographic tool for collecting passively sinking particulate material (the "particle flux") in the ocean. Sediment traps in the upper ocean also collect actively sinking zooplankton that are usually manually removed prior to analysis. Microscopic analysis of sediment trap samples collected over a 19-month period in the eastern North Pacific reveals that zooplankton "swimmers" are a larger problem than previously recognized. Zooplankton that are cryptic (i.e. difficult to see or distinguish from the detrital material) and difficult to remove (principally gelatinous zooplankton) may have contributed up to 20 mg C/m super(2)/day to the "particulate flux," with the highest values in the upper 150 m. This swimmer problem is in addition to the previously recognized presence of crustaceans and other large metazoans in traps. Additionally, the detritus-laden, mucous-feeding structures (houses) of larvaceans probably enter the traps with the larvaceans and would be impossible to remove. We estimate that the contribution of the cryptic swimmers and larvacean houses could be as much as 96% of the measured carbon flux.

AN: 2407577

295 of 362

TI: Flux of transuranium nuclides and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the northwestern Mediterranean.

AU: Fowler,-S.W.; Ballestra,-S.; Villeneuve,-J.-P.

AF: IAEA, Int. Lab. Mar. Radioact., 19 Ave. Castellans, MC 98000, Monaco

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11 Sep, pp. 1005-1023

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The transuranium nuclides, plutonium and americium, and selected chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds have been measured in sediment trap samples, bottom sediments and waters. These measurements have been used to quantify vertical fluxes and elucidate particulate biogeochemical cycles, of these man-made contaminants in the northwestern Mediterranean. Sediment trap experiments in the Gulf of Lions (Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon) have shown that transuranic fluxes are considerably higher in the Gulf of Lions, than those which have been reported for the northeast Pacific; principally this is due to the relatively high mass fluxes in this region of the Mediterranean. Water, surface sediment and sediment trap data indicate that super(241)Am is being transported downward (via particle settling) more rapidly than super(239-240)Pu. From direct flux measurement, residence times for super(239-240)Pu and super(241)Am in the upper 300 m were computed to be 2.5 and 0.14 years, respectively. Comparison of super(239-240)Pu concentrations in the water column in 1986, with similar measurements made 5-11 years earlier suggests that fallout input to the Mediterranean has decreased by nearly a factor of 2 during the period 1975-1986.

AN: 2397465

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TI: super(210)Po, super(210)Pb in sediment trap particles on a Mediterranean continental margin.

AU: Heussner,-S.; Cherry,-R.D.; Heyraud,-M.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., CNRS URA 715, Univ. Perignan, 66025 Perpignan, France

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11, pp. 989-1004

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Concentrations of the natural radionuclides super(210)Po and super(210)Pb were measured in particulate matter collected in sediment traps, deployed in the Gulf of Lions during the first phase of the ECOMARGE programme (between July 1985 and April 1986). The data obtained are unexceptional in terms of the absolute concentrations measured, but show interesting features in the super(210)Po/ super(210)Pb activity ratios. These are high (about 6) in samples collected in summer at 50 m depth, they are above unity in all except one of the 50 and 100 m depth samples, and are less than unity in most of the deeper (300 and 600 m) samples. There is a clear tendency for super(210)Po to covary with organic matter and biogenic silica; likewise, for super(210)Pb to covary with carbonates and refractory silicates. Particulate matter fluxes and nuclide fluxes into the deep traps were very high in winter. The utility of the super(210)Po/ super(210)Pb activity ratios, as indicators of the origin of these fluxes, is highlighted.

AN: 2397390

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TI: Seasonality and composition of particulate fluxes during ECOMARGE-I, western Gulf of Lions.

AU: Monaco,-A.; Courp,-T.; Heussner,-S.; Carbonne,-J.; Fowler,-S.W.; Deniaux,-B.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., Univ. Perpignan, Ave. Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan Cedex, France

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11, pp. 959-987

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: As part of the ECOMARGE program (ECOsystemes de MARGE continentale), sequential sediment traps were deployed on the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions, in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Two sites located in the southwestern part of this region were selected for the first phase of the experiment: inner shelf (bottom depth: 27 m) and continental slope (Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon, bottom depth: 650 m). Total mass, organic matter, opal, carbonate and siliciclastic residue fluxes were measured biweekly at 50, 100, 300 and 600 m in the upper part of the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon (from July 1985 to April 1986) and for longer periods (2 weeks to 2 months) at 10 and 25 m on the shelf (from May 1985 to June 1986). Mass fluxes increased generally with depth, reaching values as high as 20,000 mg m super(-2)/d in the 600 m slope (canyon) trap; this indicated lateral transport of biogenic and abiogenic particulate matter, from local (adjacent shelf and upper slope waters) and distant origin (Rhone River).

AN: 2397344

298 of 362

TI: The PPS 3 time-series sediment trap and the trap sample processing techniques used during the ECOMARGE experiment.

AU: Heussner,-S.; Ratti,-C.; Carbonne,-J.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., CNRS URA 715, Univ. Perpignan, Ave. Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11, pp. 943-958

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The PPS 3, a versatile and reliable sediment trap with a 0.125 m super(2) collecting area, has been developed to collect and seal from ambient water six successive samples of settling particles at water depths down to 3500 m. High-quality plastics and corrosion-free metallic components were used to construct the trap. A microprocessor-controlled electronic timer/motor assembly controls the changing of sample receiving cups, at intervals of 1 h to 45 days. The sample recovery success rate of more than 60 individual trap deployments, in various experiments since 1985, is 93%. The PPS 3 was used during the French program ECOMARGE (ECOsystemes de MARGE continentale). The trap preparation and mooring techniques used during this experiment, as well as the laboratory sample processing procedure prior to analysis (i.e. removal of swimmer, subsampling), are presented in detail.

AN: 2397263

299 of 362

TI: Fluxes and budget of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer over the northwestern Mediterranean margin.

AU: Buscail,-R.; Pocklington,-R.; Daumas,-R.; Guidi,-L.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., CNRS UA 715, Univ. Perpignan, Ave. de Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan Cedex, France

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11, pp. 1089-1122

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed at depths of 26 and 645 m at 2 stations on the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean). During the same period, surficial sediments were sampled by box corer. The material collected by bottom sediment traps and in corresponding surface sediments was analysed for total organic carbon, hydrolysable organic carbon, nitrogen, sugars, amino acids and lignin-derived compounds. Seasonal variations in organic inputs and the difference between particles from bottom layers and sediment were compared.

AN: 2396733

300 of 362

TI: Sediment dispersal and accumulation on the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions: Sedimentary budget.

AU: Courp,-T.; Monaco,-A.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., URA 715 CNRS, Univ. Perpignan, Ave. de Villenueve, 66025 Perpignan Cedex, France

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 9-11, pp. 1063-1087

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An integrated study of particle transport, deposition, and storage was carried out over the continental margin of the Gulf of Lions (northwestern Mediterranean Sea). The dispersal system of fine-grained sediment is discussed and a sedimentary budget of sediment transfer and accumulation is established. Sediment cores were collected from the continental shelf and slope, along the ECOMARGE-1 transect. Accumulation rates were measured using radiochemical techniques. Sediment traps were deployed, from 1985 to 1986, at two sites: on the continental shelf techniques. Sediment traps were deployed, from 1985 to 1986, at two sites: on the continental shelf (27 m) and in the Lacaze-Duthiers Canyon (645 m). This study revealed that the most important sedimentary processes on this margin are high seasonal variability of lithogenic particle fluxes and lateral advection.

AN: 2396708

301 of 362

TI: Improved reservoir trap efficiency prediction.

AU: Trimble,-S.W.; Bube,-K.P.

AF: Dep. Geogr., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

SO: ENVIRON.-PROFESS. 1990. vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 255-272

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: We used the Churchill reservoir trap efficiency curves and long-term sediment accumulation rates to predict local sediment yields by simulating the cascade of sediment through the large reservoir system of the Tennessee Valley Authority. We found substantial departures from regional averages in the predicted local sediment yields for some reservoirs with small net drainage areas. Using (indirectly) a large set of reservoir sediment accumulation data, we then derived new curves, using optimization techniques to decrease the variance of the local sediment yields without creating a large deviation from the original curves.

AN: 2394626

302 of 362

TI: Field assessment of sediment trap efficiency under varying flow conditions.

AU: Baker,-E.T.; Milburn,-H.B.; Tennant,-D.A.

AF: Pacific Mar. Environ. Lab., Natl. Ocean. and Atmos. Adm., 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115-0070, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1988. vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 573-592

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We report here on a field experiment designed to determine, for a particular sediment trap geometry, the effect of current speed and particle fall velocity on the collection efficiency of a moored trap relative to the presumably unbiased efficiency of an identical drifting trap. The experiment was performed in a deep estuarine tidal passage where a smoothly varying unidirectional flow and a spatially homogenous particle population mimicked laboratory flume conditions. The study demonstrates that consideration must be given to scaling both trap diameter and aspect ratio according to the expected flow conditions, and that knowledge of flow conditions at the trap mouth is necessary to properly interpret the flux data.

AN: 2376035

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TI: Sediment-trap experiments on the importance of hydrodynamical processes in distributing settling invertebrate larvae in near-bottom waters.

AU: Butman,-C.A.

AF: Appl. Ocean Phys. and Eng. Dep., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-EXP.-MAR.-BIOL.-ECOL. 1990. vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 37-88

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The hypothesis that planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates sink through the water like passive particles in turbulent flows near the seabed was tested in the field by exploiting biased sampling characteristics of sediment traps. Field experiments were conducted at two sites, 10- and 14-m depth, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, U.S.A., and traps were moored 0.4-1.6 m above the seabed. In experiments during four field seasons, with deployments lasting from several hours to 11 days, trap collections of Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) polychaete postlarvae, total bivalve larvae and postlarvae, spionid/sabellariid polychaete larvae (individuals too small to identify definitively to family), spionid polychaete larvae, enteropneust larvae, and gastropod larvae nearly always corresponded to a priori predictions for passive particle collections between sediment-trap designs. If larvae sink like passive particles to within 0.4-m of the seabed, as results of this study suggest, then it is possible that larvae initially reach the seafloor at sites where particulates, with fall velocities similar to larvae, initially settle.

AN: 2373055

304 of 362

TI: The vertical flux of metazoans (holoplankton, meiofauna, and larval invertebrates) due to their association with marine snow.

AU: Shanks,-A.L.; Edmondson,-E.W.

AF: Univ. North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Inst. Mar. Sci., 3407 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1990. vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 455-463

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We investigated the association of meiofauna (nematodes and harpacticoid copepods), larval polychaetes, and holoplankton with marine snow. Using a sediment trap equipped with a time-lapse camera, we measured the vertical flux of these organisms due to their association with marine snow. On average, 83 and 74% of the nematodes and competent larval polychaetes were on marine snow as were only 15 and 9% of the harpacticoid copepods and precompetent larval polychaetes. On average, 94, 80, and 25% of the vertical fluxes of nematodes, competent larval polychaetes, and harpacticoid copepods were due to individuals on marine snow. The vertical flux of precompetent larval polychaetes was negligible. Of the holoplankton, < 2% was on marine snow. Vertical fluxes of calanoid copepods and nauplii were negligible. The vertical fluxes of cyclopoid copepods and larvaceans were large, but only 3% was due to individuals on marine snow.

AN: 2368587

305 of 362

TI: The influence of copepod "swimmers" on pigment fluxes in brine-filled vs. ambient seawater-filled sediment traps.

AU: Peterson,-W.; Dam,-H.G.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1990. vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 448-455

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: We compared pigment fluxes measured by particle traps filled with 60 ppt filtered seawater and traps filled with filtered seawater of ambient salinity in central Long Island Sound. Pigment fluxes were significantly higher in the brine-filled traps. Extremely high numbers of copepods were present in the brine-filled traps as well, up to 4,000 individuals per 4-h deployment compared to 150 in the seawater-filled traps. On average 44% of the copepods in the brine-filled traps had injuries associated with immersion in a hypertonic solution: in some the ovaries had burst through the thoraxes but in most, the gut protruded outside the body wall (similar to a hernia), suggesting that the stomach contents spilled into the trap water, thus biasing our flux measurements. Flux in the brine-filled traps was 20-30% greater than that in the seawater-filled traps. Spillage of gut contents into the trap sample could explain up to 41% of the excess of pigments found in the brine-filled traps (mean of 13% over the study period).

AN: 2368575

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TI: Intensification of recycling of organic matter at the sea floor near ocean margins.

AU: Jahnke,-R.A.; Reimers,-C.E.; Craven,-D.B.

AF: Skidaway Inst. Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA

SO: NATURE. 1990. vol. 348, no. 6296, pp. 50-54

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The authors report here the results of a study of benthic exchange and metabolism based on in situ benthic flux-chamber, in situ oxygen microelectrode and shipboard pore-water measurements performed off the central California continental shelf. At the base of the continental slope, the rates of benthic carbon mineralization exceed 0.8 mol C/m super(2)/yr. Seaward of the slope and rise, however, rates decrease to < 0.05 mol C/m super(2)/yr in the North Pacific central gyre. These results indicate that, across the northeast Pacific, about half of the input of organic carbon to the sea floor occurs within 500 km of the continental slope. Measured rates of benthic carbon oxidation near the continental margin exceed the fluxes of organic carbon determined from previous sediment-trap studies by a factor of about three.

AN: 2363427

307 of 362

TI: Distribution of glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in the marine environment and their ecological significance in the deep sea.

AU: Sakugawa,-H.; Handa,-N.; Yagi,-K.

AF: Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464, Japan

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1990. vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 309-313

NT: Bibliogr.: 36 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Determination of low molecular weight carbohydrates in marine environments indicated that 1-O- beta -D-galactosylglycerol, 6-O- alpha -D-galactosyl-1-O- beta -D-galactosylglycerol, sucrose, laminaribiose and laminaritriose are widely distributed in seawaters, suspended and sinking particles, and sediments in coastal as well as in deep-sea waters (e.g. Mikawa Bay and Sagami Bay, Kumano Nada (offshore Japan), and northwest North Pacific Ocean, Bering Sea and Antarctic Ocean: collections during 1978-1984). Identification of these glycosylglycerols and oligosaccharides in algal cells such as a flagellate (Olisthodisus luteus ), blue-green algae (e.g. Trichodesmium sp.) and a diatom (Reptocylindrus denicus ) strongly suggests that these sugars are photosynthetically produced by algae in the euphotic zone and are then rapidly transported to the deep sea as sinking particles which can be collected by sediment-trap experiments.

AN: 2362355

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TI: Use of chloroform in sediment traps: Caution advised.

AU: Gundersen,-K.; Wassmann,-P.

AF: Bermuda Biol. Stn. Res., 17 Biological Lane, Ferry Reach GE 01, Bermuda

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1990. vol. 64, no. 1-2, pp. 187-195

NT: Bibliogr.: 48 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Experiments were conducted to study the effect of chloroform addition to sediment traps in the laboratory as well as in the field. Chloroform is an organic solvent which gave rise to extensive leaching of pigments and probably also other soluble organic compounds when fresh organic matter entered sediment traps. Droplets of chloroform suppressed microbial degradation of organic matter in the traps for a few days, but did not stop it. The presence of chloroform resulted in rapid anaesthesia of "swimmers" such as cladocerans and copepods and their subsequent death. Thus, chloroform led to accumulation and disintegration rather than exclusion of preservation of "swimmers".

AN: 2353211

309 of 362

TI: A simple assay for chitin: Application to sediment trap samples from the subarctic Pacific.

AU: Montgomery,-M.T.; Welschmeyer,-A.; Kirchman,-D.L.

AF: Coll. Mar. Stud., Univ. Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER. 1990. vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 301-308

NT: Bibliogr.: 35 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Chitin is thought to be abundant in marine environments, but examination of the role of chitin in nutrient cycling has been hampered by the lack of an adequate assay for measuring concentrations at ambient levels. We developed a simple assay using the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which has an affinity for the N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) residues found in chitin. The specificity of the assay was confirmed by enzymatic hydrolysis with chitinase and competitive inhibition with chitotriose.

AN: 2353201

310 of 362

TI: Timing of wave disturbance and the resistance and recovery of a freshwater epilithic microalgal community.

AU: Peterson,-C.G.; Hoagland,-K.D.; Stevenson,-R.J.

AF: Dep. Zool., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

SO: J.-N.-AM.-BENTHOL.-SOC. 1990. vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 54-67

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Microalgal communities on clay tiles in Lake McConaughy (Nebraska, USA) were subjected to simulated wave disturbance after 6, 12, 18, or 24 d of development to examine the effects of community age on resistance and recovery in these communities. Six-day communities were less resistant than older communities; diatom standing crops in 6-d communities were reduced 47.6% by disturbance. Resistance of older communities was apparently a function of increased mat stabilization by diatom mucilages and overlying Oscillatoria surface layers. Diatom density reductions in 6-d communities were due to differential removal of large, chain-forming species of Fragilaria , and solitary, motile Navicula and Nitzschia . Sediment-trap data showed that Fragilaria and Navicula resettled quickly, but that once removed, many Nitzschia were not readily replaced through immigration. Differential removal of diatom taxa by disturbance at 6 d, as well as differential settling of taxa following disturbance affected community recovery patterns.

AN: 2344807

311 of 362

TI: Downward flux of particulate fatty acids in the Central Arabian Sea.

AU: Reemtsma,-T.; Haake,-B.; Ittekkot,-V.; Nair,-R.R.; Brockmann,-U.H.

AF: Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst. und Mus., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1990. vol. 29, no. 2-3, pp. 183-202

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate matter collected at 732 and 2914 m during a time-series sediment trap experiment (sampling interval 13 days) in the Central Arabian Sea (14 degree 29'N, 64 degree 46'E; water depth 4016 m) was analysed for its fatty acid and organic carbon contents. The sampling period covered the summer monsoon of 1986. Contents of organic carbon and fatty acid decrease with increasing particle fluxes. At 732 m fatty acids account for 0.6-4% of organic carbon. Particulate organic matter collected during high productivity and high-flux periods exhibits signs of less intense degradation within the surface layers. Selective degradation of fatty acids diminishes their contribution to organic carbon in the deeper trap (0.3-0.7%). Despite this, the seasonality in fatty acid flux is maintained down to the deep ocean.

AN: 2336638

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TI: Coccoliths in sediment traps from the Norwegian Sea.

AU: Samtleben,-C.; Bickert,-T.

AF: Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst., Univ. Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40-60, D-2300 Kiel, FRG

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1990. vol. 16, no. 1-2, pp. 39-64

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The fine fraction of surface sediment samples in the Norwegian Sea shows an unexpectedly high amount of calcareous nannoplankton. Investigations, using time-series sediment traps in the Lofoten Basin (69 degree N, 1983/84), near Bear Island (75 degree N, 1984/85) and in the Fram Strait (78 degree N, 1984/85) provided information about the accumulation of this material in relation to the strong seasonality of biological production. Coccolith identification and counting, by means of a scanning electron microscope, indicated that the coccolith assemblages in the traps consist almost entirely of the two species Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus pelagicus . These species dominated the flux rate of the nannoplankton carbonate. A further eight species only made minor contributions to the flux. Additional investigations on water samples from the Norwegian Sea revealed species compositions that differed greatly from those in the sediment traps. This suggests that selective processes change the relative species proportions during sedimentation.

