# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original reference when using these data, # plus the Online Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: http://hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:1000739 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/huang2000/huang-2013-US-WALL94.txt # # Reconstruction_temperature_graph_URL: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/US-WALL94.html # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Borehole #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-07-26 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: US-WALL94 # Location: Land>America>North America # Country: United States of America # Northernmost_Latitude: 43.74 # Southernmost_Latitude: 43.74 # Easternmost_Longitude: -102.23 # Westernmost_Longitude: -102.23 # Maximum Depth: 202.000 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: US-WALL94-borehole # Data contact: William D. Gosnold (US) # Date of measurement (year): 1994.8 # Estimated prior steady state GST (°C): 8.63 # Estimated mean conductivity (W/m/K): 1.1 # Estimated mean thermal gradient (K/km): 34.3 # Notes: #------------------ # Reconstruction_Temperature: # Pre-1500 baseline GST (°C): 8.168 # # Date_Century Estimated_GST_Change(°C) Notes # 16th 0.116 # 17th 0.153 # 18th 0.209 # 19th 0.279 # 20th 0.536 # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data) Depth_m Depth Below Surface , , , m, , , , ,N Temperature_Celsius Measurement Temperature , , , Celsius degree, , , , ,N notes notes , , , , , , , ,N #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - 9-blank-spaced text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: Depth_m Temperature_Celsius Notes 20.00 10.350 21.00 10.350 22.00 10.360 23.00 10.360 24.00 10.370 25.00 10.370 26.00 10.380 27.00 10.390 28.00 10.390 29.00 10.410 30.00 10.420 31.00 10.430 32.00 10.440 33.00 10.460 34.00 10.470 35.00 10.500 36.00 10.510 37.00 10.530 38.00 10.540 39.00 10.560 40.00 10.570 41.00 10.600 42.00 10.620 43.00 10.630 44.00 10.650 45.00 10.670 46.00 10.690 47.00 10.720 48.00 10.740 49.00 10.760 50.00 10.780 51.00 10.810 52.00 10.830 53.00 10.850 54.00 10.880 55.00 10.900 56.00 10.920 57.00 10.950 58.00 10.970 59.00 10.990 60.00 11.020 61.00 11.050 62.00 11.070 63.00 11.100 64.00 11.120 65.00 11.150 66.00 11.170 67.00 11.200 68.00 11.230 69.00 11.250 70.00 11.280 71.00 11.300 72.00 11.330 73.00 11.360 74.00 11.390 75.00 11.410 76.00 11.440 77.00 11.470 78.00 11.500 79.00 11.530 80.00 11.550 81.00 11.580 82.00 11.610 83.00 11.640 84.00 11.670 85.00 11.700 86.00 11.730 87.00 11.760 88.00 11.790 89.00 11.820 90.00 11.850 91.00 11.880 92.00 11.920 93.00 11.950 94.00 11.990 95.00 12.020 96.00 12.050 97.00 12.080 98.00 12.110 99.00 12.140 100.00 12.170 101.00 12.200 102.00 12.220 103.00 12.250 104.00 12.270 105.00 12.300 106.00 12.340 107.00 12.370 108.00 12.400 109.00 12.430 110.00 12.460 111.00 12.500 112.00 12.530 113.00 12.570 114.00 12.600 115.00 12.630 116.00 12.660 117.00 12.690 118.00 12.720 119.00 12.750 120.00 12.780 121.00 12.810 122.00 12.840 123.00 12.880 124.00 12.910 125.00 12.940 126.00 12.970 127.00 13.000 128.00 13.030 129.00 13.070 130.00 13.100 131.00 13.130 132.00 13.160 133.00 13.200 134.00 13.230 135.00 13.270 136.00 13.310 137.00 13.340 138.00 13.370 139.00 13.410 140.00 13.440 141.00 13.470 142.00 13.500 143.00 13.530 144.00 13.560 145.00 13.590 146.00 13.630 147.00 13.670 148.00 13.700 149.00 13.740 150.00 13.770 151.00 13.810 152.00 13.850 153.00 13.880 154.00 13.920 155.00 13.950 156.00 13.980 157.00 14.020 158.00 14.050 159.00 14.090 160.00 14.120 161.00 14.160 162.00 14.190 163.00 14.220 164.00 14.260 165.00 14.290 166.00 14.330 167.00 14.360 168.00 14.400 169.00 14.430 170.00 14.460 171.00 14.500 172.00 14.530 173.00 14.570 174.00 14.600 175.00 14.640 176.00 14.670 177.00 14.710 178.00 14.750 179.00 14.780 180.00 14.820 181.00 14.860 182.00 14.890 183.00 14.930 184.00 14.960 185.00 14.990 186.00 15.020 187.00 15.050 188.00 15.080 189.00 15.110 190.00 15.140 191.00 15.190 192.00 15.210 193.00 15.250 194.00 15.280 195.00 15.320 196.00 15.360 197.00 15.390 198.00 15.430 199.00 15.470 200.00 15.510 201.00 15.540 202.00 15.570