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The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site."},"dataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS","investigators":"Casty, C.; Wanner, H.; Luterbacher, J.; Esper, J.; Böhm, R.","investigatorDetails":[{"firstName":"Carlo","lastName":"Casty","initials":"C.","orcId":null},{"firstName":"Heinz","lastName":"Wanner","initials":"H.","orcId":"0000-0002-9410-2491"},{"firstName":"Jürg","lastName":"Luterbacher","initials":"J.","orcId":"0000-0002-8569-0973"},{"firstName":"Jan","lastName":"Esper","initials":"J.","orcId":"0000-0003-3919-014X"},{"firstName":"Reinhard","lastName":"Böhm","initials":"R.","orcId":null}],"version":"1.0","funding":[],"studyNotes":null,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/6282","difMetadataLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-recon-6282.xml","isoMetadataLink":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/iso/xml/noaa-recon-6282.xml","originalSource":null,"dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/climate-reconstruction","studyCode":null,"scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction","Precipitation Reconstruction"],"reconstruction":"Y","contributionDate":"2005-07-01","entryId":"noaa-recon-6282","earliestYearBP":450,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"earliestYearCE":1500,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"publication":[{"author":{"name":"Mitchell, T.D. and P.D. Jones"},"pubYear":2005,"title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","journal":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"25","edition":null,"issue":"6","pages":"693-712","reportNumber":null,"citation":"Mitchell, T.D. and P.D. Jones. 2005. An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. International Journal of Climatology, 25(6), 693-712. doi: 10.1002/joc.1181","type":"publication","identifier":{"type":"doi","id":"10.1002/joc.1181","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1181"},"abstract":null,"pubRank":"2"},{"author":{"name":"Casty, C., H. Wanner, J. Luterbacher, J. Esper, and R. Boehm"},"pubYear":2005,"title":"Temperature and Precipitation Variability in the European Alps Since 1500","journal":"International Journal of Climatology","volume":"25","edition":null,"issue":"14","pages":"1855-1880","reportNumber":null,"citation":"Casty, C., H. Wanner, J. Luterbacher, J. Esper, and R. Boehm. 2005. Temperature and Precipitation Variability in the European Alps Since 1500. International Journal of Climatology, 25(14), 1855-1880. doi: 10.1002/joc.1216","type":"publication","identifier":{"type":"doi","id":"10.1002/joc.1216","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1216"},"abstract":"High-resolution temperature and precipitation variations and their seasonal extremes since 1500 are presented for the European Alps (43.2548.25°N and 4.2516.25°E). The spatial resolution of the gridded reconstruction is given by 0.5° × 0.5° and monthly (seasonal) grids are reconstructed back to 1659 (15001658). The reconstructions are based on a combination of long instrumental station data and documentary proxy evidence applying principal component regression analysis. Annual, winter and summer Alpine temperatures indicate a transition from cold conditions prior to 1900 to present day warmth. Very harsh winters occurred at the turn of the seventeenth century. Warm summers were recorded around 1550, during the second half of the eighteenth century and towards the end of the twentieth century. The years 1994, 2000, 2002, and particularly 2003 were the warmest since 1500. Unlike temperature, precipitation variation over the European Alps showed no significant low-frequency trend and increased uncertainty back to 1500. The years 1540, 1921 and 2003 were very likely the driest in the context of the last 500 years.\r\n\r\nRunning correlations between the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) and the Alpine temperature and precipitation reconstructions demonstrate the importance of this mode in explaining Alpine winter climate over the last centuries. Winter NAOI correlates positively with Alpine temperatures and negatively with precipitation. These correlations, however, are temporally unstable. We conclude that the Alps are situated in a band of varying influence of the NAO, and that other atmospheric circulation modes controlled Alpine temperature and precipitation variability through the recent past.","pubRank":"1"}],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56381","siteName":"European Alps","siteCode":null,"mappable":"N","locationName":"Continent>Europe","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"type":"POLYGON","coordinates":["43.25","48.25","4.25","16.25"]},"properties":{"southernmostLatitude":"43.25","northernmostLatitude":"48.25","westernmostLongitude":"4.25","easternmostLongitude":"16.25","minElevationMeters":null,"maxElevationMeters":null}},"paleoData":[{"dataTableName":"Casty2005","NOAADataTableId":"38393","earliestYear":1500,"mostRecentYear":2000,"timeUnit":"CE","earliestYearBP":450,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"earliestYearCE":1500,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"coreLengthMeters":null,"dataTableNotes":null,"species":[],"dataFile":[{"fileUrl":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/alps/readme-casty2005.txt","urlDescription":"Readme","linkText":"readme-casty2005.txt","variables":[],"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>reconstructions"]},{"fileUrl":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/alps/temp-seas.txt","urlDescription":"Data","linkText":"temp-seas.txt","variables":[{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|HISTORICAL","cvWhat":"age variable>age","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"time unit>age unit>year Common Era","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":null},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|HISTORICAL","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>longitude","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"angle unit>degree>degree east","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":null},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|HISTORICAL","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>latitude","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"angle unit>degree>degree north","cvSeasonality":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvShortName":null},{"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|HISTORICAL","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature","cvMaterial":null,"cvError":null,"cvUnit":"temperature unit>degree Celsius","cvSeasonality":"3-month period>Dec-Feb","cvDetail":null,"cvMethod":"computational method>statistical analysis method>principal component analysis|computational method>statistical analysis method>regression analysis","cvAdditionalInfo":"calibration data set: CRU TS 2.0; 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