AN: 2333352

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TI: Seasonal variations of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of plankton and sinking particles in Lake Kizaki.

AU: Yoshioka,-T.; Hayashi,-H.; Wada,-E.

AF: Mitsubishi Kasei Inst. Life Sci., Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194, Japan

SO: JAP.-J.-LIMNOL.-RIKUSUIZATSU. 1989. vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 313-320

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios ( delta super(13)C and delta super(15)N) of plankton samples collected from Lake Kizaki, Japan, changed seasonally. These changes seem to reflect the growth conditions of phytoplankton, such as water temperature, nutrient status, and light intensity. The delta super(13)C values of sinking particles collected by sediment traps also fluctuated, but their range was narrower than those of plankton. This indicates the active decomposition of autochthonous organic carbon in the water column and the large contribution of allochthonous organic carbon to the bottom mud in this lake.

AN: 2332941

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TI: Free-drifting sediment trap array for tracking a water parcel.

OT: Suikai tsuisekiyo no sedimento torappu hyoryu bui-shisutemu

AU: Iseki,-K.; Nagata,-H.; Kitani,-K.

AF: Japan Sea Natl. Fish. Res. Inst., Suido-cho, Niigata 951, Japan

SO: BULL.-JAPAN-SEA-NATL.-FISH-RES.-INST.-NISSUIKEN-HOKOKU. 1990. no. 40, pp. 227-232

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A free-drifting sediment trap array (FD-STAR), carrying an Aanderaa current meter, was deployed in Toyama Bay, Japan, in order to compare the drifting speed with the relative speed recorded on the current meter. During a short term experiment (7-h deployment), the array steadily drifted southward at a speed of 29 to 39 cm/s, but the relative current was less than 3 cm/s. In addition, no measurable wave motion was recorded during the experiment. In view of these speeds and wave motion, it is concluded that horizontal water movements were not significantly affecting trap collection efficiency of the array.

AN: 2331441

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TI: New technique for measuring fine sediment in streams.

AU: Wesche,-T.A.; Reiser,-D.W.; Hasfurther,-V.R.; Hubert,-W.A.; Skinner,-Q.D.

AF: Wyoming Water Res. Cent., Univ. Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA

SO: N.-AM.-J.-FISH.-MANAGE. 1989. vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 234-238

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Techniques commonly used to measure fine-sediment accumulation in streambed gravels can be labor and equipment intensive. We evaluated the sediment trapping capabilities of modified Whitlock-Vibert boxes under both laboratory and field conditions and compared the accumulated fine sediment to that contained in adjacent gravels as indicated by McNeil core samples. Our results suggest the boxes can be used as an alternative to core sampling for monitoring intergravel fine sediment levels. Advantages include ease of transport to remote field sites, small sample volumes, and reduced analysis time. Problems encountered were displacement of boxes by flood and ice flows and inundation by large sediment spills.

AN: 2329763

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TI: Temporal variations in the concentrations of some particulate elements in the surface waters of the Sargasso Sea and their relationship to deep-sea fluxes.

AU: Jickells,-T.D.; Deuser,-W.G.; Belastock,-R.A.

AF: Sch. Environ. Sci., Univ. East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1990. vol. 29, no. 2-3, pp. 203-219

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The concentrations of particulate Ca, Al, Ba, Sr, Mn, Mg, V and I have been measured in the upper 200 m of the water column of the Sargasso Sea at approximately monthly intervals over a 4-year period. Biogenic particles dominate the composition of the particulate matter and show a seasonality related to the cycle of primary productivity, with concentration maxima in spring. Particulate Ca, Sr and I follow this pattern. Particulate Al concentrations (presumed to be associated with clays) in the shallowest samples show a maximum in summer, which is suggested to be associated with aeolian inputs to waters above the seasonal thermocline. Particulate V and Mg behave similarly to Al. The different seasonalities in Ca and Al concentrations lead to a seasonality in Ca/Al ratios which can also be seen in sediment-trap material collected in this area.

AN: 2329645

317 of 362

TI: Dispersal of suspended matter in Makasar Strait and the Flores Basin.

AU: Eisma,-D.; Kalf,-J.; Karmini,-M.; Mook,-W.G.; Van-Put,-A.; Bernard,-P.; Van-Grieken,-R.

AF: Netherlands Inst. Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands

SO: NETH.-J.-SEA-RES. 1989. vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 383-398

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In Nov 1984 in Makasar and the Flores Basin water samples were collected (T, S, dissolved O sub(2), total CO sub(2)), bottom samples (sediment composition) and suspended matter (particle composition, particle size).

AN: 2327661

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TI: Sedimentation dynamics in the Santa Monica-San Pedro Basin off Los Angeles: Radiochemical, sediment trap and transmissometer studies.

AU: Huh,-C.-A.; Small,-L.F.; Niemnil,-S.; Finney,-B.P.; Hickey,-B.M.; Kachel,-N.B.; Gorsline,-D.S.; Williams,-P.M.

AF: Coll. Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1990. vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 137-164

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A large number of sediment cores and sediment trap samples collected from different parts of the Santa Monica-San Pedro (SM-SP) Basin during 1985-1988 were studied for radionuclides, trace metals and other sedimentary components. The radiochemical data are presented here to give a basin-wide view of the sedimentation dynamics. super(210)Pb stratigraphy indicated that sedimentation rates were higher and more variable (30-80 mg/cm super(2)/y) in the more dynamic slope region, but were uniformly low (13.4-18.8 mg/cm super(2)/y) in the flat, deep basin. From the sediment record, it was suggested that sedimentation rates were decreasing and the area of anoxia had been expanding, at least during the past one to two centuries. Turbidite layers found in the sediment cores suggested higher frequency and more recent occurrence toward the basin margins. super(210)Pb geochronologies indicated that the recent turbidites might be related to major storms which occurred during the past two decades.

AN: 2325861

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TI: Two hydrodynamically stable self-suspended buoyant sediment traps.

AU: Broman,-D.; Kugelberg,-J.; Naef,-C.

AF: Dep. Zool., Univ. Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1990. vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 429-436

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Two self-buoyant sediment traps using straight cylindrical sediment collection vessels have been designed and tested. The constructions are hydrodynamically stable and the vertical alignment of the sediment collection vessels are retained both in laminar and moderately turbulent water currents with flow rates up to 40 cm/s for the nondisplacing, and at least up to 45 cm/s for the displacing sediment trap type. Both constructions are simple and easily handled in the field.

AN: 2319023

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TI: (Marine particles sedimentation in a bathyal zone-modelling test.).

OT: Sedimentation de particules marines en domaine bathyal. Essai de modelisation

AU: Gorand,-D.; Monaco,-A.; Courp,-T.

AF: Lab. Sedimentol. Geochim. Mar., Univ. Perpignan, Ave. Villeneuve, 66025 Perpignan, France

CO: 1. Congres Francais de Sedimentologie, Paris (France), 19 Nov 1987

SO: RECL.-TRAV.-LAB.-SEDIMENTOL.-GEOCHIM.-MAR.-UNIV.-PERPIGNAN. 1987. vol. 4

NT: Summary only.

LA: French

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The sedimentation flux of marine particles in water column has been studied by using sediment traps. By the use of a bathysonde-scatterometer, the authors have obtained profiles of particle concentration and water salinity and temperature. With these data they deduce sediment flux and they compare them with those obtained by the use of sediment traps.

AN: 2309203

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TI: Sedimentation in the Rimov Reservoir.

AU: Porcalova,-P.

AF: Inst. Landscape Ecol., Czechoslovak Acad. Sci., Na Sadkach 7, CS-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia

CO: Int. Conf. on Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality, Ceske Budejovice (Czechoslovakia), 15 Jun 1987

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-CONFERENCE-ON-RESERVOIR-LIMNOLOGY-AND-WATER-QUALITY.-2.-CHEMICAL-LIMNOLOGY,-PRIMARY-PRODUCTION,-PLANKTON,-BENTHOS-AND-FISH-INTERACTIONS. Talling,-J.F.;Brandl,-Z.;Straskrabova,-V.-eds. 1989. no. 33 pp. 349-353

ST: ERGEB.-LIMNOL.-ADV.-LIMNOL. no. 33

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sedimentation rates were measured in the Rimov Reservoir during 1986. The collected material was analysed for dry weight, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. Phosphorus down-fluxes from the epilimnion correlated with total trapped matter and with chlorophyll-a in the sediments. Phosphorus sedimentation rates from April to September ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 mg/m/d at 3 m depth, from 2.2 to 13.0 mg/m/d at 8 m, and from 2.2 to 36.0 mg/m/d at 37 m. The average phosphorus sedimentation rate from the epilimnion was estimated as 7 mg/m/d for the period from May to September. The sedimentary flux of seston was affected by algal density and its species composition. The main part of allochthonous material flowing into the Rimov Reservoir is deposited in a small upper part of the reservoir.

AN: 2296748

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TI: Ascending and descending fluxes of lipid compounds in North Atlantic and North Pacific abyssal waters.

AU: Grimalt,-J.O.; Simoneit,-B.R.T.; Gomez-Belinchon,-J.I.; Fischer,-K.; Dymond,-J.

AF: Dep. Environ. Chem. (CID-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034-Barcelona, Spain

SO: NATURE. 1990. vol. 345, no. 6271, pp. 147-150

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Based on the sediment-trap experiments, the authors show that upward fluxes determine the biogeochemical cycling of some lipids in abyssal waters. Up-to-down flux ratios ranging between 0.19-190% and 15-13,000% have been found for sterols and fatty acids, respectively. The ascending organic material corresponds essentially to zooplankton and crustacean debris, whereas algal patterns dominate in the settling particles. Results indicate that formation of buoyant matter in abyssal waters may act as a selection mechanism by which some lipid components are recycled back to the upper water levels whereas others keep descending towards the bottom. This previously unreported process has implications for the interpretation of the lipid record in oceanic sediments, especially when molecular stratigraphy is used for palaeoenvironmental assessment.

AN: 2290405

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TI: Retention and resuspension of phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron in a central Ontario Lake.

AU: Dillon,-P.J.; Evans,-R.D.; Molot,-L.A.

AF: Ontario Minist. Environ., Box 39, Dorset P0A 1E0, Canada

SO: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI. 1990. vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1269-1274

NT: Incl. bibliogr.: 49 ref.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were used to estimate the downward flux of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and iron in a small Precambrian shield lake for 4 yr. The flux as determined by the sediment trap method was much higher than the retention of the same elements as measured by mass balance methods (input-outflow). Total phosphorus (TP) sedimentation was about 17 times higher than retention while N was about three times higher and Fe was about 31 times higher. Very high N/P ratios in epilimnetic waters (36/1 by weight) and low N/P ratios in trap material (8/1) and surficial sediments (mean 8/1, range 4-11/1), in conjunction with high sedimentation to retention ratios, strongly suggest that resuspended sediment is a major component of trap material. Fe/TP ratios suggest that surficial sediment from shallow waters (< 13 m) was the largest contributor to resuspended sediment.

AN: 2284667

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TI: The use of sediment traps in high-energy environments.

AU: White,-J.

AF: Dep. Civ. Eng., Univ. Southampton, Southampton S09 5NH, UK

CO: Marine Geological Surveying and Sampling: Meet. of the Geological Society, London (UK), May 1988

SO: MARINE-GEOLOGICAL-SURVEYING-AND-SAMPLING. Hailwood,-E.A.;Kidd,-R.B.-eds. 1990. vol. 12, no. 1-2 pp. 145-152

ST: MAR.-GEOPHYS.-RES. vol. 12, no. 1-2

NT: Special issue.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: A sediment trap is a container deployed in the water column with the aim of providing a representative sample of the material settling through that water column before it passes to a greater depth and ultimately to the seabed or lake bottom. A review of the previous literature shows cylinders and baffled funnels to be the most efficient sediment trap design in flows less than 0.1 m/s. For flow velocities above 0.1 m/s recent evidence suggests upwelling from the trap base, and possible undercollection. The degree of undercollection depends on the flow velocity, the type of trap, the height: diameter (aspect) ratio of the trap, and the type of sediment. Recent experiments suggest that cylinders with an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 3 may be efficient collectors in velocities up to 0.2 m/s. The use of cylinders is not recommended in velocities above 0.2 m/s. For unbaffled asymmetric funnels a lower limit of 0.12 m/s is suggested.

AN: 2281925

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TI: Mesoscale eddy diffusion, particle sinking, and the interpretation of sediment trap data.

AU: Siegel,-D.A.; Granata,-T.C.; Michaels,-A.F.; Dickey,-T.D.

AF: Dep. Geogr., Univ. California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES.-C-OCEANS. 1990. vol. 95, no. C4, pp. 5305-5311

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A Lagrangian analysis of a particle sinking through a random mesoscale eddy field is used to evaluate the effects of horizontal diffusion and particle sinking rates on particulate fluxes sampled by an idealized sediment trap. The analysis indicates that the spatial region where collected particles are formed (L sub(x)) is dependent upon the mean sinking rate of the collected particles and the mesoscale eddy advective field above the trap. This weighted spatial averaging creates difficulties in the interpretation of sediment trap data as fluxes of rapidly sinking particles (> 200 m/d) represent local processes (L sub(x) < 20 km) while fluxes of slower sinking particles (< 10 m/d) may be averaged over much larger scales (L sub(x) > 200 km) for a trap deployed at 1000 m. Several examples of the potential effects that this spatial averaging may have upon the ecological interpretation of the sediment trap collected particle fluxes are presented.

AN: 2281805

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TI: Application of a portable sediment-trap to the measurement of sediment transport rate at fixed-points in splash zones.

AU: Feng,-Zian; Wang,-Lin

AF: Dep. Geogr., Hangzhou Univ., Hangzhou, People's Rep. China

SO: OCEAN-TECHNOL.-HAIYANG-JISHU. 1989. vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 95-101

LA: Chinese

AB: A description is given of the development and application of a portable sediment trap, which is now used in splash zones with wave height of less than 1 meter. Altogether, 150 traps were deployed along the coastal area of the Atlantic and successful results were obtained. More than 500 samples taken there demonstrate that the transport rate of sediments is quite uniformly distributed along the vertical. Comments are made on the existing methods for the measurement of coastal sediment transport rate and the results are presented of in-situ tests of the trap described. This trap is a practical tool for short-term sediment transport rate measurement at fixed points in splash zones.

AN: 2267653

327 of 362

TI: Corte Madera Creek sedimentation study: Numerical model investigation.

AU: Copeland,-R.R.; Thomas,-W.A.

CA: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Stn., Vicksburg, MS (USA). Hydraulics Lab.

SO: TECH.-REP.-U.S.-ARMY-ENG.-WATERWAYS-EXP.-STN. 1989. 81 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: AD-A207 175/1/GAR.

RN: WES/TR/HL-89-6 (WESTRHL896)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A one-dimensional numerical model was used to determine the effects of sediment deposition in the Corte Madera Creek flood control channel. The effect of accumulated gravel deposits in the concrete-lined channel on hydraulic roughness was evaluated. The effect of a proposed sediment trap at the upstream end of the project on reducing gravel deposits was determined. The performance of the project during a design flood event was simulated.

AN: 2261443

328 of 362

TI: Development of a portable sand trap for use in the nearshore.

AU: Rosati,-J.D.; Kraus,-N.C.

CA: Coastal Engineering Research Cent., Vicksburg, MS (USA)

SO: TECH.-REP.-U.S.-ARMY-COAST.-ENG.-RES.-CENT. 1989. 180 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: AD-A213 534/1/GAR.

RN: CERC-TR-89-11 (CERCTR8911)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This study presents an evaluation of and improvement upon the hydraulic and sand trapping characteristics of the streamer trap, a sand trap developed for use in the nearshore zone. Twenty-three streamer trap nozzles were evaluated in laboratory hydraulic efficiency tests; three nozzles with near-optimum hydraulic behavior were further evaluated in laboratory sand-trapping efficiency tests. A comparison of measurements made with two closely spaced traps in the field was conducted as an indication of consistency. The Helley-Smith sampler, a popular reverine sediment trap reported in the literature, was also tested in the laboratory for comparison.

AN: 2254219

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TI: Biogenic coastal formation. Brief survey of a long neglected field of research.

OT: Biogene Kuestenforschung. Abriss eines lange vernachlaessigten Forschungsfeldes

AU: Kelletat,-D.

AF: Gesamthochsch. Essen, Postfach 103764, 4300 Essen 1, FRG

SO: GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN. 1989. vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 91-97

LA: German

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Under the biogenic components of coastal formation, hitherto - almost exclusively - only the coral reefs and mangroves have been dealt with. A brief overview is given about important forms and processes which are brought about by animals and plants on the coasts, including sediment-trapping stocks of seaweed, floating timber deposits, protective brown algae, kelp, bioconstructive formations by rock oysters, calcareous algae, vermiform snails, Sabellaria, or the Stromatoliths. Erosion phenomena in the form of biocorrosion or bioabrasion on rocky coasts are brought about by numerous plant and animal organisms. With more intensive consideration of the biogenic formation components, questions of the zonality, the palaeotides, neotectonic dislocations or the loads placed upon the environment can be more satisfactorily answered.

AN: 2215225

330 of 362

TI: River engineering in national parks: The case of the River Wharfe, U.K.

AU: Hey,-R.D.; Winterbottom,-A.N.

AF: Sch. Environ. Sci., Univ. East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

CO: 4. Int. Symp. on Regulated Streams (np) (nd)

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-FOURTH-INTERNATIONAL-SYMPOSIUM-ON-REGULATED-STREAMS:-SUPPLEMENT. 1989. vol. 5, no. 1 pp. 35-44

ST: REGUL.-RIVERS:-RES.-MANAGE. vol. 5, no. 1

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: River engineering works have recently been carried out on the upper River Wharfe (U.K.) in order to reduce the flood risk and restore land drainage between Hubberholme and Kettlewell. First, a bed load trap was constructed on the Wharfe to curtail the sediment supply to the flood prone reach and prevent further aggradation. Second, limited dredging was carried out near tributary junctions to improve land drainage on the floodplain. Third, the dredged material was used to form the core of the raised banks. Since completion, no significant erosion or deposition has occurred and the gravel trap is performing according to expectations; being half full after two and a half years of operation. Although stocks of mature trout were displayed by bed workings, there are now signs of a recovery.

AN: 2214119

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TI: Recent advances in remote observational systems and their applications in the open ocean environment.

AU: Wong,-Chi-Shing

AF: Inst. Ocean Sci., Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2, Canada

SO: MAR.-MIN. 1989. vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 83-90

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Recent advances in remote observational systems play an important role in the exploration of the pelagic/benthic sedimentary environment in the deep ocean. This study describes three types of systems: automated sequential particle traps and free-floating particle traps; remote-operated vehicles (ROVs); and Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). Their design/operation features and results of their use or trials in the open ocean environment are discussed. Results of sea trials off Bermuda in March 1988 are shown. An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) combined with a CTD/transmissometer package was deployed on the Juan de Fuca Ridge to observe a hydrothermal plume. The potential usefulness of the ADCP/CTD/transmissometer package is discussed.

