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        <gco:CharacterString>The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding (GRAS) is a European GNSS receiver on board MetOp-A that operates as an atmospheric sounder. GRAS uses radio occultation to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity by tracking signals received from a constellation of GNSS satellites while they are setting or rising behind the Earth's atmosphere. Radio occultation is based on the fact that when radio waves pass
					through the atmosphere, either during a rise event or during a set event as seen by the receiver, they are refracted along the atmospheric path. The degree of refraction depends on gradients of air density, which in turn depend on temperature and water vapor. Therefore, measurement of the refracted angle contains information about these atmospheric variables. As the measurements are made tangentially to the atmosphere, the profiles will be provided with a resolution within a few hundred
					meters to 1.5 kilometers, while horizontal coverage of each profile is in the order of a few hundred kilometers. With the nominal number of GNSS satellites, GRAS will provide 500 precise atmospheric profiles every day nearly equally distributed over the Earth's surface. GRAS can track up to eight satellites for navigation purposes, two additional satellites for rise and two others for set occultation measurements. GRAS has on-board GNSS satellite prediction for optimizing the navigation and
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										validate the GRAS measurements by comparing them to instruments providing these profiles, such as radiosondes, Lidar, etc. Hence, the validation is thus partly based on the variables which are of main interest to the NWP centers. Radio occultation instrument validation will be performed continuously by co-locating GRAS measurements with other available external radio occulation missions.</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>GRAS products processing algorithms</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:date>
                                <gco:Date>2006-11-09</gco:Date>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>Algorithms for GRAS Level 1b Processing</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>EPS &gt; EUMETSAT Polar System</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gmd:CI_Contact>
                                  <gmd:onlineResource>
                                    <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                                      <gmd:linkage>
                                        <gmd:URL>http://oiswww.eumetsat.org/WEBOPS/eps-pg/GRAS/GRAS-PG-7ProcAlgos.htm#TOC7</gmd:URL>
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                                        <gco:CharacterString>http</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:title>
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                      <gmd:date gco:nilReason="inapplicable" />
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                          <gmd:phone>
                            <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                              <gmd:voice>
                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 7</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 555</gco:CharacterString>
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                          </gmd:phone>
                          <gmd:address>
                            <gmd:CI_Address>
                              <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                                <gco:CharacterString>EUMETSAT Eumetsat Allee 1</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:city>
                                <gco:CharacterString>Darmstadt</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:city>
                              <gmd:administrativeArea>
                                <gco:CharacterString>N/A</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:postalCode>
                                <gco:CharacterString>D-64295</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:country>
                                <gco:CharacterString>Germany</gco:CharacterString>
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                            <gco:CharacterString>For information, go to: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Contact_Us/index.htm?l=en</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding Level 1B</gco:CharacterString>
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                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2007-09-14</gco:Date>
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                      <gmd:dateType>
                        <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication">publication</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
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                          <gmd:phone>
                            <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                              <gmd:voice>
                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 7</gco:CharacterString>
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                          </gmd:phone>
                          <gmd:address>
                            <gmd:CI_Address>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>EUMETSAT Eumetsat Allee 1</gco:CharacterString>
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                              <gmd:city>
                                <gco:CharacterString>Darmstadt</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>D-64295</gco:CharacterString>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>Germany</gco:CharacterString>
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              <gmd:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>EUMETSAT and NOAA signed an agreement to collaborate in the Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS), comprising two polar orbiting satellite systems and their respective ground segments. The EPS programme consists of a series of three Meteorological Operational (MetOp) satellites, to be flown successively for more than 14 years.</gco:CharacterString>
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              </gmd:description>
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                  <gmd:date>
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                        <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                          <gmd:voice>
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                          <gmd:facsimile>
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                          <gmd:country>
                            <gco:CharacterString>Germany</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmi:type>
