{"xmlId":"10036","NOAAStudyId":"11933","studyName":"Global 3Ma Temperature, Sea Level, and Ice Volume Reconstructions","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25921/revb-da37","uuid":"c3ac6645-a4ab-4afc-ad58-dfec67e81176","dataPublisher":"NOAA","contactInfo":{"type":"CONTACT INFORMATION","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","state":"CO","postalCode":"80305-3328","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","phone":"828-271-4800","fax":null,"constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site."},"dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","investigators":"Bintanja, R.; van de Wal, R.S.W.","investigatorDetails":[{"firstName":"Richard","lastName":"Bintanja","initials":"R.","orcId":null},{"firstName":"Roderik","lastName":"van de Wal","initials":"R.S.W.","orcId":null}],"version":"1.0","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)","fundingGrant":"SPINOZA award"},{"fundingAgency":"European Union","fundingGrant":"Quantify"}],"studyNotes":"A comprehensive ice-sheet model and a simple ocean-temperature model were applied to marine benthic oxygen isotopes (LR04 stack) to extract three-million-year mutually consistent records of surface air temperature, ice volume, and sea level. The reconstructed atmospheric surface air temperatures apply to all subarctic to arctic land masses (including continental shelves) north of about ~45N.","onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/11933","difMetadataLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-11933.xml","isoMetadataLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/iso/xml/noaa-recon-11933.xml","originalSource":null,"dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/climate-reconstruction","studyCode":null,"scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","Sea Level Reconstruction","sea level"],"reconstruction":"Y","contributionDate":"2011-09-12","entryId":"noaa-recon-11933","earliestYearBP":3000000,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"earliestYearCE":-2998050,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"publication":[{"author":{"name":"Bintanja, R. and R.S.W. van de Wal"},"pubYear":2008,"title":"North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles","journal":"Nature","volume":"454","edition":null,"issue":null,"pages":"869-872","reportNumber":null,"citation":"Bintanja, R. and R.S.W. van de Wal. 2008. North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year glacial cycles. Nature, 454, 869-872. doi: 10.1038/nature07158","type":"publication","identifier":{"type":"doi","id":"10.1038/nature07158","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07158"},"abstract":"The onset of major glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere about 2.7 million years ago was most probably induced by climate cooling during the late Pliocene epoch. These glaciations, during which the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets successively expanded and retreated, are superimposed on this long-term climate trend, and have been linked to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters. One intriguing problem associated with orbitally driven glacial cycles is the transition from 41,000-year to 100,000-year climatic cycles that occurred without an apparent change in insolation forcing. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the transition, both including and excluding ice-sheet dynamics. Difficulties in finding a conclusive answer to this palaeoclimatic problem are related to the lack of sufficiently long records of ice-sheet volume or sea level. Here we use a comprehensive ice-sheet model and a simple ocean-temperature model to extract three-million-year mutually consistent records of surface air temperature, ice volume and sea level from marine benthic oxygen isotopes. Although these records and their relative phasings are subject to considerable uncertainty owing to limited availability of palaeoclimate constraints, the results suggest that the gradual emergence of the 100,000-year cycles can be attributed to the increased ability of the merged North American ice sheets to survive insolation maxima and reach continental-scale size. The oversized, wet-based ice sheet probably responded to the subsequent insolation maximum by rapid thinning through increased basal-sliding, thereby initiating a glacial termination. Based on our assessment of the temporal changes in air temperature and ice volume during individual glacials, we demonstrate the importance of ice dynamics and ice-climate interactions in establishing the 100,000-year glacial cycles, with enhanced North American ice sheet growth and the subsequent merging of the ice sheets being key elements.","pubRank":"1"}],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","siteName":"Global","siteCode":null,"mappable":"N","locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"POLYGON","coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"]},"properties":{"southernmostLatitude":"-90","northernmostLatitude":"90","westernmostLongitude":"-180","easternmostLongitude":"180","minElevationMeters":null,"maxElevationMeters":null}},"paleoData":[{"dataTableName":"Bintanja2008","NOAADataTableId":"20413","earliestYear":3000000,"mostRecentYear":0,"timeUnit":"cal yr BP","earliestYearBP":3000000,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"earliestYearCE":-2998050,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"coreLengthMeters":null,"dataTableNotes":null,"species":[],"dataFile":[{"fileUrl":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/bintanja2008/bintanja2008-noaa.txt","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","linkText":"Temperature, Ice Volume, and Sea Level Reconstructions","variables":[{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"age variable>age","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"time unit>age unit>calendar kiloyear before present","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"age_calkaBP"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvError":null,"cvUnit":"concentration unit>parts per notation unit>parts per thousand>per mil","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":"anomalized","cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"Modelled marine oxygen isotope value (relative to present)","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"Iso_tot"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvError":null,"cvUnit":"concentration unit>parts per notation unit>parts per thousand>per mil","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":"anomalized","cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"Ice sheet contribution to the marine isotope signal (relative to present)","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"Iso_ice"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvError":null,"cvUnit":"concentration unit>parts per notation unit>parts per thousand>per mil","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":"anomalized","cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"Deep-sea temperature contribution to the marine isotope signal (relative to present)","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"Iso_do"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"temperature unit>degree Celsius","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":"anomalized","cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to present","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"Tsurf"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"temperature unit>degree Celsius","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":"anomalized","cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"deepwater temperature anomalized relative to present","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":"Tdo"},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","cvWhat":"earth system variable>cryospheric variable>cryospheric quantity>ice sheet volume","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"length unit>meter","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":"Eurasian ice sheet volume in meters of sea level equivalent; 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