AN: 2185814

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TI: Occurrence and vertical flux of faecal pellets of probably protozoan origin in the southeastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica).

AU: Noethig,-E.-M.; Bodungen,-B.V.

AF: Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Polar- und Meeresforsch., Am Handelshafen 12, D-2850 Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER.. 1989. vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 281-289

NT: Bibliogr.: 40 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Amount of faecal material in the water column and in sediment traps developed at 7 different stations was investigated during a cruise of RV Polarstern off Vestkapp (73 degree S, 19 degree W), Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Numerous small round, ellipsoidal or triangular pellets (30 to 150 mu m) were identified in the water column and the traps. Most of the pellets contained intact, but empty, frustules of the abundant diatoms. We suggest that these small pellets were produced by protozoan grazers (ciliates, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, radiolarians and probably foraminifers). These pellets occurred in numbers up to 214/l in the water column and contributed significantly (36% of total sedimented faeces volume in traps) to vertical particle transport of empty but intact diatom frustules from the euphotic zone to deeper water layers.

AN: 2183553

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TI: Mass flux and "nutritional composition" of settling epilimnetic particles in Lake Michigan.

AU: Gardner,-W.S.; Eadie,-B.J.; Chandler,-J.F.; Parrish,-C.C.; Malczyk,-J.M.

AF: NOAA Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA

SO: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI. 1989. vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 1118-1124

NT: 32 ref.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A series of sediment-trap samples, collected at a 30-m depth in southeastern Lake Michigan, was analyzed to evaluate the seasonal flux and nutritional value of settling epilimnetic particles as potential food for benthic organisms. Flux was highest in the spring (due in part to resuspension), lowest in the summer during stratification, and intermediate during autumn months.

AN: 2168478

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TI: Seasonal fluxes of silicoflagellates and Actiniscus in the subarctic Pacific during 1982-1984.

AU: Takahashi,-K.

AF: Dep. Geol. and Geophys., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1987. vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 397-425

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A seasonal flux study of silicoflagellates and Actiniscus was conducted at subarctic Pacific Station PAPA (50N, 145W; water depth 4200 m) during September, 1982 through August, 1984 using PARFLUX high resolution time series sediment traps deployed at 1000 m and 3800 m depths. The time series sediment trap samples were collected for 4 to 16-day periods depending on the samples; most of the samples were collected for 14 to 16-day period. From a depth of 3800 m, a total of 47 samples represents a nearly two-year continuous record of the fluxes of silicoflagellate and Actiniscus taxa. An additional 12 samples from 1000 m represent a 6-moth period, providing synchronized time series samples with the deeper depth which is essential to understand particle sinking processes. Seven silicoflagellate taxa, several variants of silicoflagellates, and Actiniscus pentasteria (Ehrenberg) group were examined. The sinking mechanism of silicoflagellates is large aggregates which sink faster than discrete specimens.

AN: 2133247

335 of 362

TI: (Quantitative distribution of suspended particulate matter in the near-the-bottom layer of the Azov Sea, and its composition (sediment trap data).).

OT: Kolichestvennoe raspredelenie vzvesi i ee veshchestvennyj sostav v pridonnom sloe Azovskogo morya (po dannym sedimentatsionnykh lovushek)

AU: Ajbulatov,-N.A.; Grudinova,-L.Ya.

AF: IOAN SSSR, Moscow, USSR

SO: VODN.-RESUR. 1989. no. 6, pp. 47-55

LA: Russian

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Results of a series of experiments made in the deepwater part of the Azov Sea with sediment traps in 1983-1985 are discussed. Traps were fixed at 20-150 cm above the seabed. The discussion concentrates on the fractional and matter structure of bottom sediments during still and windy weather, distribution of accumulation rates of suspended matter in traps located along a longitudinal section, cross section of suspension field in still and stormy weather. Composition of suspension is closely related with the underlying grounds. Pelitic fraction makes up the basis of suspension.

AN: 2131165

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TI: RRS Discovery Cruise 175, 18 June-15 July 1988. Investigations of the flux of biogeochemical material and its transformation by the midwater biota at the BIOTRANS (c. 47 degree N, 20 degree W).

AU: Pugh,-P.R.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: CRUISE-REP.-INST.-OCEANOGR.-SCI.,-DEACON-LAB. 1988. no. 204, 72 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Discovery cruise 175 can be considered as a prelude to and test run for parts of the BOFS (Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Studies) sampling programme. It encompassed a multidisciplinary approach to investigation of the flux of biogeochemical material and its transformation by the midwater biota. The BIOTRANS site (ca. 47 degree N, 20 degree W) was chosen as it will be one of the primary sampling site during the BOFS experiment. Attempts were made to assess a) the sedimentation rates of particles using sediment traps; b) the vertical distribution of particles (8-256 mu m), using the in situ particle counting system FIDO; c) the vertical distribution and diel migrations of plankton and micronekton; d) the vertical distribution (0-300 m) of bacteria, phytoplankton and their pigments, and nutrients in conjunction with measurements of the physical structure of the water column; e) flagellate grazing potential.

AN: 2054076

337 of 362

TI: Erosion of strip-mine spoil in Iowa and its implications for erosion models.

AU: Esling,-S.P.; Drake,-L.

AF: Dep. Geol., Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale, IL 62901, USA

SO: GEOMORPHOLOGY. 1988. vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 279-296

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Spoil banks of abandoned strip mines in southern Iowa are composed of crushed shale and are sufficiently acid and steep to preclude the establishment of vegetation over decades. Rates of sheetwash erosion were studied for different slope components by using erosion pin arrays over a three year period. Small watersheds lacking gully development were monitored simultaneously with sediment traps and additional erosion pin arrays. The frequency of small landslides was estimated throughout the mine and one landslide was captured in a sediment trap, permitting some quantification of this component of erosion. Slopes affected by landslides erode at a rate about four times greater than areas not affected by landslides and sediment from landslides contributes similar to 11% of the total material delivered to interbank basins.

AN: 2050163

338 of 362

TI: Fluxes of particulate protein amino acids in Funka Bay in autumn.

AU: Yanada,-M.; Maita,-Y.

AF: Lab. Mar. Chem., Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate, Japan

SO: BULL.-FAC.-FISH.-HOKKAIDO-UNIV. 1986. vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 134-143

LA: Japanese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The fluxes of particulate protein amino acids were examined in three size fractions (> 690 mu m, 350 similar to 690 mu m, and < 350 mu m) of sinking particles in a sediment trap deployed at a depth of 74 m in Funka Bay from August to October. The total flux of amino acids for this period was 135 mg/m super(-2)/day. The fluxes of the amino acids in the three size fractions accounted for 50, 30 and 20% of the total flux, respectively. In the coastal area, the organic materials excreted by zooplankton (e.g. fecal materials and larvacea houses) transported more than 80% of the protein amino acids into the trap at the depth of 74 m. The amino acid content in the three size fractions increased with larger sinking particles.

AN: 2033917

339 of 362

TI: (Determination of nutrient particulate fluxes into Leman waters by means of sediment traps. Campaigns 1986 and 1987.).

OT: Determination des flux de nutriments sous forme particulaire dans le Leman a l'aide de trappes a sediments. Campagnes 1986 et 1987

AU: Gandais,-V.; Vernet,-J.P.

AF: Inst. F.A. Forel, Univ. Geneve, 10 Route de Suisse, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland

CA: Commission Int. pour la Protection des Eaux du Lac Leman contre la Pollution, Lausanne (Switzerland). Sous Comm. Technique

SO: RAPP.-COMM.-INT.-PROT.-EAUX-LEMAN-CONTRE-POLLUT. 1988. pp. 97-118

LA: French

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: A sampling programme by sediment traps carried on in Leman lake in 1986/1987 enables to determine nutrient fluxes: forms of particulate phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon and calcite. A seasonal evolution takes shape with minimal fluxes in March and December, maximal ones in August. A net difference in fluxes appears according to depth and is expressed by an increase in sedimented particles near the bottom. This quasi-systematic increase is essentially due to lateral deposits coming from the Rhone river and possibly the Dranse river.

AN: 2002390

340 of 362

TI: (Polychlorobiphenyls. A. In fish of Lake Leman. B. Determination of their flux into the lake by means of sediment traps. Campaign 1987.).

OT: Les polychlorobiphenyles. A. Dans les poissons du Leman. B. Determination de leur flux dans le lac a l'aide de trappes a sediments. Campagne 1987

AU: Corvi,-C.; Macri,-G.; Vogel,-J.

AF: Lab. Cant. Chim., CP 109, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

CA: Commission Int. pour la Protection des Eaux du Lac Leman contre la Pollution, Lausanne (Switzerland). Sous Comm. Technique

SO: RAPP.-COMM.-INT.-PROT.-EAUX-LEMAN-CONTRE-POLLUT. 1988. pp. 119-132

LA: French

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Polychlorobiphenyls have been investigated in perchs and burbots of Leman lake, as well as matter depositing in the water column. Concentrations measured in fish are low, quite below standard norms required for food. The content analysis of sediment traps underlines the still active contamination of the Leman ecosystem by these kinds of compounds.

AN: 1994632

341 of 362

TI: Fluxes of particles and constituents to the eastern United States continental slope and rise: SEEP-I.

AU: Biscaye,-P.E.; Anderson,-R.F.; Deck,-B.L.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: SHELF-EDGE-EXCHANGE-PROCESSES-OF-THE-MID-ATLANTIC-BIGHT. Walsh,-J.J.-ed. 1988. vol. 8, no. 5-7 pp. 855-904

ST: CONT.-SHELF-RES. vol. 8, no. 5-7

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Seventeen time-series sediment traps were deployed for a year from September 1983 to October 1984 along 70 degree 55'W longitude in a two-dimensional array in water depths from 500 m on the upper continental slope to 2750 m on the upper continental rise as part of the SEEP-I (Shelf Edge Exchange Processes) experiment. Fluxes of total particulate mass, organic carbon and nitrogen, calcium carbonate and super(210)Pb were measured in the almost 300 samples that were recovered. Based on super(210)Pb inventories in the slope sediments, the total mass fluxes measured in the traps near the bottom of the slope water column are representative of the longer-term ( similar to 100 y) accumulation rates of slope sediments. In addition to the vertical flux of particles coming from near-surface waters of the slope, both fresh biogenic particulate matter and resuspended sediment derived from the shelf and upper slope are transported downslope and added to the burden of particles settling vertically to the slope and upper rise sediments.

AN: 1965433

342 of 362

TI: Suspended particulate studies over the Madeira Abyssal Plain.

AU: Simpson,-W.R.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: REP.-INST.-OCEANOGR.-SCI.,-WORMLEY. 1987. no. 252, 65 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Various aspects relating to suspended particulate matter over the Madeira Abyssal Plain during 1982 to 1987 are discussed. A deep water particle sampler and sensor package developed within this contract is fully described, as is the validation of the results obtained from it.

AN: 1944235

343 of 362

TI: Evaluation of aeolian sand transport equations using intertidal zone measurements, Saunton Sands, England.

AU: Sarre,-R.D.

AF: Sch. Geogr., Univ. Oxford, Mansfield Rd., Oxford OX1 3TB, UK

SO: SEDIMENTOLOGY. 1988. vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 671-679

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sand transport rates were measured using a vertical sand trap along the intertidal zone of a beach in North Devon, England, together with simultaneous monitoring of the wind speed on the beach and moisture levels in the surface layers of sand. The results of 88 sand trap samples in a wide range of wind speeds showed that moisture levels up to 14% in the top 1-2 mm of the beach sand, have no discernible effect on the transport rates. Transport rates measured from areas of the beach where the moisture was below this level are compared with the rates predicted by seven expressions based on theoretical and wind tunnel research together with the empirical results of other published research. Measured transport rates range from 0 multiplied by 22 kg m/s. The results indicate that expressions based on a power relation between the wind speed and the transport rate, and which include a threshold velocity term, provide the best estimates of the observed transport rates.

AN: 1943729

344 of 362

TI: Field assessment of sediment trap efficiency under varying flow conditions.

AU: Baker,-E.T.; Milburn,-H.B.; Tennant,-D.A.

AF: Pacific Mar. Environ. Lab., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115-0070, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1988. vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 573-592

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The authors report on a field experiment designed to determine, for a particular trap geometry, the effect of current speed and particle fall velocity on the collection efficiency of a moored trap relative to the presumably unbiased efficiency of an identical drifting trap. Results support predictions based on laboratory studies that collection efficiency decreases with an increase in the trap Reynolds number or a decrease in particle fall velocity.

AN: 1928325

345 of 362

TI: Role of salps in the flux of organic matter to the bottom of the Ligurian Sea.

AU: Morris,-R.J.; Bone,-Q.; Head,-R.; Braconnot,-J.C.; Nival,-P.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: MAR.-BIOL. 1988. vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 237-241

NT: Incl. 38 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment-trap samples were collected during and after the occurrence of a salp (Salpa fusiformis ) bloom in the Bay of Villefranche, Mediterranean Sea, in Apr/May 1985. Large amounts of organic aggregates and faecal pellets were collected during the bloom. The aggregates were rich in carbohydrates and mineral grains and had similar rates of sedimentation to those of the faecal pellets. The results of mineralogical and organic chemical analyses indicate the potential effect of these mucus-rich aggregates on local biogeochemical fluxes.

AN: 1892483

346 of 362

TI: Predicting the oceanic flux of radionuclides on sinking biogenic debris.

AU: Fisher,-N.S.; Cochran,-J.K.; Krishnaswami,-S.; Livingston,-H.D.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

SO: NATURE. 1988. vol. 335, no. 6191, pp. 622-625

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Here the authors calculate the degree to which radionuclide flux out of the euphotic zone can be attributed to sinking biodetritus deriving ultimately from phytoplankton. The authors use experimentally determined concentration factors in phytoplankton, dissolved radionuclide concentrations in surface waters and new production estimates for specific ocean regions. The predictions of radionuclide fluxes are generally comparable with sediment-trap measurements of radionuclide fluxes in these waters, suggesting that the downward flux from open ocean surface waters of particle-reactive radionuclides is governed principally by sinking biogenic debris.

AN: 1886239

347 of 362

TI: RRS Discovery Cruise 170, 4-23 September 1987. Instrument trials.

AU: Rusby,-J.S.M.; Sinha,-M.C.; et-al.

AF: Inst. Oceanogr. Sci., Deacon Lab., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK

SO: CRUISE-REP.-INST.-OCEANOGR.-SCI.,-DEACON-LAB. 1987. no. 199, 23 pp

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This report describes deep water instrument trials undertaken jointly by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences and the Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge, in Sep 1987. The trials were carried out from the research ship Discovery off the north Portuguese coast in water depths from 2000 to 5000 m, and also in the Porcupine Sea Bight to the SW of Ireland. A wide variety of new gear was tested including the Cambridge Electromagnetic Sounding System, motorised sediment traps, deep particle pumps and a new precision echo-sounding system. Tests were also carried out on new methods of deploying bottom charges and the use of autoretractors to initiate box corer sampling at oceanic depths.

AN: 1874926

348 of 362

TI: Annual particle flux and a winter outburst of sedimentation in the northern Norwegian Sea.

AU: Honjo,-S.; Manganini,-S.J.; Wefer,-G.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1988. vol. 35, no. 8A, pp. 1223-1234

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Monthly samples were collected by a sediment trap deployed for one year at 473 m above the sea floor in water 2123 m deep at a station located at 75 degree N, 11 degree E, southwest of Spitsbergen. This station was positioned at the northernmost extension of the Norwegian Current and was not covered by sea ice throughout the year of the experiment. The annual particle flux was 28.3 g m super(-2), of which 49% was biogenic and 51% was lithogenic particles. The annual fluxes of organic carbon, calcium carbonate, and biogenic opal were 2.9, 6.6 and 2.0 g m super(-2), respectively. There were three distinct seasonality phases in sedimentation. During December to May was a period of outburst of lithogenic particle sedimentation which peaked during mid-January to mid-February. This outburst may be related to cold deep water generated on the Barents Sea shelf and flowing southwestward through the Storfjord Trough into the Norwegian Sea.

AN: 1843913

349 of 362

TI: Source of organic matter in the sinking particles collected from the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Ocean by sediment trap experiment.

AU: Matsuda,-H.; Handa,-N.

AF: Water Res. Inst., Nagoya Univ., Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464, Japan

CO: 7. Symp. on Polar Biology, Tokyo (Japan), 9 Jan 1985

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-SEVENTH-SYMPOSIUM-ON-POLAR-BIOLOGY. Hoshiai,-T.;Nemoto,-T.;Naito,-Y.-eds. National-Inst.-of-Polar-Res.-Tokyo-Japan 1986. no. 40 pp. 364-379

ST: MEM.-NATL.-INST.-POLAR-BIOL.-JAPAN-SPEC.-ISSUE. no. 40

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A sediment trap experiment was conducted at Stn. 3 (61 34.1'S, 150 23.3'E) in the Antarctic Ocean from December 20, 1983 to January 13, 1984. Sinking particles from 630, 1430 and 3230 m depths, suspended particles from 1, 30, 80 and 500 m depths and bottom sediment were analyzed for hydrocarbons. Heneicosahexaene, widely occurring in diatoms and coccolithophores, was found in the suspended and sinking particles, indicating that organic mater in the sinking particles was derived from diatoms and/or coccolithophores living in the surface waters. Branched C sub(25) (br-C sub(25)) and C sub(30) alkenes commonly found in the fecal pellets, were abundant in the sinking particles collected from the intermediate through deep waters. These findings indicate that a large part of the organic material in the sinking particles is derived from phytoplankton growing in the surface waters through fecal pellets of zooplankton.

AN: 1841597

350 of 362

TI: Seasonal particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica.

AU: Wefer,-G.; Fischer,-G.; Fueetterer,-D.; Gersonde,-R.

AF: Fachber. Geowissenschaften, Univ. Bremen, Bibliothekstr., 2800 Bremen 33, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1988. vol. 35, no. 6A, pp. 891-898

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Time-series sediment traps were deployed at 494 and 1588 m water depth in Bransfield Strait from 1 December, 1983 to 25 November, 1984. During austral summer (December and January) total flux was more than 1.5 g m super(-2)/day to both water depths, while during all other months 1984 flux was between 10 and 1,000 times lower. The annual total flux to the deeper trap (1,588 m) was 110 g/m super(-2). The flux of the two most productive months was 97% of the total. Biogenic components (carbonate, POM and opaline silica) accounted for about 67% in the upper trap and 50% in the lower one. The remaining portion of the material collected were lithogenic particles. The transfer of the particles is mainly through the fecal pellets of krill.

AN: 1838621

351 of 362

TI: Tools and techniques for manned submersible studies of sediment transport and ice scour on the eastern Canadian continental shelf.

AU: Collins,-W.T.; Parrott,-D.R.; Barrie,-I.V.; Imber,-B.

