# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - FI-Oku737 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1000754 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/FI-Oku737.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - FI-Oku737 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: FI-Oku737 # Location: Finland # Northernmost_Latitude: 62.78 # Southernmost_Latitude: 62.78 # Easternmost_Longitude: 29.22 # Westernmost_Longitude: 29.22 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: FI-Oku737-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1986 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: I Kukkonen (FI) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 3.269 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th 0.592 # 17th 0.671 # 18th 0.699 # 19th 0.355 # 20th -1.552 # Date of logging (Year): 1985.00 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.92 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 13.39 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 19.81 5.040 22.24 5.050 24.68 5.060 27.11 5.070 29.56 5.080 32.01 5.100 34.47 5.120 36.93 5.130 39.39 5.150 41.85 5.170 44.30 5.180 46.77 5.200 49.22 5.220 51.68 5.230 54.14 5.250 56.59 5.270 59.04 5.300 61.49 5.320 63.94 5.340 66.38 5.360 68.83 5.380 71.27 5.400 73.72 5.420 76.16 5.440 78.61 5.460 81.05 5.490 83.49 5.510 85.92 5.520 88.36 5.540 90.80 5.550 93.23 5.560 95.66 5.570 98.09 5.580 100.53 5.590 102.96 5.600 105.39 5.610 107.82 5.620 110.26 5.630 112.69 5.640 115.12 5.650 117.55 5.660 119.99 5.670 122.42 5.680 124.85 5.700 127.28 5.710 129.72 5.730 132.15 5.740 134.58 5.760 137.01 5.770 139.44 5.790 141.88 5.810 144.31 5.820 146.75 5.840 149.18 5.860 151.62 5.870 154.05 5.890 156.49 5.910 158.92 5.920 161.35 5.940 163.78 5.960 166.21 5.970 168.63 5.990 171.07 6.010 173.49 6.030 175.92 6.050 178.34 6.070 180.77 6.100 183.19 6.120 185.62 6.140 188.04 6.160 190.45 6.190 192.88 6.210 195.29 6.230 197.70 6.260 200.11 6.280 202.52 6.300 204.92 6.330 207.33 6.350 209.72 6.370 212.13 6.390 214.52 6.420 216.92 6.440 219.30 6.460 221.70 6.490 224.08 6.510 226.47 6.530 228.85 6.560 231.24 6.590 233.61 6.610 235.99 6.640 238.37 6.670 240.74 6.690 243.12 6.710 245.49 6.740 247.86 6.760 250.22 6.780 252.60 6.800 254.96 6.830 257.33 6.860 259.68 6.890 262.04 6.920 264.40 6.940 266.74 6.970 269.08 7.000 271.42 7.030 273.76 7.060 276.10 7.090 278.43 7.110 280.77 7.140 283.10 7.170 285.43 7.190 287.77 7.220 290.10 7.250 292.43 7.280 294.75 7.300 297.08 7.330 299.40 7.360 301.73 7.390 304.04 7.410 306.36 7.440 308.67 7.470 310.99 7.500 313.29 7.520 315.60 7.550 317.90 7.580 320.21 7.610 322.50 7.640 324.79 7.660 327.08 7.690 329.37 7.720 331.65 7.750 333.92 7.780 336.20 7.810 338.47 7.840 340.73 7.870 342.98 7.900 345.23 7.930 347.48 7.950 349.72 7.980 351.95 8.010 354.18 8.040 356.41 8.070 358.63 8.100 360.83 8.130 363.05 8.160 365.26 8.190 367.47 8.220 369.67 8.250 371.88 8.280 374.08 8.310 376.28 8.340 378.48 8.360 380.67 8.390 382.87 8.420 385.05 8.450 387.24 8.480 389.42 8.510 391.62 8.530 393.80 8.560 395.98 8.590 398.16 8.610 400.35 8.640 402.51 8.660