            <gco:CharacterString>GPS Receiver</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmi:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>Instrument Type: GPS Receiver, Operational Mode: , Collection Type: TBD, Other Information: GRAS will not view the Earth system with a vertical scan but will instead look tangentially through the Earth's atmosphere. The instrument will measure the time delay of the            refracted GPS radio signals as the ray (signal path) skirts the Earth's atmosphere on its way from the transmitting GPS satellite to MetOp. By precisely computing position and velocity of MetOp and the GPS satellite, the measured time delay can be converted to the bending angle of the            ray path, which again can be converted to values of temperature, pressure and water vapor content in the atmosphere. The resulting quantities will be functions of height above sea level (from ground level up to approximately 80 km), an atmospheric profile.</gco:CharacterString>
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      <gmi:operation>
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            <gco:CharacterString>EPS is Europe's first polar orbiting operational meteorological satellite system, and it is the European contribution to the Initial Joint Polar-Orbiting Operational Satellite System (IJPS). This is an agreement between EUMETSAT and NOAA. In this joint European-US polar satellite system, EUMETSAT has the operational responsibility for the "morning orbit" with the MetOp satellites. EUMETSAT is responsible for the definition of the overall EPS system, the development and
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                  <gmd:title>
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                  <gmd:date>
                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
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                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 555</gco:CharacterString>
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                        <gco:Date>2006-11-09</gco:Date>
                      </gmd:date>
                      <gmd:dateType>
                        <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication">publication</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
                      </gmd:dateType>
                    </gmd:CI_Date>
                  </gmd:date>
                  <gmd:identifier>
                    <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                      <gmd:code>
                        <gco:CharacterString>gov.noaa.ngdc.fgdccitation:31979</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:code>
                    </gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  </gmd:identifier>
                  <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                    <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      <gmd:organisationName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>EUMETSAT &gt; European Meteorological Satellite Organisation</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:organisationName>
                      <gmd:contactInfo>
                        <gmd:CI_Contact>
                          <gmd:phone>
                            <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                              <gmd:voice>
                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 7</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:voice>
                              <gmd:facsimile>
                                <gco:CharacterString>+49(0)6151-807 555</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:facsimile>
                            </gmd:CI_Telephone>
                          </gmd:phone>
                          <gmd:address>
                            <gmd:CI_Address>
                              <gmd:deliveryPoint>
                                <gco:CharacterString>EUMETSAT Eumetsat Allee 1</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:deliveryPoint>
                              <gmd:city>
                                <gco:CharacterString>Darmstadt</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:city>
                              <gmd:administrativeArea>
                                <gco:CharacterString>N/A</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:administrativeArea>
                              <gmd:postalCode>
                                <gco:CharacterString>D-64295</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:postalCode>
                              <gmd:country>
                                <gco:CharacterString>Germany</gco:CharacterString>
                              </gmd:country>
                            </gmd:CI_Address>
                          </gmd:address>
                          <gmd:contactInstructions>
                            <gco:CharacterString>For information, go to: http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Contact_Us/index.htm?l=en</gco:CharacterString>
                          </gmd:contactInstructions>
                        </gmd:CI_Contact>
                      </gmd:contactInfo>
                      <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="originator">originator</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                      </gmd:role>
                    </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                  </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                </gmd:CI_Citation>
              </gmi:citation>
              <gmi:identifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:code>
                    <gco:CharacterString>GRAS &gt; Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:code>
                </gmd:MD_Identifier>
              </gmi:identifier>
              <gmi:type>
                <gco:CharacterString>GPS Receiver</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:type>
              <gmi:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Instrument Type: GPS Receiver, Operational Mode: , Collection Type: TBD, Other Information: GRAS will not view the Earth system with a vertical scan but will instead look tangentially through the Earth's atmosphere. The instrument will measure the time delay of the            refracted GPS radio signals as the ray (signal path) skirts the Earth's atmosphere on its way from the transmitting GPS satellite to MetOp. By precisely computing position and velocity of MetOp and the GPS satellite, the measured time delay can be converted to the bending angle of the            ray path, which again can be converted to values of temperature, pressure and water vapor content in the atmosphere. The resulting quantities will be functions of height above sea level (from ground level up to approximately 80 km), an atmospheric profile.</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:description>
            </gmi:MI_Instrument>