AF: Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, St. Jonhs, Nfld., Canada

CO: 19. Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX (USA), 27-30 Apr 1987

SO: NINETEENTH-ANNUAL-OFFSHORE-TECHNOLOGY-CONFERENCE.-1987-PROCEEDINGS. Offshore-Technology-conf.,-Houston,-TX-USA 1987. pp. 289-294

ST: PROC.-OFFSHORE-TECHNOL.-CONF.

NT: OTC-5517.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Observations by manned submersibles have been used to enhance interpretations of seabed processes based on geophysical surveys from the eastern Canadian continental shelf. Submersible tools and techniques have been developed to provide quantitative measurements of sediment transport rates and sediment physical properties. These include depth-of-disturbance rods to determine net sediment transport; a cone penetrometer designed to measure sediment strength and temperature in the top 1 metre of sediment; and precise samplers designed to pick up and retain sediment.

AN: 1831824

352 of 362

TI: (Kapverden-Expedition October-December 1986 (RV "Meteor " cruise no. 4).).

OT: Forschungsschiff Meteor , Reise Nr. 4 - Kapverden-Expedition Oktober - Dezember 1986

AU: Siedler,-G.; Schmickler,-H.; Mueller,-T.J.; Schenke,-H.-W.; Zenk,-W.

AF: Inst. Meereskd., Univ. Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel, FRG

SO: BER.-INST.-MEERESKD.-CHRISTIAN-ALBRECHTS-UNIV.-KIEL. 1987. no. 173, 123 pp

NT: Mainly numerical data.

LA: German

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The first part of Meteor cruise no. 4 between Kiel and Lisbon included a technical and scientific testing program. The aim was to test the new side-looking echosounder system HYDROSWEEP and the integrated navigation system INS. This report summarizes the activities and presents results of this project. The second part of the cruise from Lisbon via Sta. Cruz and Dakar to Kiel included a multidisciplinary research program in the Canary and Cape Verde Basins. The principal aim was to study the circulation and mixing in the eastern part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. The following program was carried out: Sampling with sediment traps for the determination of the oceanic particle flux; Air chemistry measurements for the observation of Sahara aerosol; Aerological measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer. The report summarizes the observational program, and tentative results are presented.

AN: 1801742

353 of 362

TI: Biogenic fluxes in the Bransfield Strait: Planktonic versus macroalgal sources.

AU: Liebezeit,-G.; Bodungen,-B.-von

AF: Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst., Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER.. 1987. vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 23-32

NT: Incl. 56 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Fluxes of organic carbon and nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll pigments, carbohydrates, amino acids and amino sugars were determined for a depth-series sediment trap experiment in November/December 1983 in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Peninsula. Absolute and/or relative increases of phosphorus, glucose and chlorophyll b fluxes and decrease of beta -alanine flux with depth suggest a second source of sedimenting orgainc material besides plankton. This is identified as originating from shallow water macroalgae. Quantification of this contribution shows increases from 37% at 539 m to 71% at 1835 m. Comparison of corrected planktonic fluxes with values predicted by the empirical equation of Suess are in good agreement. Examination of carbohydrate spectra from Bransfield Strait surface sediments shows a macroalgal imprint to be present.

AN: 1796826

354 of 362

TI: Application of portable traps for obtaining point measurements of sediment transport rates in the surf zone.

AU: Kraus,-N.C.

AF: Coast. Eng. Res. Cent., U.S. Army Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, MS 39180-0631, USA

SO: J.-COAST.-RES. 1987. vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 139-152

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: This paper describes a portable trap developed and applied to measure the vertical and lateral distributions of the longshore sand transport rate in the surf zone. Both bedload and suspended load transport rates can be measured. The trap consists of long rectangular bags of polyester sieve cloth vertically mounted on a stainless steel rack. An operator standing downcurrent attends the trap during a sampling interval typically lasting 5 to 10 minutes. Presently, use of the trap is restricted to surf zones with wave heights less than about 1 m. The utility of the trap is put in perspective in a critical review of available methods for measuring longshore sand transport rates. It is concluded that, at present, traps provide the only practical method for making short-term point measurements of sand transport rates in the surf zone.

AN: 1785746

355 of 362

TI: Development and testing of granular filter design criteria for stormwater management infiltration structures (SWMIS).

AU: Yim,-Chan-Su

CA: Maryland Univ., College Park (USA)

SO: DISS.-ABST.-INT.-PT.-B-SCI.-and-ENG. 1988. vol. 48, no. 8, 607 pp

NT: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA8725594.

LA: English

AB: Sediment control is of primary importance in maintaining efficient operation of Storm Water Management Infiltration Structures (SWMIS). If not controlled, sediment load carried by runoff into a SWMIS may cause a significant reduction in the infiltration capacity due to build-up of a low conductivity sediment layer on the SWMIS floor. Previous limited experimental data suggested that a viable method for the control of such sediment load is by means of granular filters. Experimental results indicate that for the cases investigated, the filters are effective in trapping sediment particles. Finally, a comprehensive design guideline of a SWMIS which incorporates the above filter design criteria as well as the hydrogeologic parameters of a proposed SWMIS site has been developed.

AN: 1782028

356 of 362

TI: Short term impoundment of longshore sediment transport.

AU: Bodge,-K.R.

CA: Florida Univ., Gainesville (USA)

SO: DISS.-ABST.-INT.-PT.-B-SCI.-and-ENG. 1987. vol. 48, no. 4, 369 pp

NT: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: FAD DA8715972.

LA: English

AB: The cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport is investigated through the distribution of sediment impounded against a shore-perpendicular barrier over short-term intervals in field and laboratory environments. In general, the longshore transport profiles were found to be bimodal with peaks just landward of the break point and near the shoreline; the relative significance of the longshore transport shifted from the near-breakpoint peak to the near-shoreline peak as the wave condition varied from spilling to collapsing breakers. Alternately stated, the longshore transport distribution appeared strongly beach profile dependent, as transport was most pronounced over local regions of high bed steepness.

AN: 1781918

357 of 362

TI: Deposition of organic material in a coral reef lagoon, One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef.

AU: Koop,-K.; Larkum,-A.W.D.

AF: Dep. Zool., Univ. Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: ESTUAR.-COAST.-SHELF-SCI. 1987. vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-9

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: Deposition of organic material was measured at four sites on One Tree Island coral reef using fixed sediment traps. Although no reliable data were obtained for the reef crest area because of problems of resuspension, mean deposition in the backreef area amounted to some 4 g organic Cm super(-2)/day whereas in the lagoon it was about 1.5 g Cm super(-2)/day. This amounted to mean nitrogen deposition rates of 160 and 95 mg N m super(-2)/day, respectively. As primary production by turf algae, the principal producers at One Tree Island, has been estimated at about 2.3 g Cm super(-2)/day for the whole reef system and the weighted mean carbon deposition is estimated at 2 multiplied by 2 g Cm super(-2)/day, it is clear that the carbon produced by plants is largely retained in the system.

AN: 1747370

358 of 362

TI: Sedimentation in Arctic Canada: Particulate organic carbon flux to a shallow marine benthic community in Frobisher Bay.

AU: Atkinson,-E.G.; Wacasey,-J.W.

AF: Arctic Biol. Stn., Dep. Fish. and Oceans, 555 St. Pierre Blvd., Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que. H9X 3R4, Canada

SO: POLAR-BIOL. 1987. vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3-7

NT: Incl. 24 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment traps designed and constructed by the authors were deployed on the bottom during short periods of time at a depth of 33 m in upper Frobisher Bay. When the results were compared with data obtained from a trap set at the compensation depth (20 m), resuspension of particulate organic carbon was estimated at 25% of the sediment. The annual sedimentation cycle was typified by consistently low winter rates, with variable maximum rates and loads occurring in August following the peak of primary production in the water column. Mean annual sediment flux was found to be 26 g C m super(-2)/y, representing 31-53% of the range of estimates of carbon fixed in total annual primary production. Relating this to estimated zoobenthic production indicated a benthic conversion efficiency of 53%, not accounting for loss to sediment or benthic primary production.

AN: 1734172

359 of 362

TI: A particle flux study in the Santa Monica-San Pedro Basin off Los Angeles: Particle flux, primary production, and transmissometer survey.

AU: Nelson,-J.R.; Beers,-J.R.; Eppley,-R.W.; Jackson,-G.A.; McCarthy,-J.J.; Soutar,-A.

AF: Inst. Mar. Resour., A-018, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

SO: CONT.-SHELF-RES. 1987. vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 307-328

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In May 1983, two short-term deployments of sediments traps at 100, 300, and 500 m measured the sinking flux of mass (as dry weight), particulate organic carbon and carbonate carbon in the nearshore basins off Los Angeles. The flux of organic carbon at 100 m depth was about 15% of the mass flux and about 5% of the rate of primary production measured in the surface waters. At 500 m the efflux of organic carbon had decreased to about half that at 100 m. Characteristics of the trap collections indicated a large biogenic contribution. The biomass carbon of microorganism determined by microscopy (exclusive of heterotrophic bacteria) in the surface waters was dominated by nano- and picoplankton size categories. In the sediment trap collections, total microorganism carbon comprised < 3% of the carbon flux. A six-month (May-November) sediment trap deployment was also made. The higher mass flux to the deeper of these traps indicates near-bottom transport of suspended sediments.

AN: 1729777

360 of 362

TI: A review of sediment trap technique.

AU: Asper,-V.L.

AF: Natl. Space Technol. Lab., Cent. Mar. Sci., Univ. Southern Mississippi, Southern Stn., Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA

SO: MAR.-TECHNOL.-SOC.-J. 1987. vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 18-25

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: In designing a sediment trapping experiment, care must be taken to eliminate potential sources of error where possible and to collect samples which are appropriate for the investigation. Possible errors may arise from trapping biases due to the flow of water over the trap mouth, "swimmer" interactions, and post-depositional degradation of the samples. Considerations in developing a sampling strategy include trap geometry, number of collectors, closing devices, temporal resolution, mooring configuration, and the effects of preservatives on the analyses of interest.

AN: 1699992

361 of 362

TI: Standing stock, vertical distribution and flux of planktonic foraminifera in the Panama Basin.

AU: Be,-A.W.H.-(deceased); Bishop,-J.K.B.; Sverdlove,-M.S.; Gardner,-W.D.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: MAR.-MICROPALEONTOL. 1985. vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 307-333

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The relationships between planktonic foraminifera in the upper 2000 m of the water column and those in sediment traps and deep-sea sediments of the Panama Basin were investigated as part of the Composition, Flux and Transfer Experiments (CFATE) and the Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment (STIE) July-Dec. 1979. Planktonic foraminifera larger than 333 mu m, sampled during the July-August trap deployment cruise, occurred most abundantly in the euphotic zone with maximal populations associated with the chlorophyll and primary production maxima both located in the upper thermocline just below the mixed layer. Juvenile abundances exceeded those of the > 333 mu m adults by 3-4 orders of magnitude and their depth distribution systematics indicated that most foraminifera reproduction occurs prior to sinking of the adults from the euphotic zone. Macroscopic aggregates and fecal pellets were identified as major carriers of smaller sized shells from the euphotic zone.

AN: 1634305

362 of 362

TI: Seasonal variation in the flux of algal pigments to a deep-water site in the Panama Basin.

AU: Cole,-J.J.; Honjo,-S.; Caraco,-N.

AF: Inst. Ecosyst. Stud., Cary Arboretum, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA

SO: HYDROBIOLOGIA. 1985. vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 193-197

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: During 1979-1980 a moored array of time-series sediment traps was deployed at a station in the Panama Basin with traps set at 890, 2590, and 3,560 m below the surface. This time-series of samples permitted measurement of the seasonal variation in the flux of particulate materials to deep water. Even at 3,560 m the flux of algal pigments and organic carbon varied seasonally, with lowest values in June-July and highest values in February-March. This seasonality may be an important signal to benthic communities in the deep sea. Averaged over the year there were no significant differences in the quantities of these materials which arrived at the three depths, suggesting little dissolution or decomposition during settling in the deep part of the water column. The ratio of organic carbon: phaeopigment (mg:mg) had lowest values at 890 m (40:1) and highest values (285:1) at 3,560 m, but the average of all sample showed no trend with depth.

AN: 1633955

No. Records Request

1: 71 JGOFS

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1997-1998/09

3: 200 #1

4: 14252 INDIA

5: 1 #3 and INDIA

6: 200 #3

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1988-1996

8: 0 #6

9: 1797 PARTICLE

10: 2284 FLUX

11: 20 PARTICLE FLUX

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1978-1987

13: 126 #11

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1988-1996

15: 35 #13

16: 6 SEDIMENT-TRAP

17: 1 SEDIMENT-TRAPPED

18: 1 SEDIMENT-TRAPPING

19: 82 SEDIMENT-TRAPS

20: 89 #16 or #17 or #18 or #19

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1997-1998/09

22: 362 #20

23: 21857 SEDIMENT

24: 1514 TRAP

25: 348 SEDIMENT TRAP

26: 362 #22

Searches and records above from: ASFA 1988-1996

28: 78 #26

1 of 78

TI: Chernobyl nuclide record from a North Sea sediment trap.

AU: Kempe,-S.; Nies,-H.

AF: Geol. Palaenontol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: NATURE. 1987. vol. 329, no. 6142, pp. 828-831

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Nuclides liberated by explosion and subsequent fire at Chernobyl No. 4 reactor on 26 April 1986, travelled to Western Europe with lower tropospheric air masses. They reached the northern Alps and Paris on 30 April, southern Great Britain on 2 May, the southern North Sea on 3 May, and the northern North Sea on 3 May and again on 8 May. Levels of deposited activity varied by a factor of 30 or more over distances < 100 km because of variability of rainfall. A sediment trap deployed 222-m-deep in the North Sea off Bergen recorded the onset and magnitude of the deposition of Chernobyl nuclides. The trap collected 13 samples between 24 April and 21 September 1986. The flux of nuclides adsorbed to particles sinking from surface waters to sediments started less than ten days after contaminated air reached the site.

AN: 1623877

2 of 78

TI: Chernobyl radionuclides in a Black Sea sediment trap.

AU: Buesseler,-K.O.; Livingston,-H.D.; Honjo,-S.; Hay,-B.J.; Manganini,-S.J.; Degens,-E.; Ittekkot,-V.; Izdar,-E.; Konuk,-T.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: NATURE. 1987. vol. 329, no. 6142, pp. 825-828

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Chernobyl nuclear power station accident released large quantities of vaporized radionuclides, and, to a lesser extent, mechanically released small (< 1-10 mu m) aerosol particles. The total release of radioactivity is estimated to be of the order of 1-2 x 10 super(18) Bq (3-5 x 10 super(7) Ci) not allowing for releases of the xenon and krypton gases. The super(137)Cs releases of 3.8 x 10 super(16) Bq from Chernobyl can be compared to 1.3 x 10 super(18) Bq super(137)Cs released due to atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Chernobyl-derived radionuclides can be used as transient tracers to study physical and biogeochemical processes. Initial measurements of fallout Chernobyl radionuclides from a time-series sediment trap at 1,071 m during June-September 1986 in the southern Black Sea are presented. The specific activities of super(137)Cs, super(144)Ce and super(106)Ru in the trap samples (0.5-2, 4-12 and 6-13 Bq g super(-1)) are independent of the particle flux while their relative activities reflect their rates of scavenging in the order Ce > Ru > Cs.

AN: 1623826

3 of 78

TI: Rapid removal of Chernobyl fallout from Mediterranean surface waters by biological activity.

AU: Fowler,-S.W.; Buat-Menard,-P.; Yokoyama,-Y.; Ballestra,-S.; Holm,-E.; Van-Nguyen,-H.

AF: Int. Lab. Mar. Radioact., Int. At. Energy Agency, c/o Mus. Oceanogr., MC 98000, Monaco

SO: NATURE. 1987. vol. 329, no. 6134, pp. 56-58

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The authors report here data from a time-series sediment trap experiment and concomitant zooplankton collections which show conclusively that Chernobyl radioactivity, in particular the rare earth nuclides super(141)Ce and super(144)Ce, entering the Mediterranean as a single pulse, was rapidly removed from surface waters and transported to 200 m in a few days primarily by zooplankton grazing.

AN: 1612131

4 of 78

TI: Implications of fecal pellet size and zooplankton behaviour to estimates of pelagic-benthic carbon flux.

AU: Emerson,-C.W.; Roff,-J.C.

AF: Coll. Biol. Sci., Univ. Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada

SO: MAR.-ECOL.-PROG.-SER.. 1987. vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 251-257

NT: Incl. 44 ref.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Numbers, volumes and carbon content of fecal pellets collected by sediment traps and bottle casts were measured with a image analysis system, from samples collected in the lower Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada. Analysis of sinking, resuspension and biodegradation rates indicated that small fecal pellets must be heavily grazed within the water column. Measurement of rates of coprophagy and vertical distribution of pellets without peritrophic membranes may lead to estimates of resuspension. Differences in size-frequency spectra of pellets collected in 5 h and 24 h sediment trap developments indicated that large fecal pellets which reach the benthos are produced primarily by migratory copepods and euphausids. The effects of diel vertical migration may bias estimates of pellet carbon flux made from short sediment-trap deployments.

AN: 1600740

5 of 78

TI: Sediment trap comparison experiments, existence of light particles collected in the narrow sediment traps.

AU: Noriki,-S.; Tsunogai,-S.

AF: Dep. Chem., Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan

SO: J.-OCEANOGR.-SOC.-JAPAN. 1986. vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 119-123

LA: Japanese

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Four types of sediment traps which are different in their shapes were simultaneously deployed in Funka Bay, Hokkaido or open ocean, in order to compare the quantity and quality of settling particles collected at the same time. In Funka Bay, the larger total particulate fluxes were observed with the sediment traps having the larger height to width ratios. The settling particles collected with the narrower sediment traps were somewhat similar to suspended particle enriched in organic matter, phosphorus and Mn. Results suggest that the narrower sediment trap more effectively collects fine and light particles similar to suspended particles.

AN: 1554421

6 of 78

TI: Carbon isotope fractionation and changes in the flux and composition of particulate matter resulting from biological activity during a sediment trap experiment in Lake Greifen, Switzerland.

AU: Lee,-C.; McKenzie,-J.A.; Sturm,-M.

AF: Mar. Sci. Res. Cent., State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1987. vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 83-96

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AN: 1497613

7 of 78

TI: Sediment trap biases in turbulent flows: Results from a laboratory flume study.

AU: Butman,-C.A.

AF: Ocean Eng. Dep., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1986. vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 645-693

LA: English

AN: 1472709

8 of 78

TI: Predictions of sediment trap biases in turbulent flows: A theoretical analysis based on observations from the literature.

AU: Butman,-C.A.; Grant,-W.D.; Stolzenbach,-K.D.

