Global Atmospheric CO2 Growth Rate Reconstruction over the Past Nine Centuries Zhang, X.; Li, J.; Liu, L. Zhang, X. Li, J. Liu, L. carbon cycle earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (carbon dioxide,null,95% confidence interval upper bound,parts per million per year,annual,climate forcing,null,null,N,lower bound of carbon growth rate reconstruction) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (carbon dioxide,null,95% confidence interval lower bound,parts per million per year,annual,climate forcing,null,null,N,lower bound of carbon growth rate reconstruction) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (carbon dioxide,null,null,parts per million per year,annual,climate forcing,null,null,N,ensemble median of carbon growth rate reconstruction) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (age,null,null,year Common Era,null,climate forcing,null,null,N,null) earth science/paleoclimate/climate forcing (Global>LATITUDE >LONGITUDE ) Interannual atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR), mostly resulting from fluctuating carbon uptake in terrestrial biosphere, is a key determinant of atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, CGR observations are merely available in recent decades, which are unable to fully reveal its natural variability and interactions with terrestrial ecosystems and climatic drivers. Here we present a reconstruction of interannual CGR over the past nine centuries (1100-2006) based on a globally distributed temperature-sensitive proxy network. The reconstruction is validated by the comparison with dynamic global vegetation model simulations and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our data reveal a close association of CGR variability with atmospheric CO2 concentration and tropical climate. Present CGR variability is unprecedentedly high over the past nine centuries, suggestive of the instability of present carbon cycle and the reducing resilience of atmospheric carbon balance under intensifying anthropogenic forcing. Our record provides a pre-industrial constraint for perceiving the climate-carbon coupling under historical climate forcings. STUDY NOTES: This study presents a CGR reconstruction using the principal components regression method from the PAGES2k Global 2,000 Year Multiproxy Database (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21171 ) over the past nine centuries. NCEI-Paleoclimatology https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology - NOAA World Data Service for Paleoclimatology Investigator : Zhang, X. Investigator : Li, J. Investigator : Liu, L. 2026-03-27 ONLINE Files online, ASCII https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/44542 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/zhang2026/zhang2026-global-cgr.txt https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/zhang2026/zhang2026-global-cgr.txt English https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/44542 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/zhang2026/zhang2026-global-cgr.txt Zhang, X., Li, J. and Liu, L.2026Annually resolved atmospheric CO2 growth rate over the past nine centuriesNature Communications10.1038/s41467-026-72220-2 START YEAR: 1100 CE * END YEAR: 2006 CE -180 -90 180 90