          </gmi:instrument>
          <gmi:instrument xlink:title="IASI &gt; Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer">
            <gmi:MI_Instrument xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmi http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema.xsd" uuid="8293FAD4B86A75F2E040AC8C5AB4576F">
              <gmi:identifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:code>
                    <gco:CharacterString>IASI &gt; Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:code>
                </gmd:MD_Identifier>
              </gmi:identifier>
              <gmi:type>
                <gco:CharacterString>Infrared Michaelson Interferometer</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:type>
              <gmi:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>Instrument Type: Infrared Michaelson Interferometer, Operational Mode: , Collection Type: sounder, Other Information:</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:description>
            </gmi:MI_Instrument>
          </gmi:instrument>
          <gmi:instrument xlink:title="SEM-2 &gt; Space Environment Monitor-2">
            <gmi:MI_Instrument xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmi  http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema.xsd" uuid="86D032BB-C511-8BFC-E040-0AC8C5AB42D97">
              <gmi:citation>
                <gmd:CI_Citation>
                  <gmd:title>
                    <gco:CharacterString>NOAA KLM User's Guide, Section 3.5, Space Environment Monitor (SEM-2)</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:title>
                  <gmd:date>
                    <gmd:CI_Date>
                      <gmd:date>
                        <gco:Date>2000-09</gco:Date>
                      </gmd:date>
                      <gmd:dateType>
                        <gmd:CI_DateTypeCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_DateTypeCode" codeListValue="publication">publication</gmd:CI_DateTypeCode>
                      </gmd:dateType>
                    </gmd:CI_Date>
                  </gmd:date>
                  <gmd:edition>
                    <gco:CharacterString>Revision</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:edition>
                  <gmd:identifier>
                    <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                      <gmd:code>
                        <gco:CharacterString>NOAA KLM User's Guide, Section 3.5, Space Environment Monitor (SEM-2)</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:code>
                    </gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  </gmd:identifier>
                  <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                    <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      <gmd:individualName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Goodrum, Geoffrey (ed.)</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:individualName>
                      <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="originator">originator</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                      </gmd:role>
                    </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                  </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                  <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                    <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      <gmd:individualName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Kidwell, Katherine B. (ed.)</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:individualName>
                      <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="originator">originator</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                      </gmd:role>
                    </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                  </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                  <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                    <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      <gmd:individualName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Winston, Wayne (ed.)</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:individualName>
                      <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="originator">originator</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                      </gmd:role>
                    </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                  </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                  <gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                    <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                      <gmd:individualName>
                        <gco:CharacterString>DOC/NOAA/NESDIS &gt; National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service</gco:CharacterString>
                      </gmd:individualName>
                      <gmd:role>
                        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/metadata/published/xsd/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="publisher">publisher</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                      </gmd:role>
                    </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                  </gmd:citedResponsibleParty>
                </gmd:CI_Citation>
              </gmi:citation>
              <gmi:identifier>
                <gmd:MD_Identifier>
                  <gmd:code>
                    <gco:CharacterString>SEM-2 &gt; Space Environment Monitor-2</gco:CharacterString>
                  </gmd:code>
                </gmd:MD_Identifier>
              </gmi:identifier>
              <gmi:type>
                <gco:CharacterString>Particle sensor, magnetometer, and X-Ray sensor</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:type>
              <gmi:description>
                <gco:CharacterString>The EPS accurately measures the number of particles over a broad energy range, including protons, electrons, and alpha particles. The magnetometer sensors can operate independently and simultaneously to measure the magnitude and direction of the Earth's geomagnetic field, detect variations in the magnetic field near the spacecraft, provide alerts of solar wind shocks or sudden impulses that impact the magnetosphere, and assess the level of geomagnetic activity. The second magnetometer sensor serves as a backup. The XRS is an x-ray telescope that observes and measures solar x-ray emissions in two ranges: one from 0.05 to 0.3 nanometers (nm) and the second from 0.1 to 0.8 nm. In real-time, it measures the intensity and duration of solar flares</gco:CharacterString>
              </gmi:description>
            </gmi:MI_Instrument>
          </gmi:instrument>
        </gmi:MI_Platform>
      </gmi:platform>
    </gmi:MI_AcquisitionInformation>
  </gmi:acquisitionInformation>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>