AF: Ocean Eng., Dep., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1986. vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 601-644

LA: English

AB: The following testable hypotheses for biased trapping by unbaffled, straight-sided cylinders and noncylindrical traps result from our analysis. For fixed values of the other two parameters, collection efficiency of cylinders will decrease over some range of increasing trap Reynolds number, decrease over some range of decreasing particle fall velocity and increase over some range of increasing trap aspect ratio. Traps will be undercollectors or overcollectors depending on the physical mechanisms causing the biased collections. Predicting biased collections for noncylindrical traps is more complex but, in most cases, small-mouth, wide-body traps will be overcollectors and funnel-type traps will be undercollectors. Future laboratory studies are required to test these hypotheses and, in particular, parameter combinations representative of field conditions, where traps are deployed, must be tested.

AN: 1472675

9 of 78

TI: Biogenic siliceous particle flux in Antarctic waters and its palaeoecological significance.

AU: Gersonde,-R.

AF: Alfred-Wegener-Inst. Polarforsch., Columbus-Cent., 2850, Bremerhaven, FRG

SO: S.-AFR.-J.-SCI.-S.-AFR.-TYD-SKR.-WET. 1986. vol. 82, no. 9, pp. 500-501

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Siliceous hardparts of planktonic microorganisms such as diatoms, silicoflagellates and radiolarians, which are preserved in the sediment record, can be used as "palaeoecological indicators" to reconstruct environmental conditions during the depositions of the sediments. Little is known about alteration processes affecting the biogenic particles during their settlement throughout the water column, the mechanisms of vertical and horizontal transport, and time-specific vertical transport. Knowledge of these three parameters in essential for the evaluation of the palaeoecological indicators found in the sediments. Since the austral summer of 1980-81, four moorings with sediment traps have been deployed at three sites in the western Atlantic sector of the Antarctic Ocean. The data retrieved are being used for studies of alteration processes and transport mechanisms.

AN: 1468089

10 of 78

TI: The remediation of severe soil erosion in the Deal Lake watershed.

AU: Souza,-S.; Conner,-R.; Buchanan,-G.

AF: International Technology Corp., Edison, NJ, USA

CO: 6. Annual International Symposium. Lake and Reservoir Management: Influences of Nonpoint Source Pollutants and Acid Precipitation, Portland, OR (USA), 5-8 Nov 1986

SO: 6th-ANNUAL-INTERNATIONAL-SYMPOSIUM.-LAKE-AND-RESERVOIR-MANAGEMENT:-INFLUENCES-OF-NONPOINT-SOURCE-POLLUTANTS-AND-ACID-PRECIPITATION.-NOVEMBER-5-8,-1986-PORTLAND,-OREGON. North-American-Lake-Management-Soc.-USA 1986. p. 6

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Deal Lake is a dendritic 58-ha waterbody located in Monmouth County, NJ. The soils of the watershed are sandy, highly prone to erosion even on slopes of slight grade, acidic, and difficult to revegetate once denuded. As a result of inadequate soil conservation substantial development-related soil erosion has led to the rapid filling of many of the lake's shallow fingers. The impact of this filling has been threefold: loss of recreational potential, reduced flood storage capacity, and increased aquatic macrophyte colonization. An intensive study was conducted to identify the sources of erosion, establish the mechanisms of control, and quantify the cost of remediation. More than 50 individual erosion sites were identified. Remediation measures proposed for each site included grading and revegetation, rip-rap, revements, terraces, and bulkheads. Model ordinances for basin-wide soil erosion control and stormwater control were developed and issued to each of the bordering municipalities.

AN: 1452248

11 of 78

TI: Effects of animal behavior on sediment trap collections: Implications for the calculation of aragonite fluxes.

AU: Harbison,-G.R.; Gilmer,-R.W.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1986. vol. 33, no. 8A, pp. 1017-1024

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Collection of living organisms can seriously bias the results of sediment trap collections, and the behavior of planktonic animals may cause certain species to be collected preferentially. The authors studied the effects of the escape response of one genus of pteropod on the rates of its collection by sediment traps. This model system was chosen because a great deal is known about the field behavior of pteropods, and because a recent paper has proposed that the dissolution of sinking pteropod shells could almost balance the alkalinity budget of the Pacific Ocean. In three sediment trap deployments off the coast of Greenland, they found that large numbers of living Limacina spp., in contrast to copepods and larvaceans, were rapidly collected in a few hours. Since this artifact leads to a gross overestimate of aragonite flux, they conclude that the assertion of Betzer et al. (1984) is not proved.

AN: 1445770

12 of 78

TI: Sandusky nearshore-offshore downflux.

AU: Sklash,-M.; Mason,-S.; Pugsley,-C.

AF: Dep. Geol., Univ. Windsor, Windsor, Ont. N9B 3P4, Canada

CO: 29. Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Scarborough, Ont. (Canada), 26-29 May 1986

SO: IAGLR-86-PROGRAM.-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH-29th-CONFERENCE,-MAY-26-29,-1986. International-Association-for-Great-Lakes-Research,-Buffalo,-NY-USA 1986. p. 47

NT: Abstract only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed 2.0 M above the lake bottom, in the fall of '85, to measure the sediment downflux at 5 sites in the Sandusky Basin nearshore area. Sediment downflux from this area is assessed for spatial variability, and compared to the measured downflux in the offshore area of the central Basin, during the same time period, and also during the summer. Sedimentation rates decreased with increasing distance from the Bay to the offshore area. Sedimentation rates of organic and inorganic particulates were three times higher in the nearshore area than the offshore area, during the fall. In the offshore area the downflux in the fall was 30-60 times higher than in the summer.

AN: 1403542

13 of 78

TI: Flux measurements of suspended materials in lakes Huron and Superior, 1984-1985.

AU: Bell,-G.L.; Eadie,-B.J.

AF: Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., NOAA, 2300 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA

CO: 29. Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Scarborough, Ont. (Canada), 26-29 May 1986

SO: IAGLR-86-PROGRAM.-INTERNATIONAL-ASSOCIATION-FOR-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH-29th-CONFERENCE,-MAY-26-29,-1986. International-Association-for-Great-Lakes-Research,-Buffalo,-NY-USA 1986. p. 25

NT: Abstract only.

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps were deployed in Lakes Huron and Superior during 1984 and 1985 to measure primary and resuspension fluxes of particulate materials. A significant increase in mass flux during the unstratified period was observed in both lakes. Mass flux and total suspended material (TSM) in Lake Huron from July to September 1984 showed a progressive increase with depth. The winter flux values were high near the surface, lower in the mid-depth range and highest in the bottom 25m. Mass flux in Lake Superior from July to September 1984 was greatest near the bottom. The next highest flux was at the 10m level. The same pattern was observed in TSM at three of the four stations. Winter mass flux showed the same pattern. The small variations in TSM and transparency values indicate that the water column was relatively well mixed, although a nepheloid layer was beginning to form at all but the deepest station.

AN: 1400566

14 of 78

TI: Seasonal succession and microlamina formation in a meromictic lake displaying varved sediments.

AU: Dickman,-M.

AF: Biol. Sci. Dep., Brock Univ., St. Catharines, Ont. L2S 3A1, Canada

SO: SEDIMENTOLOGY. 1985. vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 109-118

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: In a small meromictic lake near Toronto, Canada, a mass mortality of photosynthetic bacteria followed the ventilation of the chemocline during fall (autumn) and resulted in 3 multiplied by 8 g m super(-2) day super(-1) of organic matter being deposited as a dark layer in sediment traps which were suspended in the permanently anaerobic zone. This mass mortality of photosynthetic bacteria occurred in late autumn following the annual thermal destratification of the lake's mixolimnion. Wind mixing during this period of homeothermy resulted in the introduction of low levels of dissolved oxygen into the lake's chemocline. The ensuing mass mortality of photosynthetic bacteria resulted in the release of elemental sulphur as the sulphur-rich bacteria decomposed and sank to the bottom of the lake. The ferrous ions in the water below a depth of 15 m in Crawford Lake reacted with this sulphur to form black ferrous sulphides and pyrite which formed a dark microlamina on the lake floor. Each dark microlamine was overlain by a light coloured (calcite-rich) layer which was deposited each spring and summer during the 3 yr period of this study.

AN: 1397360

15 of 78

TI: Venturi-compensated eolian sand trap for field use.

AU: Illenberger,-W.K.; Rust,-I.C.

AF: Inst. Coast. Res., Dep. Geol., Univ. Port Elizabeth, 6000 Port Elizabeth, South Africa

SO: J.-SEDIMENT.-PETROL. 1986. vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 541-543

LA: English

AB: The problem of directly measuring eolian sand transport has led to the development of a number of sand-trapping devices, all of which give different results. It seems that the disparities are caused mainly by disturbance of the air flow generated by the sand trap itself. The authors describe a sand trap in which minimal disturbance to air flow is achieved by streamlined design and by counteraction of internal back pressure.

AN: 1334855

16 of 78

TI: The seagrass filter: Purification of estuarine and coastal waters.

AU: Short,-F.T.; Short,-C.A.

AF: Jackson Estuar. Lab., Univ. New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA

CO: 7. Bienn. Conf. of the Estuarine Research Federation, Virginia Beach, VA (USA), 23 Oct 1983

SO: THE-ESTUARY-AS-A-FILTER. Kennedy,-V.S.-ed. 1984. pp. 395-413

NT: Incl. 46 ref.

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: Seagrasses can provide a "filtering" mechanism in estuarine waters by trapping suspended sediments and taking up dissolved water column nutrients. These two processes are discussed from the perspective of water filtration by seagrasses in an effort to establish the plants' benefit to the estuarine system. Previous work was examined and combined with results of measurements of suspended sediment and dissolved nutrient removal in culture tank systems with and without seagrasses. Nutrient addition and subsequent depletion in the water column of the culture tanks was measured to determine seagrass community uptake rates. These rates were then extrapolated to a somewhat eutrophic coastal environment for evaluation of potential nutrient removal by seagrasses. Data indicate that seagrass communities remove material of natural or human origin from estuarine waters, but excessive loading of nutrients or suspended material upsets the balance of the seagrass ecosystem, promoting degradation of the seagrass beds and loss of the filtering mechanism.

AN: 1334693

17 of 78

TI: The estuary as a sediment trap: Alternate approaches to estimating its filtering efficiency.

AU: Bigg,-R.B.; Howell,-B.A.

AF: Coll. Mar. Stud., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA

CO: 7. Bienn. Conf. of the Estuarine Research Federation, Virginia Beach, VA (USA), 23 Oct 1983

SO: THE-ESTUARY-AS-A-FILTER. Kennedy,-V.S.-ed. 1984. pp. 107-129

NT: Incl. 61 ref.

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: The trapping efficiency of estuaries for particulate matter is reviewed using box models, evaluation of historical changes in bathymetry, geochronologic data, and the capacity-inflow ratio. Most of the open water estuaries of the world are more or less efficient sediment "filters". Those which are not have evolved to estuarine deltaic environments. For estuarine systems evaluated, it appears that biologically mediated sedimentation processes have the capability to overwhelm all others in the deposition of fine sediments. For example, the major filter-feeding species in Delaware Bay are capable of depositing 200 times the annual fluvial input of suspended sediment.

AN: 1334198

18 of 78

TI: Wax esters and triacylglycerols in shinking particulate matter in the Peru upwelling area (15 deg S, 75 deg W).

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.

CA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA, (USA)

SO: 1985. 24 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: AD-A163 578/8/GAR, Contracts N00014-79-C-0071, N00014-82-C-0071

RN: WHOI-CONTRIB-5783 (WHOICONTRIB5783)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The flux and composition of wax esters and triacylglycerols were measured in particulate matter collected by free-drafting sediment traps in the Peru upwelling area. The purpose was to assess diurnal variations in sources and vertical transport of these lipids. Traps were deployed for periods of 8-12 h during both day and night at the base of the euphotic zone (10-14 m) and at about 50 m. Although the flux of total perticulate organic carbon varied 4x, the flux of wax esters varied by 84x and triacylglycerols by 30x. POC, wax esters, and triacylglycerols also showed different temporal patterns. The highest wax ester flux was measured in shallow traps at night and is attributed to increased inputs from zooplankton which feed near the surface at night. Triacylglycerol flux was high in both shallow and deep nocturnal traps, consistent with inputs of both phytoplankton and zooplankton lipids. The composition of these lipids was also quite variable and attests to the complex nature of the lipid sources.

AN: 1317492

19 of 78

TI: Wax esters and triacylglycerols in sinking particulate matter in the Peru upwelling area (15 degree S, 75 degree W).

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.

AF: Dep. Chem., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: MAR.-CHEM. 1985. vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 213-235

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The flux and composition of wax esters and triacylglycerols were measured in particulate matter collected by free-drifting sediment traps in the Peru upwelling area to assess diurnal variations in sources and vertical transport of these lipids. Traps were deployed for periods of 8-12 h during both day and night at the base of the euphotic zone (10-14 m) and at approximately equals 50 m. Although the flux of total particulate organic carbon varied 4x, the flux of wax esters varied by 84x and triacylglycerols by 30x. POC, was esters, and triacylglycerols also showed different temporal patterns. The highest wax ester flux was measured in shallow traps at night and is attributed to increased inputs from zooplankton which feed near the surface at night. Triacylglycerol flux was high in both shallow and deep nocturnal traps, consistent with inputs of both phytoplankton and zooplankton lipids.

AN: 1199115

20 of 78

TI: Seasonal and interannual variations in deep-water particle fluxes in the Sargasso Sea and their relation to surface hydrography.

AU: Deuser,-W.G.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1986. vol. 33, no. 2A, pp. 225-246

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Six years of almost continuous sediment trapping, with bimonthly sample recovery, in the deep Sargasso Sea reveal a pattern of annual flux variations as well as significant interannual differences. Spectral analysis of the data shows, however, that the temporal variability also has a large random component. Coherence among all constitutent fluxes is very high, indicating that the composition of the sinking material is remarkably uniform throughout periods of greatly changing flux levels. The oxygen isotopic composition of tests of the epipelagic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber intercepted by the trap at a depth of 3200 m represents a reliable recorder of near-surface hydrography one month prior to the tests' arrival in the trap. This tie between hydrographic changes at the surface and changes in quality and quantity of the sediment-trap samples reveals an inverse relationship between surface temperature and the amount of material sinking out of the euphotic zone and injected into deep water.

AN: 1199035

21 of 78

TI: Sediment trap experiments in the Antarctic Ocean.

AU: Noriki,-S.; Harada,-K.; Tsunogai,-S.

AF: Dep. Chem., Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate 041, Japan

CO: Symposium on Marine and Estuarine Geochemistry, International Congress of Pacific Basin Societies, Honolulu, HI (USA), 16-21 Dec 1984

SO: MARINE-AND-ESTUARINE-GEOCHEMISTRY. Sigleo,-A.C.;Hattori,-A.-eds. 1985. pp. 161-170

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: An array with five sediment traps was deployed at depths of 690, 930, 1330, 2330 and 3130 meters during a period of 24 days from December 1983 to January 1984 in the Antarctic Ocean. The total particulate fluxes were 1.12, 1.10, 0.97, 0.79, and 0.95 g/m super(2)/day from the shallowest trap. The concentrations of major chemical components were fairly constant with depth. The mean composition was 81 % opal, 15 % organic matter, 2 % calcium carbonate. These results reveal that the biological production in the Antarctic Ocean was primarily due to diatoms during this period. By assuming that the flux of A1 is equal to the accumulation rate of A1 onto the sediment surface, it is estimated that the average opal flux was 93 mg-Opal/m super(2)/day in this period.

AN: 1114937

22 of 78

TI: Sediment trap studies in Lake Michigan: Resuspension and chemical fluxes in the southern basin.

AU: Eadie,-B.J.; Chambers,-R.L.; Gardner,-W.S.; Bell,-G.L.

AF: Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., NOAA, 2300 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA

SO: J.-GREAT-LAKES-RES. 1984. vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 307-321

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The results of 4 years (1977-80) of sediment trap sample collection in the southeastern region of Lake Michigan are summarized and compared with water column and sediment characteristics. Mass flux data indicate strong seasonal patterns, with maximum fluxes recorded during the unstratified period. The large amount of winter resuspension is a mechanism which provides an intimate coupling of recent sediments and the water column. Also these trap study results indicate that there is a near-bottom (10-m-thick) benthic nepheloid layer whose chemical composition approaches that of deep water (fine grain) sediments. The amount of resuspended NaOH extractable phosphorus injected into the euphotic zone is estimated as approximately equal to the load of new phosphorus entering southern Lake Michigan. The role of resuspension in the cycling of organic carbon and contaminants associated with it appears to be important.

AN: 1079284

23 of 78

TI: First data on sediment trap experiment in Black Sea deep water.

AU: Izdar,-E.; Konuk,-T.; Honjo,-S.; Asper,-V.; Manganini,-S.; Degens,-E.T.; Ittekkot,-V.; Kempe,-S.

AF: Inst. Mar. Technol., Dokuz Eylul Univ., Izmir, Turkey

SO: NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN. 1984. vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 478-479

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 1039788

24 of 78

TI: Sediment trap experiments on the Antarctic continental margin.

AU: Dunbar,-R.B.

AF: Dep. Geol., Rice Univ., Houston, TX 77251, USA

SO: ANTARCT.-J.-U.S. 1985. vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 70-71

NT: Special issue: 1984 Review.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiments involve the collection of sinking particulate matter in the ocean. They provide useful information concerning transport mechanisms and fluxes to the sea-floor as well as the degree of biological recycling within the water column. While abundant flux data are available for low- and mid-latitude oceans, very little sediment trap work has been conducted in the seas surrounding Antarctica. Sediment trap experiments have been conducted this past season in the McMurdo Sound area by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Program. Here the author reports on results from the austral summer 1981-1982 deployment in the Bransfield Strait and initial results from the 1984 season recoveries in the Ross Sea and Bransfield Strait. In the Bransfield Strait trapping experiments, the dominant component of the vertical flux of sediment at nearly all depths was fecal pellet material. At greater depths, the trap samples contain an increasing admixture of terrigenous detritus. As a result, as depth increases, the composition of the vertical flux more closely resembles that of the bottom sediments.

AN: 1035509

25 of 78

TI: Manganese fluxes in the benthic boundary layer.

AU: Sundby,-B.; Silverberg,-N.

AF: Netherlands Inst. Sea Res., P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1985. vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 372-381

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Diagenetic modeling and mass-balance calculations were applied to box-core and sediment-trap data from three stations at 300-400-m depth in the Laurentian Trough to estimate downward and upward fluxes of manganese across the sediment-water interface, fluxes across the redox boundary in the sediment, rates of dissolution and precipitation of manganese, and rates of manganese accumulation. At all stations the cycling of manganese between the oxidizing and the reducing zone of the sediment was quantitatively more important than the cycling between the sediment and the water column. The redox boundary was the site of the largest fluxes.

AN: 0994473

26 of 78

TI: The effect of tilt on sediment trap efficiency.

AU: Gardner,-W.D.

