STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AREA-WEIGHTED TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION AND POPULATION-WEIGHTED HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS, 1931-91 Prepared by National Climatic Data Center Federal Building Asheville, North Carolina July 1993 This document was prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Envi- ronmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville North Carolina. This document is designed to provide general information on the origin, format, integrity and the availability of these data. Errors found in this document should be brought to the attention of the Data Base Administrator, NCDC. See topic 58 for a summary of this data set. Table of Contents INTRODUCTORY TOPICS 1. Data Set ID 2. Data Set Name 3. Data Set Aliases DESCRIPTION 4. Access Method and Sort for Archived Data 5. Access Method and Sort for Supplied Data 6. Element Names and Definitions 7. Start Date 8. Stop Date 9. Parameter 10. Discipline 11. Coverage 12. Location 13. Keyword 14. Storage Medium 15. File Mode 16. How to Acquire the Data 17. Historical and Current Data Sources 18. Data Derivation, Algorithms 19. Data Derivation Algorithms, Responsibility for 20. Project DATA CENTER 21. Archiver 22. Data Center, originating PERSONNEL 23. Archiver 24. Technical Contact 25. Investigator Sensors 26. Sensor Name and Operating Principles 27. Sensor Siting 28. Sensor Accuracy and Calibration 29. Sensor Sampling Characteristics 30. Data Capture Method at/near Sensor STATIONS 31. Station Location Accuracy 32. Station Observation Schedule 33. Station Data Time Averaging 34. Station Grouping, Using Spatial Sampling 35. Network Participation 36. Geographical Criteria for Selecting Stations 37. Geographical Distribution 38. Elevation Statement DATA QUALITY 39. Instrument Problems 40. Missing Data Periods 41. Sampling Biases 42. Error Detection and Correction 43. Missing Value Estimates 44. Quality Control Responsibility 45. Known Uncorrected Problems 46. Confidence Factors 47. History of Data Usage 48. Quality Statement DATES 49. Revision Date 50. Science Revision Date 51. Future Review Date OTHER DATA SETS 52. Input source to this Data Set 53. Essential Companion Data Sets 54. Derived from this data Set 55. Larger Collections 56. Similar Data Sets SUMMARIZATION 57. Reference 58. Summary STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AREA-WEIGHTED TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION AND POPULATION-WEIGHTED HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS, 1931-91 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 1. INTRODUCTION: Data Set ID � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 TD-9641 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 2. INTRODUCTION: Data Set Name � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AREA-WEIGHTED TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION AND POPULATION-WEIGHTED HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS, 1931-91 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 3. INTRODUCTION: Data Set Aliases � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� This data set is also known as HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, and 5-2. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 4. DESCRIPTION: Access Method and Sort for Archived Data � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 The data in this data set contains the long-term means, standard deviations, and historical sequential monthly area-weighted temperature and precipitation and population-weighted heating and cooling degree day data from 1931-91 (July 1931-June 1992 for heating degree days) in eight parameter-dependent files. The data were computed for the 48 contiguous states, Alaska, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, nine census regions in the contiguous United States, and a national value. The means and standard deviations were computed for several periods. Each file has the following format: Columns Description ------- ----------- 1- 1 Element Code. Values are: 1 = mean temperature 2 = total precipitation 3 = heating degree days 4 = cooling degree days 2- 5 State/Region Identifier Codes. This identification code section is divided into two parts: Columns 2-3 and Columns 4-5, as follows: 2- 3 Primary Identifier Code. Values are: 01 Alabama 19 Massachusetts 37 Rhode Island 02 Arizona 20 Michigan 38 South Carolina 03 Arkansas 21 Minnesota 39 South Dakota 04 California 22 Mississippi 40 Tennessee 05 Colorado 23 Missouri 41 Texas 06 Connecticut 24 Montana 42 Utah 07 Delaware 25 Nebraska 43 Vermont 08 Florida 26 Nevada 44 Virginia 09 Georgia 27 New Hampshire 45 Washington 10 Idaho 28 New Jersey 46 West Virginia 11 Illinois 29 New Mexico 47 Wisconsin 12 Indiana 30 New York 48 Wyoming 13 Iowa 31 North Carolina 49 not used 14 Kansas 32 North Dakota 50 Alaska 15 Kentucky 33 Ohio 58 A Census Region 16 Louisiana 34 Oklahoma 59 National Region 17 Maine 35 Oregon 66 Puerto Rico 18 Maryland 36 Pennsylvania 67 Virgin Islands 4- 5 Secondary Identifier Code. Values are defined as follows. If the Primary Identifier Code is 01-50 or 59-67, then the Secondary Identifier Code is 99. If the Primary Identifier Code is 58, then the Secondary Identifier Code has the following values: 01 = New England Region 02 = Middle Atlantic Region 03 = East North Central Region 04 = West North Central Region 05 = South Atlantic Region 06 = East South Central Region 07 = West South Central Region 08 = Mountain Region 09 = Pacific Region 6- 9 Beginning Year for the Record 10-13 Ending Year for the Record 14-18 Data Value for January 19-23 Value for February 24-28 Value for March 29-33 Value for April 34-38 Value for May 39-43 Value for June 44-48 Value for July 49-53 Value for August 54-58 Value for September 59-63 Value for October 64-68 Value for November 69-73 Value for December 74-79 Annual Value 80-80 Statistic Code. Values are: 1 = sequential year-month data 2 = mean for Beginning Year to Ending Year 3 = standard deviation for Beginning Year to Ending Year 81-81 Weighting Code. Values are: 1 = data weighted by population 2 = data weighted by area 82-84 Degree Day Base Temperature FIRST FILE: SEQUENTIAL TEMPERATURE The first file contains the sequential monthly and annual temperature values for January 1931 to December 1991. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 1 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): a year (from 1931-1991) for this record Ending Year (col. 10-13): same as Beginning Year Statistic (col. 80): 1 Weighting Code (col. 81): 2 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): not used The monthly and annual values are coded to tenths of a degree Fahrenheit. SECOND FILE: TEMPERATURE MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS The second file contains the monthly and annual 30-year, 60-year, and 61-year (period of record) means and standard deviations for temperature. The Beginning Year and Ending Year fields identify the period for the means or standard deviations. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 1 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): 1931,1941,1951,1961 Ending Year (col. 10-13): 1960,1970,1980,1990,1991 Statistic (col. 80): 2,3 Weighting Code (col. 81): 2 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): not used The monthly and annual values are coded to tenths of a degree Fahrenheit. THIRD FILE: SEQUENTIAL PRECIPITATION The third file contains the sequential monthly and annual precipitation values for January 1931 to December 1991. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 2 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): a year (from 1931-1991) for this record Ending Year (col. 10-13): same as Beginning Year Statistic (col. 80): 1 Weighting Code (col. 81): 2 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): not used The monthly and annual values are coded to hundredths of an inch. FOURTH FILE: PRECIPITATION MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS The fourth file contains the monthly and annual 30-year, 60-year, and 61-year means and standard deviations for precipitation. The Beginning Year and Ending Year fields identify the period for the means or standard deviations. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 2 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): 1931,1941,1951,1961 Ending Year (col. 10-13): 1960,1970,1980,1990,1991 Statistic (col. 80): 2,3 Weighting Code (col. 81): 2 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): not used The monthly and annual values are coded to hundredths of an inch. FIFTH FILE: SEQUENTIAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS The fifth file contains the sequential monthly and annual (i.e., seasonal) heating degree day values for July 1931 to June 1992. Each record lists the values for a heating degree day season, which runs from July of the previous year to June of the current year. Consequently, the Ending Year field will identify the season year, and the Beginning Year field will contain the previous year (i.e., Ending Year minus one). The first monthly value field (columns 14-18) will contain the value for July, the next monthly value field (columns 19-23) will contain the value for August, and so forth, with the last monthly value field (columns 69-73) containing the value for June. The annual value is the total of the twelve months (July-June) for that season. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 3 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): a year (from 1931-1991) (Ending Year minus 1) Ending Year (col. 10-13): a year (from 1932-1992) for this season Statistic (col. 80): 1 Weighting Code (col. 81): 1 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): 065 The monthly and annual (seasonal) values are coded to whole units in degrees Fahrenheit. The heating degree days are a derived quantity computed using the Thom algorithm with a new standardizing period and using new (1990 census) population weights (see Topic 18: Data Derivation Algorithms). THEREFORE, ANY COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED VALUES WOULD BE MISLEADING. SIXTH FILE: HEATING DEGREE DAY MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS The sixth file contains the 30-year, 60-year, and 61-year means and standard deviations for heating degree days. The Beginning Year and Ending Year fields identify the period for the means or standard deviations. A heating degree day season runs from July through June. Consequently, the value for July is listed in the first monthly value field (columns 14-18), August is listed in the second monthly value field (columns 19-23), and so forth, with June listed in columns 69-73. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 3 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): 1931,1941,1951,1961 Ending Year (col. 10-13): 1960,1970,1980,1990,1991 Statistic (col. 80): 2,3 Weighting Code (col. 81): 1 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): 065 The monthly and annual values are coded to tenths of a degree Fahrenheit. The heating degree days are a derived quantity computed using the Thom algorithm with a new standardizing period and new (1990 census) population weights (see Topic 18: Data Derivation Algorithms). THEREFORE, ANY COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY-PUBLISHED VALUES WOULD BE MISLEADING. SEVENTH FILE: SEQUENTIAL COOLING DEGREE DAYS The seventh file contains the sequential monthly and annual cooling degree day values for January 1931 to December 1991. A cooling degree day season runs from January to December, so the seasonal value is the annual value for the indicated year. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 4 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): a year (from 1931-1991) for this record Ending Year (col. 10-13): same as Beginning Year Statistic (col. 80): 1 Weighting Code (col. 81): 1 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): 065 The monthly and annual values are coded to whole units in degrees Fahrenheit. The cooling degree days are a derived quantity using the Thom algorithm with a new standardizing period and new (1990 census) population weights (see Topic 18: Data Derivation Algorithms). THEREFORE, ANY COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY-PUBLISHED VALUES WOULD BE MISLEADING. EIGHTH FILE: COOLING DEGREE DAY MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS The eighth file contains the 30-year, 60-year, and 61-year means and standard deviations for cooling degree days. The Beginning Year and Ending Year fields identify the period for the means and standard deviations. The following values coded in the following record fields are specific to this file: Record Field Value ------------ ----- Element Code (column 1): 4 Beginning Year (col. 6-9): 1931,1941,1951,1961 Ending Year (col. 10-13): 1960,1970,1980,1990,1991 Statistic (col. 80): 2,3 Weighting Code (col. 81): 1 Degree Day Base (col. 82-84): 065 The monthly and annual values are coded to tenths of degrees Fahrenheit. The cooling degree days are a derived quantity computed using the Thom algorithm with a new standardizing period and new (1990 census) population weights (see Topic 18: Data Derivation Algorithms). THEREFORE, ANY COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY-PUBLISHED VALUES WOULD BE MISLEADING. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 5. DESCRIPTION: Access Method and Sort for Supplied Data � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Not Applicable 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 6. DESCRIPTION: Access Method and Sort for supplied Data � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Same as Topic 4 (Access Method and Sort for Archived Data). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 7. DESCRIPTION: Start Date � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 January 1931 for sequential temperature, precipitation, and cooling degree days. July 1931 for sequential heating degree days. Means and standard deviations for the periods 1931-60, 1941-70, 1951-80, 1961-90, 1931-90, and 1931-91. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 8. DESCRIPTION: Stop Date � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� December 1991 for sequential temperature, precipitation, and cooling degree days. June 1992 for sequential heating degree days. Means and standard deviations for the periods 1931-60, 1941-70, 1951-80, 1961-90, 1931-90, and 1931-91. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 9. DESCRIPTION: Parameter � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� This data set includes the following statistical parameters: monthly and annual (seasonal) values, monthly and annual means and standard deviations. The parameters were computed for the following climatic elements: mean temperature, total precipitation, heating degree days, and cooling degree days. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 10. DESCRIPTION: Discipline � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Earth Science>Atmosphere>Meteorology Earth Science>Atmosphere>Climatology Earth Science>Atmosphere>Hydrology Earth Science>Land>Agriculture Public Utility Companies 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 11. DESCRIPTION: Coverage � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Latitude Range: 17d30m N to 72d00m N Longitude Range: 172d00m E to 64d30m W 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 12. DESCRIPTION: Location � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Statewide values for the contiguous United States, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, nine census regions within the contiguous United States, and a national value covering the contiguous United States. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 13. DESCRIPTION: Keyword � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Meteorology Climatology Hydrology Agriculture Mean Temperature Precipitation Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days Means Standard Deviations Statewide Values Regional Values National Values Thom Method TD9641 9641 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 14. DESCRIPTION: Storage Medium � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 The digital data are archived in a fixed length ASCII format on one unlabeled magnetic cartridge tape. The tape contains eight files of statewide, regional, and national means, standard deviations, and sequential data for the 1931-91 period. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 15. DESCRIPTION: File Mode � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 ASCII EBCDIC (at additional cost) 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 16. DESCRIPTION: How to Order Data � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Contact NCDC's Climate Services Division about costs and how to order the data. Call 704-271-4800, fax 704-271-4876, or write to: Climate Services Division, National Climatic Data Center, Federal Building, 37 Battery Park Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801-2733. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 17. DESCRIPTION: Sources � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 TD9641: MONTHLY DIVISIONAL NORMALS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, FROM 1931-90, OF TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION, AND HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS. See next topic (Topic 18: Data Derivation Algorithms). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 18. DESCRIPTION: Data Derivation Algorithms � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� The data in this data set are based on climate division monthly mean temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days (see TD9641: MONTHLY DIVISIONAL NORMALS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, FROM 1931-90, OF TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION, AND HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS). A climate division represents a region within a state that is climatically quasi-homogeneous, for example a crop reporting district or river drainage basin (Owenby et al., 1992a). Each month, averages of temperature and precipitation are calculated for state climatic divisions by simple averaging of data from all stations within the division that record both temperature and precipitation. Monthly heating and cooling degree day totals for the divisions are then derived from the division's monthly mean temperature using an estimation technique developed by Thom (1954a, 1954b, 1966). The degree day model developed by Thom computes monthly degree days using the monthly temperature values and the standard deviation of the temperature values over a standardizing period. The standardizing period used for this data set was 1931-90. The Thom model was used to compute derived sequential monthly heating and cooling degree days for January 1931 to December 1991 (through June 1992 for heating degree days) for each division, based on the division's sequential monthly temperature data (Owenby et al., 1992b). This data set's sequential state average temperature and precipitation values for each month were derived from the corresponding divisional values by weighting each division by its percentage of the total state area. The nation was divided into nine census regions as defined and used by the Bureau of the Census. Sequential regional temperature and precipitation values were computed from the state average values by weighting each state in the region by its percentage of the total regional area. National values were computed from the regional values by weighting each region in the contiguous United States according to its percentage of the total national area. The national value, therefore, covers only the contiguous United States. The area weights are listed in Heim et al. (1993a, 1993b). Annual values for each year were computed by summing (precipitation) or averaging (temperature) the corresponding monthly values. This data set's sequential state average heating and cooling degree day values for each month were derived from the divisional values by weighting each division by its percentage of the total state population as adduced from the 1990 census data. The divisional population values were computed from the county population values for those counties in a division. Metropolitan population values were used to weight county population values for counties crossing divisional boundaries. Sequential regional degree day values were computed from the state average values by weighting each state in the region by its percentage of the total regional population. National values were computed from the regional values by weighting each region in the contiguous United States by its percentage of the corresponding national population. The population weighting procedure assures that degree-day averages for the States, Regions, and Nation as a whole are biased toward conditions existing in the more populous sections. The population weights are listed in Heim et al. (1993c, 1993d). Annual values for each year were computed by summing the corresponding monthly values. It should be noted that the sequential degree day values in this data set will differ from the previously-published values for the same periods due to the different Thom standardizing period and different population weights used in the computations. The nine census regions and their corresponding states are listed below: (1) New England: CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT (2) Middle Atlantic: NJ, NY, PA (3) East North Central: IL, IN, MI, OH, WI (4) West North Central: IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD (5) South Atlantic: DE, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV (6) East South Central: AL, KY, MS, TN (7) West South Central: AR, LA, OK, TX (8) Mountain: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY (9) Pacific: CA, OR, WA Long-term means and standard deviations were computed for the following periods: 1931-60, 1941-70, 1951-80, 1961-90, 1931-90, and 1931-91. The means for each of the twelve calendar months were computed by adding the values from the appropriate time period then dividing by the number of years (i.e., 30, 60, or 61) in the period. For temperature, the annual means were computed by adding all of the monthly mean values and then dividing by 12. For precipitation and degree days, the annual means were computed by adding the 12 monthly mean values. The monthly and annual standard deviations for each period were computed from the corresponding monthly and annual sequential values. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 19. DESCRIPTION: Data Derivation Algorithms, Responsibility � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� NCDC 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 20. DESCRIPTION: Project � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. Climatography Program 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 21. DATA CENTER: Archiving Data Center � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 National Climatic Data Center NOAA/NESDIS/NCDC Federal Building 37 Battery Park Avenue Asheville, NC 28801-2733 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 22. DATA CENTER: Originating Data Center � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 NCDC 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 23. PERSONNEL: Archiver � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chief Data Base Management Branch NOAA/NCDC Federal Building 37 Battery Park Avenue Asheville, NC 28801-2733 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 24. PERSONNEL: Technical Contact � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Chief, Climate Perspectives Branch NOAA/NCDC Federal Building 37 Battery Park Avenue Asheville, NC 28801-2733 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 25. PERSONNEL: Investigator � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chief, Climate Perspectives Branch NOAA/NCDC Federal Building 37 Battery Park Avenue Asheville, NC 28801-2733 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 26. SENSOR: Sensor Name and Operating Principles � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 NWS instrumentation. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 27. SENSOR: Sensor Siting � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� The stations, from which the state, regional, and national values were ultimately computed from, are NWS Cooperative and First Order stations. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 28. SENSOR: Sensor Accuracy and Calibration � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� NWS standard. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 29. SENSOR: Sensor Sampling Characteristics � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� NWS standard. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 30. SENSOR: Data Capture Method at/near Sensor � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 NWS observations taken by volunteer (Cooperative stations) and professional (First Order stations) observers. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 31. STATION: Station Location Accuracy � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Stations are located primarily to degrees and minutes. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 32. STATION: Station Observation Schedule � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� various observation times. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 33. STATION: Station Data Time Averaging � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 NWS standard. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 34. STATION: Spatial Sampling Using Station Groupings � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Values for climate divisions were computed by averaging the values from the stations within the climate division. Statewide, regional, and national values were computed by area-weighting (temperature and precipitation) or population-weighting (degree days) the values from the climate divisions, states, and regions, respectively. The sizes and dimensions of the divisions, states, and regions vary. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 35. STATION: Network Participation � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 The stations used to compute the divisional values are National Weather Service Offices and Cooperative Network Stations. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 36. STATION: Geographic Criteria for Selecting Stations � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Data computed from stations lying within geographic boundaries of each climate division. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 37. STATION: Geographical Distribution � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 See Topics 11 (Coverage), 12 (Location), 18 (Data Derivation Algorithms), and 34 (Spatial Sampling Using Station Groupings). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 38. STATION: Elevation Distribution � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Individual station elevation varies according to the topography of the climate division. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 39. DATA QUALITY: Instrument Problems � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Station precipitation gages undercatch rain by about 4%. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 40. DATA QUALITY: Missing Data Periods � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Not applicable. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 41. DATA QUALITY: Sampling Biases � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� See Topic 39 (Instrument Problems). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 42. DATA QUALITY: Error Detection and Correction � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Station data QC'd at monthly scale (all stations), daily scale (Cooperative stations), and hourly scale (First Order stations). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 43. DATA QUALITY: Missing Value Estimates � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Not applicable. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 44. DATA QUALITY: Quality Control Responsibility � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 NCDC 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 45. DATA QUALITY: Known Uncorrected Problems � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 See Topics 39 (Instrument Problems) and 41 (Sampling Biases). 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 46. DATA QUALITY: Confidence Factors � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 No information available at this time. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 47. DATA QUALITY: History of Data Usage � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Used to calculate historical changes, departures from normal, and other agricultural and public utility applications. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 48. DATA QUALITY: Quality Statement � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� High quality. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 49. DATES: Revision Date � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 1, 1993. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 50. DATES: Science Review Date � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 June 1, 1993. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 51. DATES: Future Review Date � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 1, 1995. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 52. OTHER DATA SETS: Source Data Sets � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� The historical sequential data from data set TD-9641: MONTHLY DIVISIONAL NORMALS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, FROM 1931-90, OF TEMPERATURE, PRECIPITATION, AND HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAYS. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 53. OTHER DATA SETS: Essential Companion Data Sets � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 None. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 54. OTHER DATA SETS: Derived Data Sets � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 The four-volume publication, HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, and 5-2, was derived from this data set. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � 55. OTHER DATA SETS: Larger Collections � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Not applicable. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 56. OTHER DATA SETS: Similar Data Sets � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 None. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 57. SUMMARIZATION: Reference � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Heim, Jr., R.R., C. Garvin, and L. Nicodemus, 1993a: HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 4-1: STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE WEIGHTED BY AREA FOR THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1931-DECEMBER 1991. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Heim, Jr., R.R., C. Garvin, and L. Nicodemus, 1993b: HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 4-2: STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION WEIGHTED BY AREA FOR THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY 1931-DECEMBER 1991. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Heim, Jr., R.R., C. Garvin, and L. Nicodemus, 1993c: HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 5-1: STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND SEASONAL HEATING DEGREE DAYS WEIGHTED BY POPULATION (1990 CENSUS), JULY 1931-JUNE 1992. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Heim, Jr., R.R., C. Garvin, and L. Nicodemus, 1993d: HISTORICAL CLIMATOLOGY SERIES 5-2: STATE, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL COOLING DEGREE DAYS WEIGHTED BY POPULATION (1990 CENSUS), JANUARY 1931-DECEMBER 1991. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Owenby, J.R., C. Garvin, L. Nicodemus, and R.R. Heim Jr., 1992a: CLIMATOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES NO. 85: DIVISIONAL TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION NORMALS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, 1931-1990. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Owenby, J.R., C. Garvin, L. Nicodemus, and R.R. Heim Jr., 1992b: CLIMATOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES NO. 85: DIVISIONAL HEATING AND COOLING DEGREE DAY NORMALS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS, 1931-1990. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. Thom, H.C.S., 1954a: "The rational relationship between heating degree days and temperature", MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 82, pp. 1-6. Thom, H.C.S., 1954b: "Normal degree days below any base", MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 82, pp. 111-115. Thom, H.C.S., 1966: "Normal degree days above any base by the universal truncation coefficient", MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, vol. 94, pp. 461-465. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 58. SUMMARIZATION: Summary � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 The eight files in this data set contain the historical sequential data and 30-year, 60-year, and 61-year means and standard deviations (for 1931-60, 1941-70, 1951-80, 1961-90, 1931-90, and 1931-91) of monthly and annual (seasonal) area-weighted mean temperature and total precipitation and population-weighted heating and cooling degree days for the 48 conterminous states, Alaska, Puerto Rico, nine census regions, and the contiguous United States.