AF: Lamont/Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1985. vol. 32, no. 3A, pp. 349-361

LA: English

AB: Cylindrical traps with an aspect ratio of 5.2 were tilted from 0 degree to 70 degree upstream and downstream in the Hudson River with currents ranging between 2 and 62 cm s super(-1). Particle flux in the tilted traps increased with tilt up to about 45 degree where overcollection reached a maximum factor of three but decreased beyond 45 degree when traps were tilted downstream. There was no discernible velocity effect on the total flux collected with tilted traps. In a recirculating flume, dye used as a water tracer revealed the existence of boundary layers within traps. The exchange of particles across the boundaries appears to play an important role in controlling the collection rate of particles and the conditions during which traps over- and under-collect particles. The tilt effect on traps is important, not only where high velocities can cause a mooring to lean, but also where high-frequency internal waves might pass either moored or freefloating traps since the vertical velocity component of an internal wave can cause an effective tilt of the traps.

AN: 0960904

27 of 78

TI: Seasonality in the flux of natural radionuclides and plutonium in the deep Sargasso Sea.

AU: Bacon,-M.P.; Huh,-C.-A.; Fleer,-A.P.; Deuser,-W.G.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1985. vol. 32, no. 3A, pp. 273-286

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A record of radionuclide fluxes at a deep-ocean station near Bermuda (32 degree 05'N, 64 degree 15'W) was obtained from analysis of a 3-year collection of sediment-trap samples. The trap was placed at a depth of 3,200 m, 1,000 m above the sea floor, and the samples were recovered at 2-month intervals. Concentrations of super(238)U, super(234)U, super(232)Th, super(230)Th, super(228)Th, super(231)Pa, super(210)Pb, super(210)Po, and super(239, 240)Pu were measured in the trapped material. Most of the radionuclide activity was found in the <37- mu m sieved fraction. All of the radionuclide fluxes showed seasonal variations that were in phase with the variations in total sediment flux, which were shown in earlier work to be closely tied to the annual cycle of primary production in the overlying surface water. The seasonal variations are especially noteworthy for super(230)Th and super(231)Pa, considering that most of their production occurs in the water column below the euphotic zone. Evidently the seasonal influence is transmitted downward by the varying particle flux so that radionuclide scavenging rates at depth, as well as at the surface, are affected.

AN: 0960827

28 of 78

TI: Detritus-microbe interactions in the marine pelagic environment: Selected results from the VERTEX experiment.

AU: Karl,-D.M.; Knauer,-G.A.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

CO: Symposium on Detritus Dynamics in Aquatic Ecosystems, Savannah, GA (USA), Nov 1983

SO: SYMPOSIUM-ON-DETRITUS-DYNAMICS-IN-AQUATIC-ECOSYSTEMS. 1984. vol. 35, no. 3 pp. 550-565

ST: BULL.-MAR.-SCI. vol. 35, no. 3

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Collections of sinking particulate matter were made using a free-floating sediment trap array deployed at three stations in the North pacific Ocean as part of the Vertical Transport and Exchange (VERTEX) research program. Each experiment consisted of at least 120 individual sediment traps positioned at 10-12 depths in the mesopelagic zone (100-2,000 m). Primary objectives were: (1) to obtain information on the magnitude and patterns of the downward vertical flux of selected elements and biochemicals, (2) to evaluate the relationships between microbial biomass and the rates of decomposition of sedimenting organic matter and (3) to measure the metabolic activity of microorganisms associated with particulate detritus. A combination of in situ extraction/preservation techniques and unpreserved traps enabled the authors to evaluate in situ detritus-microbe interactions. Results are discussed.

AN: 0947734

29 of 78

TI: Seasonality in the fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars to the deep ocean: Sargasso Sea.

AU: Ittekkot,-V.; Deuser,-W.G.; Degens,-E.T.

AF: Geol. Palaeontol. Inst. und Mus., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1984. vol. 31, no. 9A, pp. 1057-1069

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars as released by acid hydrolysis were determined in the < 37- mu m fraction of samples collected during successive two-month sediment trap deployments in the deep Sargasso Sea (3200 plus or minus 100 m) from April 1978 to December 1981. All fluxes varied seasonally and in phase with the flux of the < 37- mu m fraction, which has been shown to vary in phase with primary productivity in the surface layers. During the investigation the fluxes were in the range of 0.03 to 1.7 mg m super(-2) d super(-1). They contributed 13 to 34% of the measured organic carbon, and 30 to 53% of the measured total nitrogen could be accounted for by amino acids and amino sugars. The relative abundances of sugars and amino acids were, in general, similar to those reported for mineralized tissues of carbonate and silica producers and the cell walls of nonbiomineralizing organisms.

AN: 0921892

30 of 78

TI: Seasonality in the fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars to the deep ocean: Panama Basin.

AU: Ittekkot,-V.; Degens,-E.T.; Honjo,-S.

AF: Geol. Palaeontol. Inst. und Mus., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg13, FRG

SO: DEEP-SES-RES. 1984. vol. 31, no. 9A, pp. 1071-1083

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Time-series sediment traps were deployed for an entired year at depths of 890, 2590, and 3560 m at a station in the Panama Basin during 1980. Fluxes of sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars varied seasonally at each depth. Two peak fluxes were observed: one in February-March, the other in June-July. The peaks were associated with a high productivity period by regional upwelling and an unusual coccolithophorid bloom. There were significant differences in the distributions of sugars and amino acids associated with the fluxes. The peak flux of June/July was characterized by high amounts of arabinose and ribose within the sugar, and high amounts of aspartic acid in the amino acid fractions. The differences were observed at all three depths simultaneously,indicating rapid vertical transport without significant dissolution or decomposition. The observed pattern indicates the utility of specific compounds such as sugars and amino acids as tracers of source materials in the marine environment.

AN: 0921012

31 of 78

TI: Biogeochemistry of particulate organic matter in the oceans: Results from sediment trap experiments.

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.; Lee,-C.; Farrington,-J.W.; Gagosian,-R.B.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1984. vol. 31, no. 5A, pp. 509-528

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Particulate organic matter collected in sediment traps from various oceanic regimes-Sargasso Sea, equatorial North Atlantic, central North Pacific, California Current, and Peru coastal upwelling-have been analyzed for their lipid and amino acid composition and flux. Despite rapid settling of the large particles through the water column and a relatively small depth gradient for total organic carbon flux, there are major changes in the composition and flux of lipids and amino acids associated with the particles. The rapid disappearance of the more labile compounds, such as amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with increasing depth indicates that the major sources of such compounds are in the upper part of the water column and that they are readily degraded as the particles sink. On the other hand, the intermittent appearance of large amounts of wax ester, along with the changing fatty acid composition of the particles, points to deep-water sources for some of these compounds.

AN: 0920865

32 of 78

TI: Study of the bed-load yield from a watershed.

AU: Woo,-H.S.; Fisher,-J.S.; Sill,-B.L.; Nnaii,-S.

CA: Clemson Univ., SC (USA). Water Resources Research Inst

SO: TECH.-COMPL.-REP.-S.C.-WATER-RESOUR.-RES.-INST. 1983. 110 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: PB83-208561; WRRI-100, W83-03096.

RN: OWRT-A-050-SC (OWRTA050SC)

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: It has been shown that small experimental watersheds are indicative of their respective physiographic regions. It is in this context that Watershed 22 of the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, was chosen for studies pertaining to bed-load yields. Sediment samples were taken by diverting stream flow around the gaged stilling basin at the base of the watershed draining the basin, and physically removing the sediment. The sample was transported to the Clemson Hydraulics Laboratory for analysis. Sediment yields for seven collection periods varied from 3.8 kg to 78.2 kg. The resulting run-off sediment yield equation is given in the report.

AN: 0889183

33 of 78

TI: Comparison of trap fluxes and sediment accumulation rates at MANOP (manganese nodule program) sites H and M.

AU: Fischer,-K.M.; Dymond,-J.

AF: Coll. Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

CO: Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Baltimore, MD (USA), 31 May 1983

SO: EOS-TRANS.-AM.-GEOPHYS.-UNION. 1983. vol. 64, no. 45, p. 720

NT: Summary only.

RN: O12B-02 (O12B02)

LA: English

AB: The fluxes to the bottom sediments of major biogenic components and 22 elements are compared to the sediment accumulation rates at MANOP Site H (6 degree 30'N, 93 degree W) and Site M (8 degree 50'W, 104 degree W). At Site H, A1, Th, Sc, Fe, and Co are input at approximately the same rate as they are preserved in the sediments. Ni and Mn appear to be undersupplied by factors of 2 and 3, respectively, if the trap level 500 m above bottom alone is considered. An accounting of the additional sources of flux for these two elements in the lower 500 m of the water column is presented. All other elements and components are supplied at Site H in excess of the accumulation rates in the surface sediments. At Site M, the fluxes of A1, Fe, Ti, Th, and Sc equal the accumulation rates in the sediments. All other elements and components are input in excess of the accumulation rates at this site.

AN: 0812076

34 of 78

TI: A model of particulate resuspension measured in sediment traps at MANOP (manganese nodule program) sites H and M.

AU: Walsh,-I.D.; Fischer,-K.M.; Dymond,-J.

AF: Coll. Oceanogr., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

CO: Spring Meeting, American Geophysical Union, Baltimore, MD (USA), 31 May 1983

SO: EOS-TRANS.-AM.-GEOPHYS.-UNION. 1983. vol. 64, no. 45, p. 720

NT: Summary only.

RN: O12B-01 (O12B01)

LA: English

AB: An analysis of data from two sediment trap deployments in the Eastern Tropical Pacific is presented which indicates that material resuspended from the sediment surface contributes significantly to bulk fluxes measured in near-bottom sediment traps. The resuspension process appears to extend to greater than 300 m above the bottom. The sediment trap moorings were deployed from September 1980 to October 1981, at MANOP sites M (8 degree 48'N, 104 degree 00 Omega ) and H (6 degree 33'N, 92 degree 49'W). Six sediment traps were deployed at site H, five at site M. A general increase was observed in the bulk flux in the bottom three traps at each site, compared to the mid-water traps. A conceptual model was developed with which the flux increases were analyzed. The model uses linear programing and an operationally defined "primary" flux.

AN: 0812064

35 of 78

TI: Sand sediment in a Michigan trout stream Part 2. Effects of reducing sand bedload on a trout population.

AU: Alexander,-G.R.; Hansen,-E.A.

AF: Michigan Dep. Nat. Resour., Hunt Creek Fish. Res. Stn., Route 2, Box 2299, Lewiston, MI 49756, USA

SO: N.-AM.-J.-FISH.-MANAGE. 1983. vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 365-372

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This is the second of a two-part sedimentation study. A sediment basin excavated in a Michigan trout stream reduced the sandy bedload sediment by 86% (from 56 ppm down to 8 ppm). Following the reduction in bedload, trout numbers increased significantly during the next 6 years. Small or young trout increased about 40% throughout the treated area. Larger and older trout increased in that part of the treated area that had an erodible sand bed. Although trout production increased 28%, growth rate of the trout changed but little. Both brown trout (Salmo trutta ) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ) populations responded similarly to the bedload reduction. The results suggested that in-stream sediment basins are an effective means for removing sand bedload and that even small amounts of moving-sand bedload sediments can have a major impact on a trout population.

AN: 0781747

36 of 78

TI: Sand sediment in a Michigan trout stream. Part 1. A technique for removing sand bedload from streams.

AU: Hansen,-E.A.; Alexander,-G.R.; Dunn,-W.H.

AF: North Central For. Exp. Stn., For. Sci. Lab., P.O. Box 898, Rhinelander, WI 54501, USA

SO: N.-AM.-J.-FISH.-MANAGE. 1983. vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 355-364

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: This study on Poplar Creek in Michigan (one of two papers) demonstrated that an in-stream sediment basin can trap and remove almost all sand bedload sediments. Other advantages of sediment basins are that they can (1) produce downcutting to create deeper pools and improve streambed composition, and (2) keep critical fisheries spawning areas relatively free of sediment. Sediment basins should be used with caution in streams with erodible beds that have no areas of erosion-resistant streambed to prevent possible excessive downcutting. Sediment basins can be used with other techniques to improve fish habitat, or they can be used alone to renovate sand-choked streams not amenable to the usual erosion-control treatments.

AN: 0781523

37 of 78

TI: Vertical distribution, transport, and exchange of carbon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Evidence for multiple zones of biological activity.

AU: Karl,-D.M.; Knauer,-G.A.

AF: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1984. vol. 31, no. 3A, pp. 221-243

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A sediment trap experment was conducted to investigate the production, decomposition, and transport of organic matter from 0 to 2,000 m at a station 100 km northeast of Point Sur, California. Parameters measured included (1) rates of autotrophic production of carbon, (2) vertical depth distributions of total carbon, nitrogen, and living biomass, and (3) downward flux of organic carbon, nitrogen, ATP, RNA, and fecal pellets. Metabolic activity and microbial growth rates (RNA and DNA synthesis) were also estimated in situ, for both the "suspended" (i.e., samples captured in standard water bottles) and "sinking" (i.e., samples captured in sediment traps) particles. These regions of intense biological metabolic activity, growth, and organic matter diagenesis may have a profound influence on the oceanic carbon cycle and on the observed steady-state distributions of various non-conservative properties of seawater.

AN: 0761827

38 of 78

TI: Storage losses in reservoirs.

AU: Graf,-W.H.

AF: Lab. Hydraul., Ecol Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne, Switzerland

SO: INT.-WATER-POWER-DAM-CONSTR. 1984. vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 37-40

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: For the design and operation of a reservoir it is important to be able to predict the sediment deposition, its distribution, and the storage loss which will occur. If sufficient data existed on the hydraulics of the deposition pattern and its volumetric storage depletion effect, it would be possible to calculate the exact storage loss. This final article in a series of three looks at empirical methods which have been developed for the immediate solution of the problem. Trap efficiency means the ability of a reservoir to trap and/or retain the sediment which enters it. Estimates of trap efficiency for proposed and existing reservoirs are important because the amount of sediment trapped during the design life of a reservoir must be provided for in the reservoir's volume; this and the water storage for the design hydrology are the two components which govern the ultimate size of the reservoir.

AN: 0748731

39 of 78

TI: Primary productivity and particle fluxes on a transect of the equator at 153 degree W in the Pacific Ocean.

AU: Betzer,-P.R.; Showers,-W.J.; Laws,-E.A.; Winn,-C.D.; DiTullio,-G.R.; Kroopnick,-P.M.

AF: Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

SO: DEEP-SEA-RES. 1984. vol. 31, no. 1A, pp. 1-11

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Primary productivity ( super(14)C) and mass flux measurements using a free-drifting sediment trap deployed at 900 m were made at four station in the Pacific Ocean between 12 degree N and 6 degree S at 153 degree W. The latitudinal variations in productivity were consistent with historical patterns showing the equator as a zone of high production and the oligotrophic waters north of the equatorial region as an area of low productivity. The correlation coefficient between the two sets of independent measurements was 0.999, indicating that in this oceanic area the activity of the primary producers was closely related to the total mass flux. A re-examination of historical data suggests that the downward flux of particulate organic carbon varies in direct proportion to the quotient of surface primary production raised to the 1.4 power and depth raised to the 0.63 power.

AN: 0730847

40 of 78

TI: Seasonal cycling of beryllium-7 and cesium-137 in the benthic nepheloid layer of Lake Michigan.

AU: Robbins,-J.A.; Eadie,-B.J.

AF: Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA

CO: 26. Conf. on Great Lakes Research, Oswego, NY (USA), 23-27 May 1983

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-26th-CONFERENCE-ON-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH.-MAY-23-27,-1983,-STATE-UNIVERSITY-OF-NEW-YORK-AT-OSWEGO. 1983. p. 40

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The activity of beryllium-7 (t1/2 = 53.4 d) and cesium-137 (t1/2 = 30 y) have been measured in a string of sediment traps located in open water (100 m depth) in southern Lake Michigan. Traps collected materials in about monthly intervals from April through December. During the collection period, atmospheric fluxes of Be-7 and Cs-137 were about 400 and 2.2 dpm/m super(2)/d respectively. Prior to stratification, fluxes of both isotopes were uniform over most of the water column (increasing slightly within the lowest 10 m) and averaged 160 and 180 dpm/m super(2)d respectively. Thus, the Be-7 flux is roughly half the atmospheric flux while that of Cs-137 is about a factor of 80 higher. Nearly all of the Cs-137 entering the traps is from resuspension of bottom materials. With the onset of stratification, the Cs-137 activity in 20 m trap materials all but disappears while the Be-7 activity rises markedly owing to continued deposition of the isotope and markedly lower particle settling rates. In the deepest trap (95 m) activities of Be-7 decrease exponentially with a 53 d halflife during the stratified period. This decrease reflects the virtually complete isolation of the pool of resuspendible material from new inputs during that period.

AN: 0608021

41 of 78

TI: Seasonal variations in the activity of polonium-210 in sediment trap samples from Lake Michigan.

AU: Hugel,-E.; Robbins,-J.A.

AF: Great Lakes Environ. Res. Lab., NOAA, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA

CO: 26. Conf. on Great Lakes Research, Oswego, NY (USA), 23-27 May 1983

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-26th-CONFERENCE-ON-GREAT-LAKES-RESEARCH.-MAY-23-27,-1983,-STATE-UNIVERSITY-OF-NEW-YORK-AT-OSWEGO. 1983. p. 40

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The uranium series radionuclide, Po-210 (t1/2 = 138 d), occurs in waters of the Great Lakes partly as a result of atmospheric loading of its parent, Pb-210 (t1/2 = 22 y). The journey of these two isotopes through the water column and their interaction with particulate matter provides a means of characterizing transport processes on a seasonal time scale. The activity of Po-210 has been determined via alpha -spectroscopy in a series of trap samples (spaced about 20 m apart vertically) collected at montly intervals from April through September, 1982. Activities of bottom trap (95 m) materials are essentially constant during the observation period and are comparable to activities of underlying surface sediments (32 dpm/g). Prior to stratification, acitivites are essentially the same in all samples indicating the rapid vertical mixing and the predominance of resuspended materials in the trap samples. As stratification develops, the activity decreased monotonically (May-September) from similar to 32 to similar to 14 dpm/g in near-surface samples. This reduction is associated with the progressive decline of the resuspended component. Pre-stratification fluxes of Po-210 are similar to 200 dpm/m super(2)/d while post-stratification fluxes in near-surface waters are around 10 dpm/m super(2)/d. This latter value is comparable to the estimated atmospheric flux of 30 dpm/m super(2)/d/

AN: 0605592

42 of 78

TI: Determination of petroleum contamination in marine sediments by organic geochemical and stable sulfur isotope analyses.

AU: Venkatesan,-M.I.; Kaplan,-I.R.; Mankiewicz,-P.; Ho,-W.K.; Sweeney,-R.E.

AF: Dep. Earth and Space Sci., Inst. Geophys. and Planetary Phys., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA

CO: Rubey Colloquium, Los Angeles, CA (USA), Apr-Jun 1979

SO: THE-ENVIRONMENT-OF-THE-DEEP-SEA. Ernst,-W.E.;Morin,-J.G.-eds. 1982. pp. 93-104

NT: Rubey volume 2.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment samples from pristine and polluted marine environments were analyzed for their hydrocarbon distributions. Stable isotope ratios of sulfur in the extractable organic matter were also determined for the same samples. delta super(34)S values could be correlated with petroleum contamination indicated by the hydrocarbon profiles. In the pristine marine environment, extractable sulfur is derived mainly from bacterial reduction of seawater sulfate. In both reducing and oxidizing sediment, the delta super(34)S value of extractable sulfur is less than or equal to -15ppt. Petroleum-derived sulfur, concentrated in the refractory compounds resistant to weathering and transported to marine sediment, is isotopically heavier than bacterial sulfur: approximately equals 0ppt. for Prudhoe Bay, Alaska; -5 to + 5ppt. for the Gulf Coast oils; and + 8 to + 15ppt. for the southern California natural seeps. Extractable sulfur from sediment-trap particulates does not appear to originate from in situ bacterial processes and the delta super(34)S may therefore be directly related to the delta super(34)S value of petroleium contaminants.

AN: 0572826

43 of 78

TI: Site selection study for a major trap experiment: Atlantic Coast of the United States.

AU: Dean,-R.G.; Borekci,-O.

CA: Delaware Univ., Newark (USA). Dep. of Civil Engineering

SO: NEWARK,-DE-USA-DU 1980. 54 pp

NT: NTIS Order No. PB83-110593.

RN: NOAA: 81011403 (81011403)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The purpose of this report is to evaluate east coast sites as candidates for a major sediment trap experiment. In addition to twelve east coast sites one site in the Gulf of Mexico was included. The objective of the trap experiment is, through measurement of the sediment accumulated in the trap and the wave characteristics causing the sand transport, to develop data that will contribute to the quantitative understanding of sediment transport by waves. A particular objective is the deveopment and/or verification of an engineering relationship between longshore sediment transport and wave characteristics.

AN: 0535080

44 of 78

TI: Vertical transport of steroid alcohols and ketones measured in a sediment trap experiment in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean.

AU: Gagosian,-R.B.; Smith,-S.O.; Nigrelli,-G.E.

CA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA (USA). Dep. of Chemistry

SO: WOODS-HOLE,-MA-USA-WHOI 1981. 12 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: AD-A118 348/2; Contract N00014-74-C-0262, Grant NSF-OCE78-26084

RN: WHOI-CONTRIB-4714 (WHOICONTRIB4714)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 0534943

45 of 78

TI: Observations on the degradation of biogenic material in the deep ocean with implications on accuracy of sediment trap fluxes.

AU: Gardner,-W.D.; Hinga,-K.R.; Marra,-J.

AF: Lamont-Doherty Geol. Obs., Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY, 10964, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1983. vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 195-214

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The results of several observations and experiments indicate that the decay of organic material inside and outside of sediment traps in the deep ocean is on the order of 0.1-1.0% day super(-2). These results must be considered when using sediment traps to determine the flux of organic material through the water column. Even traps containing poison may lose organic matter through leaching or from rapid grazing. A model is presented to quantify the loss of organic carbon at different decay rates and to determine optimum length of trap deployments.

AN: 0516482

46 of 78

TI: Organic matter from a sediment trap experiment in the equatorial North Atlantic; wax esters, steryl esters, triacylglycerols, and alkyldiacglycerols.

AU: Wakeham,-S.G.

CA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA (USA). Dep. of Chemistry

SO: 1981. 21 pp

NT: NTIS Order No.: AD-A122 686/9; Contract N00014-79-C-0071.

RN: WHOI-CONTRIB-5040 (WHOICONTRIB5040)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AN: 0511360

47 of 78

TI: Ore loading influences on heavy metal concentrations in Saldanha Bay.

AU: Henry,-J.L.; Davis,-G.

AF: Sea Fisheries Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa

CO: 5. National Oceanographic Symposium, Grahamstown (South Africa), 24 Jan 1983

SO: FIFTH-NATIONAL-OCEANOGRAPHIC-SYMPOSIUM.-24-28-JANUARY-1983.-RHODES-UNIVERSITY,-GRAHAMSTOWN.-ABSTRACTS. Council-for-Scientific-and-Indust.-Res.-South-Africa;-SANCOR-South-Africa 1983. pp. E 7

RN: S.228 (S228)

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Iron ore was first shipped through Saldanha Bay in September 1976, copper and lead concentrates in February 1980. Prior to the first shipment of ore heavy metal concentrations in the flora and fauna were measured in four surveys. Once the ore loading had come into full operation its effects on the bay were monitored by quarterly surveys. At first these surveys included five biological species and water analyses but after 1979 water analyses were discontinued as a too ephermeral indicator of pollution; they have been replaced by analyses of sediments.

AN: 0494400

48 of 78

TI: Failure of a sediment-trapping device.

AU: Reynolds,-C.S.; Godfrey,-B.M.

AF: Freshwater Biol. Assoc., Windermere Lab., Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 OLP, UK

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1983. vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 172-176

LA: English

AB: Theoretical and practical aspects of the construction of a new apparatus for intercepting sedimentary particulate fluxes are described. Twenty-five square boxes, brim-filled with artificial sediment, were positioned on a table about 1 m above the bottom of a lake so that, collectively, they presented a continuous (0.7 m super(2)) interface with the water which was intended to generate boundary-layer characteristics modeling those of natural lacustrine sediments. Results indicate that the box traps nevertheless seriously underestimated the net sedimentary flux.

AN: 0465336

49 of 78

TI: Spatial and temporal variability of dinoflagellate cyst abundance in a tidal estuary.

AU: Balch,-W.M.; Reid,-P.C.; Surrey-Gent,-S.C.

AF: Inst. Mar. Resour., A-018, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

CO: Symposium on the Dynamics of Turbid Coastal Environments, Dartmouth, N.S. (Canada), 29 Sep 1981

SO: PROCEEDINGS-OF-THE-SYMPOSIUM-ON-THE-DYNAMICS-OF-TURBID-COASTAL-ENVIRONMENTS. 1983. vol. 40, no. suppl.1 pp. 244-261

ST: CAN.-J.-FISH.-AQUAT.-SCI. vol. 40, no. suppl.1

LA: English

ER: B (Brackish)

AB: A study of dinoflagellate cysts was made in an estuary near Plymouth, England for 1 yr. The data show that the cysts were most concentrated in sediments near the entrance of the estuary (3000 cysts (mL multiplied by flocculant super(-1))) and less concentrated upstream (< 500 cysts (mL multiplied by flocculant super(-1))). Dinoflagellate cysts were observed in 99% of the plankton samples with an average concentration of 9.2 cysts multiplied by L super(-1). Thirty percent of the variance in planktonic cyst concentration was associated with tidal range, wind stress, and river flow. The potential for inoculation of nearshore dinoflagellate populations by estuarine populations is discussed.

AN: 0446889

50 of 78

TI: Sedimentation of lithogenic particles in the deep ocean.

AU: Honjo,-S.; Manganini,-S.J.; Poppe,-L.J.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: MAR.-GEOL. 1982. vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 199-220

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Investigation of lithogenic particles collected by sediment traps in open-ocean stations revealed that the sediment flux increased linearly with depth in the water column. This rate of increase decreased with distance of the station from the continent; it was largest at the Panama Basin station and almost negligible at the E. Hawaii Abyssal Plain station. At the Panama Basin station, smectite flux increased with depth. The authors suggest that smectite resuspended from bottom sediments of the continental slope west of the sediment-trap station is advected by easterly deep currents, and the suspended particles are then possibly entrapped by large settling particles. On the other hand, the flux of hemipelagic clay particles, kaolinite and chlorite, was nearly constant at all depths; this can be explained by incorporation of these particles in fecal pellets which then settle from the surface water.

AN: 0430119

51 of 78

TI: Wind-blown sand on beaches.

AU: Horikwa,-K.; Hotta,-S.; Kubota,-S.; Harikai,-S.

AF: Nearshore Environ. Res. Cent., Japan

CO: 28. Japanese Conference on Coastal Engineering, Kochi City (Japan), Nov 1981

SO: COAST.-ENG.-JAPAN. 1981. vol. 24, p. 267

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: An array composed of seven supersonic sound-type anemometers was developed for the measurement of the vertical distribution of wind profile. Using the array, sand traps and a trench trap, the authors carried out a field observation on a beach. The procedure of measurement and evaluated transport rate of wind-blown sand are described.

AN: 0420716

52 of 78

TI: In situ Holographic Measurements of the Sizes and Settling Rates of Oceanic Particulates.

AU: Carder,-K.L.; Steward,-R.G.; Betzer,-P.R.

AF: Dep. Mar. Sci., Univ. South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

SO: J.-GEOPHYS.-RES. 1982. vol. 87, no. C8, pp. 5681-5685

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: A free-floating sediment trap equipped with a holographic particle velocimeter (HPV) was deployed for 14.4 hours at a depth of 30 m in the western North Atlantic Ocean. The system recorded the in situ sizes, shapes, orientations, and settling rates of microscopic particles moving through the laser beam. The primary data reduction revealed particles from the system's lower limit of resolution, 15 micrometers in diameter, to 250 micrometers in diameter with settling velocities ranging from 0.0190 to 0.2302 cm/s (16-198m/day). Individual particle densities, calculated from a modified Stokes equation, ranged from 1.37 to 5.10 g/ml. The presence of high density particles was independently corroborated through individual particle analysis of the trapped material with a computer-controlled, scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. In the future, in situ holographic systems might be used to further our understanding of primary productivity, sediment erosion/deposition, and particle aggregation/disruption/dissolution.

AN: 0321898

53 of 78

TI: A Comparison of Moored and Free-Drifting Sediment Traps of Two Different Designs.

AU: Straresinic,-N.; Broeckel,-K.; Smodlaka,-N.; Clifford,-C.H.

AF: Coastal Res. Cent., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1982. vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 273-292

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The Kiel conical sediment trap and a 3:1 right cylinder were simultaneously deployed in both free-drifting and moored modes on four separate occasions over the Peruvian shelf in order to compare downward flux measurements derived from each. Four additional trails with moored and free-drifting 3:1 cylinders were made in the northern Adriatic. The free-drifting 3:1 cylinder collected more material than its moored counterpart. The results for the Kiel design are inconclusive because of a low number of trials. Variability between the two designs when attached to the same free-drifting array was greater than that of two 3:1 cylinders on the same array. Systematic variations in the way in which collected material was recovered and processed is likely reponsible. Small-scale sampling error was estimated from simultaneous deployments at 30 m of paired free-drifting trap arrays made on four different days. Differences between designs, and within moored and free-drifting versions of the 3:1 cylindrical design, serve as a guide in intercomparing our group's sediment trap data. However, no statement has been made about absolute collecting efficiency.

AN: 0287941

54 of 78

TI: The Vertical Flux of Particulate Organic Nitrogen in the Sea: Decomposition of Amino Acids in the Peru Upwelling Area and the Equatorial Atlantic.

AU: Lee,-C.; Cronin,-C.

AF: Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA

SO: J.-MAR.-RES. 1982. vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 227-251

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Marine particulate matter samples were collected in moored and free-drifting sediment traps deployed off the coast of Peru during February, 1978. Three types of amino acids were analyzed in these samples: free extractable amino acids (FEA), hydrolyzed extractable amino acids (HEA) and total hydrolyzed amino acids (THA), FEA and HEA were also analysed in moored trap samples from the PARFLUX E Station in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Amino acid fluxes from the two areas were related to primary productivity, POC flux and PON flux. In the Peru upwelling area, total amino acids account for 20-30% of the POC flux and 40-65% of the PON flux. The rates, sites, and mechanisms of these reactions are discussed as well as their implications for benthic metabolism. Construction of a simple model from the Peru data indicates that about 80% of the amino acids produced in the surface waters during primary production are decomposed above 14 m, assuming all amino acids were produced as POC. About 10% of the primary production is decomposed as particulate amino acids between 14 m and 50 m, and up to 12% may reach the sea floor.

AN: 0286888

55 of 78

TI: Sources, Sinks, and Storage of River Sediment in the Atlantic Drainage of the United States.

AU: Meade,-R.H.

AF: U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, CO 80225, U.S.A.

SO: J.-GEOL. 1982. vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 235-252

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); F (Freshwater)

AB: The history of sediment and its movement in the Atlantic drainage demonstrate some of the difficulties of modeling sediment on a river-basin scale. Soil erosion was accelerated by a factor of at least 10 when European settlers cleared forests and planted crops. Although increasing soil-conservation practice and decreasing crop farming have since reduced the rates of erosion, large quantities of eroded material are still stored on hillslopes and in stream valleys where they continue to augment the sediment loads of the rivers. The sediment from this episode of erosion that is largely past can be expected to emerge from storage for many decades and perhaps even several centuries to come. The reservoirs that have been built on many of the major rivers trap significant portions of the moving sediment which, in some places, may be remobilized by large floods. Essentially all the river sediment that reaches the Atlantic coastal zone is trapped in estuaries and caostal marshlands. Probably less than 5% is deposited on the floor of the continental shelf or the deep sea.

AN: 0274027

56 of 78

TI: A Review on Sediment Traps in Aquatic Environments.

AU: Blomqvist,-S.; Hakanson,-L.

AF: Dept. Geol., Sect. Microbial Geochem., Univ. Stockholm, Box 6801, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: ARCH.-HYDROBIOL. 1981. vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 101-132

LA: English

AB: This report presents a thorough literature review concerning sediment traps in aquatic environments and discusses and evaluates the benefits and limitations of various types of sediment traps. Suggestions for improvements on a variety of traps are discussed.

AN: 0165054

57 of 78

TI: A Sediment Trap Intercomparison Study in the Santa Barbara Basin.

AU: Dymond,-J.; Fischer,-K.; Clauson,-M.; Cobler,-R.; Gardner,-W.; Richardson,-M.J.; Berger,-W.; Soutar,-A.; Dunbar,-R.

AF: Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

SO: EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.-LETT. 1981. vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 409-418

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Four sediment traps of radically different design were deployed in the Santa Barbara Basin for approximately 45 days. The measured fluxes ranged from 370 to 774 g m super(-2) yr super(-1) for the different designs. These values lie within flux measurements previously determined for the basin. Compared to the 25-year record (920 g m super(-2) yr super(-1)), however, all fluxes determined in this experiment are somewhat low. Because this experiment was conducted during a general period of high storm activity and runoff, measurement of greater than average flux was expected. It is probable that the higher flux recorded by the sediments results from a significant input of detritus into the basin by near bottom transport. The chemical composition of trapped material was nearly identical in all four trap designs.

AN: 0120835

58 of 78

TI: Southern California Inner Basin Sediment Trap Calibration.

AU: Bruland,-K.W.; Franks,-R.P.; Landing,-W.M.

AF: Ctr. Coastal Marine Studies, Division Natural Sci., Univ. California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

SO: EARTH-PLANET.-SCI.-LETT. 1981. vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 400-408

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The deployment of particle interceptor traps (PITs) in the three inner basins of the Southern California Bight (Santa Barbara, Santa Monica, and San Pedro) where preserved, laminated, bottom sediments occur, provides a natural calibration between the parameters determined with the PITs and those derived from the historical sedimentary deposits. The accumulation rates and chemical composition of the PIT materials compare favorably with these recently deposited bottom sediments. The ratio of the measured particle collection rate to the sediment accumulation rate for these three basins averaged 0.93 plus or minus 0.20. Radionuclide ( super(210)Pb, super(228)Th/ super(232)Th) and trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) compositions of the PIT materials and surface sediments agree within, generally, 30% in each basin.

AN: 0120827

59 of 78

TI: Nutrient and Sediment Retention in a Temperate Marsh Ecosystem.

AU: MacCrimmon,-H.R.

AF: Univ. Guelph, Coll. Biol. Sci., Ont., Canada

SO: INT.-REV.-GESAMT.-HYDROBIOL. 1980. vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 719-744

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The Wye marsh, an undeveloped wetland of 639.9 ha, serves as a receiving water for a 19,600 ha agricultural watershed before discharging into the Great Lakes. Seasonal and diel changes in limnological variables, most notably nitrogen, phosphorus, silica and turbidity, have been examined in the Wye river, marsh and discharge waters over an 11-month period and related to the composition of marsh sediments. Retention rates of the marsh ecosystem for incoming nutrients and suspended solids have been estimated by calculations of mean monthly inflow to outflow ratios using the levels of these factors in the Wye River and the marsh discharge. Calculated mean monthly retention rates of the marsh for incoming nutrients is estimated at no less than 61% for nitrogen-N, 36% for total phosphate, and 14% for soluble silica during the ice-free period. Based on observed turbidity levels, the retention of incoming suspended solids is estimated at 65% for the same period. The Wye marsh is a substantial sump for inorganic and organic materials which are retainted within the water column, biomass and unconsolidated sediments.

AN: 0118635

60 of 78

TI: In Situ Calibration of a Sediment Trap.

AU: Lorenzen,-C.J.; Shuman,-F.R.; Bennett,-J.T.

AF: Dept. Oceanog. WB-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA

SO: LIMNOL.-OCEANOGR. 1981. vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 580-585

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: A relatively small self-contained sediment trap with a timed closing system was deployed in Dabob Bay, Washington, for 1 year. Samples were collected representing 326 trap exposure days. An in situ calibration was obtained by comparing the capture and retention of unsupported super(210)Pb by the traps with the steady state accumulation rate of unsupported super(210)Pb in the underlying bottom. The efficiency of the traps to collect a representative sample of the sedimenting material is 118%.

AN: 0115404

61 of 78

TI: Sediment Trapping - A Subaquatic in Situ Experiment.

AU: Blomquist,-S.; Kofoed,-C.

AF: Dept. Geol., Sec. Microbial Geochem., Univ. Stockholm, Box 6801, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden

SO: LIMMOL.-OCEANOGR. 1981. vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 585-590

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: A sediment trapping experiment was carried out 1.5 m above a soft bottom, at a water depth of 10 m, near the island of Askoe in the archipelago of Trosa, Sweden, to investigate particulate settling in interceptor traps in an environment with moderate turbulence and currents. To ensure consistent trapping in cylinders with an interior diameter of 21-57 mm requires a height:diameter ratio greater than or equal to 3. Variable trapping effects occurred in cylinders with i.d. <103 mm and a constant height:diameter ratio (8). Cylinders with small diameters strongly concentrated organic matter.

AN: 0115397

62 of 78

TI: A sequencing sediment trap for time-series studies of fragile particles.

AU: Jannasch,H.W.; Zafiriou,O.C.; Farrington,J.W.-(Dep.-Chem.,-Woods-Hole-Oceanogr.-Inst.,-Woods-Hole,-MA-02543,-USA)

SO: Limnol.-Oceanogr., 1980 25(5), 939-943

LA: English

AB: A versatile sediment trap for time-series studies has been developed and tested in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and to 600 atm pressure. it collects up to eight samples at widely variable intervals, preserves them if desired in a viscous aqueous medium, and can be redeployed rapidly.

AN: 1057590

63 of 78

TI: Particle interaction in fjord suspended sediment.

AU: Syvitski,J.P.M.; Murray,J.W.-(Dep.-Geol.-Geophys.,-Univ.-Calgary,-Calgary,-Alta.,-Canada)

SO: Mar.-Geol., 1981 39(3-4), 215-242

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Glacial flour enters the surface layer of Howe Sound, a fjord in southwestern British Columbia, as a sediment plume which moves quickly down inlet while gradually mixing with sea water. Flocculation occurs in the lower, brackish waters of the surface layer, although mixing and diffusion are the dominant processes for sediment to enter the marine water. Once in the underlying marine water, zooplankton pelletization and biologic agglomeration of inorganic floccules predominate. This generates a response, in the order of days, between the two layers in terms of sedimentation of particulate matter. Most particles settling in the fjord environment fall as: (1) sand and silt grains containing attached clay particles; (2) clay clasts possibly related to river mudballs; (3) mineral-bearing fecal pellets from pelagic zooplankton; (4) large-grain inorganic and colloidal floccules; and (5) inorganic-biogenic agglomerates. Analysis of sediment trap data has led to the following conclusions: (1) water turbidity cannot be used to infer the downward flux of particles; (2) size distributions of sediment deposited on the sea-bed are a function of non-lognormal size distributions from particles composing sub-laminae.

AN: 1088050

64 of 78

TI: Sediment trap experiments in the deep North Atlantic: isotopic and elemental fluxes.

AU: Brewer,P.G.; Nozaki,Y.; Spencer,D.W.; Fleer,A.P.-(Woods-Hole-Oceanogr.-Inst.,-Woods-Hole,-MA-02543,-USA)

SO: J.-Mar.-Res., 1980 38(4), 703-728

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiments were carried out at sites in the Sargasso Sea (SSUB-2) and in the Atlantic off Barbados (E) to determine the mass flux and chemical composition of material sinking to the sea floor. At the SSUB-2 site, the mass flux increases with depth from 280-740 g cmSUP--2 yrSUP--1; at the E site the flux is constant at 1800 g cmSUP--2 yrSUP--1. Chemical analyses show that K, Ti, Al, La, V, Co and SUP-232Th are derived largely from terrigenous materials whereas Ca, Sr, Mg, Si, Ba, SUP-226Ra, U and I are carried by biogenic particles. The reactive elements Mn, Cu, Fe, Sc and SUP-230,SUP-234Th, show increasing ratios to Al with depth due to scavenging from the water column. A mean particle settling velocity of 21 m daySUP--1 is calculated, and scavenging residence times ranging from 22 years for Th to 500 years for Cu. The flux of aluminosilicates increases with depth, and this cannot be attributed to changes in trap efficiency. Thus horizontal transport of material must be invoked.

AN: 1039020

65 of 78

TI: The continuous measurement of bedload discharge.

AU: Reid,I.; Layman,J.T.; Frostick,L.E.-(Dep.-Geogr.,-Birkbeck-Coll.,-London,-UK)

SO: J.-Hydraul.-Res., 1980 18(3), 243-249

LA: English

AB: The Birkbeck bedload sampler is described and evaluated under field conditions. A submerged pressure-pillow responds to changes in both stream-stage and bedload sediment accumulating in a pit-trap sunk into the stream-bed. Simultaneous changes in both pillow pressure and water-stage are continuously recorded. Subtraction of synchronous values gives a linear response in pressure head proportional to the changing submerged mass of trapped sediment. Under both controlled laboratory conditions and field installation, prototypes yield reproducible estimates of bedload with a standard error as small as 0.34 kg. The sampler is designed principally for installation in small streams with flash flood hydrographs.

AN: 1038470

66 of 78

TI: The chemistry and vertical flux of particles in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska.

AU: Landing,W.M.; Feely,R.A.-(California-Univ.,-Cent.-Coastal-Mar.-Stud.,-Santa-Cruz,-CA,-USA)

SO: Deep-Sea-Res., ISSN:0198-0149 1981 28(1A), 19-37

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The physical and chemical compositions of settling particles and underlying sediments collected from a pristine coastal environment south of Icy Bay in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska were compared to investigate the processes affecting the compositions, flux, and early diagenesis of the materials. Settling particles were collected with three self-closing sediment traps moored vertically approximately 30 km offshore. Sediments collected by gravity coring at the site were dated by SUP-210Pb geochronology. Total particulate Al, Si, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were determined on all samples by flameless atomic absorption and standard colorimetric procedures. Total C and N were determined by dry combustion gas chromatography. A dilute hydrogen peroxide oxidation dissolution treatment was used to study element associations with labile particulate organic matter. A selective biogenic SiOSUB-2 dissolution treatment also was employed to determine the biogenic SiOSUB-2 fraction. Results suggest that the sediment traps efficiently collected settling particles. The elemental accumulation rates, remineralization of particulate organic matter, and remobilization of trace elements, notably Cu, were quantified by comparing the composition of the trapped materials with the underlying sediments. The majority of the remineralization appears to occur within the sediments below the zone influenced by resuspension, presumably as a result of biological activity.

AN: 1004600

67 of 78

TI: Reservoir sedimentation with random deposits.

AU: Huynh-Ngoc-Phien; Anat-Arbhabhirama; Pinit-Chenypanich-(Asian-Inst.-Technol.,-P.O.-Box-2754,-Bangkok,-Thailand)

SO: Water-Resour.-Bull., 1980 16(5), 818-823

LA: English

ER: F (Freshwater)

AB: The accumulated volume of sediment in reservoirs is investigated in this paper using a statistical method. Based on the fact that sediment load and river discharge are highly correlated, a relationship between them is established. With longer records of stream flows, this relationship will serve either as a data generation mechanism which produces a sediment S-sequence having the same length as the river discharge Q-sequence, or as a transformation of variables, by which the distribution of S is transferred from the distribution of Q. The mean and variance of the sediment volume accumulated in the design life of a reservoir are then derived, assuming the S- and Q-sequences follow the log-normal distribution. Finally, case studies are given for illustrating the proposed method.

AN: 1024280

68 of 78

TI: Deep-sea sediment trap; design and function of PARFLUX Mark 2.

AU: Honjo,S.; Connell,J.F.; Sachs,P.L.-(Woods-Hole-Oceanogr.-Inst.,-Woods-Hole,-MA-02543,-USA)

SO: Deep-Sea-Res., ISSN:-0198-0149 1980 27(9A), 745-753

LA: English

AB: To assess fluxes of particles sinking through the deep ocean, a large sediment trap has been developed. The trap opening is 1.5 mSUP-2 and contains 94 hexagonal baffle cells. Sediment particles are collected in the receiving cup at the bottom of the trap, which is open at both ends as it sinks to the designated depth. The receiving cup moves into alignment with the funnel automatically to collect the sediment. At the end of deployment an electrical signal again moves the receiving cup to seal the sample and leave the funnel open at both ends while the trap is recovered. Sodium azide-sodium chloride solutions diffuses through a series of membrane filters into the sample to poison it. The authors have deployed and recovered 18 traps for as long as 110 days at depths up to 5600 m.

AN: 1003660

69 of 78

TI: The early diagenesis of aliphatic hydrocarbons and organic matter in sedimentary particulates from Dabob Bay, Washington.

AU: Prahl,F.G.; Bennett,J.T.; Carpenter,R.-(Dep.-Oceanogr.,-WB-10,-Univ.-Washington,-Seattle,-WA-98195,-USA)

SO: Geochim.-Cosmochim.-Acta, 1980 44(12), 1967-1976

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish)

AB: Aliphatic hydrocarbon compositions were quantitatively characterized in plankton, sediment trap-collected particulate materials, and sediments from Dabob Bay using high resolution glass capillary gas chromatography. The average net accumulation of individual hydrocarbons measured in a 1-yr series of sediment traps was compared with the net accumulation of corresponding compounds measured in three depth intervals of SUP-210Pb-dated bottom sediments. Systematic and rapid decreases in the net accumulation of individual hydrocarbons were observed from the sediment traps to the sediments. Most pronounced decreases were measured for planktonically derived hydrocarbon constituents (e.g. pristane and two unsaturated compounds) which are rapidly remineralized at or near the sediment-water interface. Consequently, the amount of each compound measured in deposited sediments is not necessarily a quantitative indication of its initial flux to the sediments. The n-alkanes (CSUB-25,27,29,31), characteristic of terrestrial plant waxes, are the predominant hydrocarbons measured by 4-6 cm depth in these sediments and show reasonably constant net accumulation below this interval. Significant diagenetic alteration of the bulk organic matter contained in the average sediment trap particulate material is also noted through comparison with bottom sediments on the basis of organic C/N and SUP-13C measurements. Organic matter elementally similar to marine plankton is preferentially remineralized upon deposition of the sedimentary particulates. The residual organic matter remaining and buried in the bottom sediments closely resembles terrestrial organic matter.

AN: 1032730

70 of 78

TI: A sediment trap experiment in Funka Bay, Japan: 'upward flux' of particulate matter in seawater.

AU: Tsunogai,S.; Uematsu,M.; Tanaka,N.; Harada,K.; Tanoue,E.; Handa,N.-(Dep.-Chem.,-Grad.-Sch.-Fish.,-Hokkaido-Univ.,-Hakodate,-041,-Japan)

SO: Mar.-Chem., 1980 9(4), 321-334

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Sediment trap experiments were carried out ten times in one year (1977) at three depths in Funka Bay. The material obtained in the traps was analyzed for metals, organic elements and radionuclides, together with the suspended matter in the overlying water column. Two groups with extremely different downward fluxes were found, a group with a small flux increasing with depth, and another with a large flux that is rather constant with depth and is observed only in winter. The fluxe in winter, and sometimes in the bottom layer below the summer thermocline was larger than the net sedimentation rate for total dry matter or for each chemical constituent. The flux was also larger than the net removal flux for SUP-234Th. A most striking fact is that the specific activity of short-lived SUP-234Th did not decrease in winter, indicating that the large flux in winter was not caused by the re-suspension of old bottom sediments. The concentration of suspended matter in winter was not much greater than that in other seasons. These results suggest that the downward flux observed in sediment trap experiments is not a net removal rate and that there must be an upward particulate flux in the bay.

AN: 0140170

71 of 78

TI: Sediment trap experiment on the Galapagos Spreading Center, Equatorial Pacific.

AU: Cobler,R.; Dymond,J.-(Sch.-Oceanogr.,-Oregon-State-Univ.,-Corvallis,-OR-97331,-USA)

SO: Science-Wash., 1980 209(4458), 801-803

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Two sediment traps were deployed for 234 days in 2670 m of water at 036'N, 866'W. A comparison of the fluxes of 10 elements into the traps and into the surface sediment indicates that the refractory elements Fe, Al, and Ba are accumulating in the sediments at rates very similar to those measured in the traps. In contrast, at least 80% of the opal, 50% of the carbonate, and 90% of the organic C is consumed at the sediment-water interface.

AN: 0151610

72 of 78

TI: Origin and development of Arsenic Bank, a Holocene bioherm in southwestern Florida Bay. /[Presented at:- 44. Annual Meeting of the Academy; Tampa, FL, (USA); 23 Mar 1980].

AU: Aisner,J.A.; Upchurch,S.B.-(Dep.-Geol.,-Univ.-South-Florida,-Tampa,-FL-33620,-USA)

CO: /[Presented at:- 44. Annual Meeting of the Academy Tampa, FL, (USA) 23 Mar 1980].

SO: Fla.-Sci., 1980 43(suppl. 1), 43-44

NT: Summary only.

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Arsenic Bank is a Holocene bioherm located 9 km north-northwest of Long Key in Florida Bay. Fourteen cores were used to determine stratigraphy and depositional environments of the shoal. Surficial sediment was analyzed for recent modes of sedimentation and biotic communities. The bank is composed of alternating beds of coarse coral, algal, and molluscan debris. A thick carpet of Thalassia, Porites, Halimeda- and sponges covers the shoal and serves to trap sediment. These current and wave resistant organisms form a loose framework for molluscan and Halimeda- sediment entrapment. Textural data indicate that modes of transport have not changed during the formation of the bank. These modes include in situ accumulation of wave-generated debris, including Pleistocene rock fragments, from adjacent areas. The rock fragments show that storms account for significant episodic deposition on the mound. Vertical and lateral accretion is also caused by sediment-trapping organisms.

AN: 0151280

73 of 78

TI: Organic matter fluxes from sediment traps in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.

AU: Wakeham,S.G.; Farrington,J.W.; Gagosian,R.B.; Lee,C.; DeBaar,H.; Nigrelli,G.E.; Tripp,B.W.; Smith,S.O.; Frew,N.M.-(Dep.-Chem.,-Woods-Hole-Oceanogr.-Inst.,-Woods-Hole,-MA-02543,-USA)

SO: Nature, 1980 286(5775), 798-800

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The vertical flux of particulate organic matter to the ocean floor is controlled by complex remineralization and transport processes. Rapidly sinking, large (>32 m) particles may account for most of the vertical mass flux. Experiments involving collection of sedimenting particles in traps deployed at varying depths in the water column provide a way of assessing these processes directly. Measurement of organic carbon content of trap material may lead to a general understanding of the flux of particulate organic matter to the sea floor. However, details of the transport and transformation phenomena involving sinking particulate organic material can be elucidated only by determining distributions of specific organic compounds associated with the particles. The authors report here direct flux measurements and composition of lipids obtained by organic geochemical studies of particulate material collected in a deepsea moored sediment trap experiment in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.

AN: 0110980

74 of 78

TI: Material fluxes and modes of sedimentation in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones.

AU: Honjo,S.-(Woods-Hole-Oceanogr.-Inst.,-Woods-Hole,-MA-02543,-USA)

SO: J.-Mar.-Res., 1980 38(1), 53-97

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: Initial results from samples collected during three sediment trapping experiments at three deep ocean stations in the central Sargasso Sea, the tropical Atlantic and the central North Atlantic are reported in this paper. The experiment indicated that the majority of mass flux to the deep sea was achieved by fast sinking large particles. Dominant large particles were planktonic foraminiferal tests, radiolarian skeletons, pteropod shells, diatom frustules, and fecal pellets of zooplankton. The fluxes in the layer were essentially constant and consistent in terms of the masses and the constituents at all stations. The mode of sedimentation in the mesopelagic zone was strongly influenced by entrapped zooplankton. The exception was the flux of silicates which increased consistently throughout the entire water column. Biogenic carbonate particles and organic matter contributed 70 to 55% and 10 to 20% of the flux, respectively. The flux of those constituents decreases with depth in the bathypelagic zone due to the post entrapment dissolution. The rate of sedimentation of opal increased with depth in the mesopelagic zone and was constant throughout the bathypelagic zone. On the other hand, the flux of clay particles and quartz/feldspar consistently increased with depth at S2 and E stations and was small and constant at the P1 station. Organic carbon flux near the bottom was estimated. Approx 6 to 4% and 1.5 to 0.8% of primary production is transported to the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones, respectively. The organic carbon atom flux was considerably larger than carbonate carbon in the mesopelagic traps and slightly smaller in the bathypelagic traps.

AN: 0161400

75 of 78

TI: Sediment trap dynamics and calibration: a laboratory evaluation.

AU: Gardner,W.D.-(Lamont-Doherty-Geol.-Obs.,-Palisades,-NY-10964,-USA)

SO: J.-Mar.-Res., 1980 38(1), 17-39

LA: English

AB: The flow dynamics and particle trapping characteristics of several designs of sediment traps were investigated using dye, sea-water, and deep-sea lutite in a recirculating flume and fish tank at velocities of 0, 4, and 9 cm/sec. Particles are collected through a process of fluid exchange rather than falling freely into a trap. The efficiency of a trap is therefore a function of the residence time and circulation pattern of fluid within the trap, processes which are controlled primarily by trap geometry and secondarily by current velocity. Cylinders trap particles in the closest agreement with the sediment deposition rate in the flume. Funnels generally undertrap, but their efficiency may be improved by constructing a baffle at the top of the funnel. Containers with narrow mouths and wide bodies consistently overtrap at an unpredictable rate of many times the actual vertical flux of particles.

AN: 0161420

76 of 78

TI: Field assessment of sediment traps.

AU: Gardner,W.D.-(Lamont-Doherty-Geol.-Obs.,-Palisades,-NY-10964,-USA)

SO: J.-Mar.-Res., 1980 38(1), 41-52

LA: English

ER: M (Marine); B (Brackish); F (Freshwater)

AB: Sediment traps whose particle collection abilities had been calibrated in a laboratory flume at velocities of 0, 4, and 9 cm/sec were deployed in natural bodies of water to intercalibrate larger traps under current conditions ranging from tranquil to over 20 cm/sec. For cylinders, the height to width ratio is the controlling factor of the mass of sediment collected. Traps can be scaled up in size and maintain a similar (though not necessarily correct) collection rate. Increasing current velocity will alter the collection rate of a trap in a manner which depends on the trap geometry. The size distribution of particles collected in traps is biased by trap geometry with over-efficient traps collecting more fine particles (<63 m).

AN: 0161410

77 of 78

TI: Study of suspended sediments under sea conditions using sediment-catching bathometers.

AU: Dachev,V.Zh.; Kossyan,R.D.; Pykhov,N.V.-(Address-not-stated)

SO: Okeanologiya-Oceanology,-Sofia, 1980 vol. 6, 69-80

LA: Bu

ER: M (Marine)

AB: The present article is on questions connected with the use of sediment-catching bathometers for measurement of the concentration and composition of suspended sediments in the nearshore zone of the sea. A new design of sediment-catchers, elaborated at the Institue of Maritime Research and Oceanology of the Bulgarian Aademy of Sciences, is described and a comparison is made of the results obtained from different types of sediment-catchers. The stability of their operation and measurement errors is assessed.

AN: 0134880

78 of 78

TI: Correctional reply to a paper by G.A. Knauer, J.H. Martin, and K.W. Bruland, 'Fluxes of particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the upper water column of the northeast Pacific'.

AU: Gardner,W.D.-(Columbia-Univ.,-Lamont-Doherty-Geol.-Observ.,-Palisades,-NY-10964,-USA)

SO: Deep-Sea-Res., 1979 26(8A), 965

LA: English

ER: M (Marine)

AB: When hydrodynamic conditions deviate from tranquil, the geometric design of a sediment trap becomes increasingly important. In Knauer, et al. (1979) it was stated that 'Gardner (1977) has shown that open cylinders with a length-to-width ratio of approx 2 or greater will yield representative fluxes. With the use of a baffle system, an adequate length-to-width ratio (8.4) and density gradients, it is assumed that the traps sample the vertical flux of particulate matter with reasonable accuracy'. This should be corrected in that Gardner (1977) indicated cylinders with a height-to-width (H/W) ratio of between 2 and 3 yield representative fluxes in low velocity flows (<15 cm sSUP--1) and that cylinders with larger ratios overtrap material and yield too high a flux. The traps used by Knauer et al. (1979) had a H/W ratio of 8.4, but they may still have yielded representative fluxes because the sodium chloride density gradient used in the traps makes an effective bottom which prohibits mixing and decreases the effective height-to-width ratio of the trap. In addition, Knauer et al. used SUP-210Pb data to argue for the validity of their measurements. The growing number of trap designs increases the difficulty in comparing results from different traps. Many experiments will be needed to understand fully the behavior of sediment traps - potentially very valuable tools.

AN: 0003680