# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000003 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004872 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-2000003.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000003 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: KR-2000003 # Location: South Korea # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.6368 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.6368 # Easternmost_Longitude: 127.0750 # Westernmost_Longitude: 127.0750 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KR-2000003-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1994 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 16.47 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th -1.422 # 17th -0.487 # 18th 0.743 # 19th 0.987 # 20th -1.364 # Date of logging (Year): 1993.525 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.78 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 18.53 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 50.00 16.750 52.00 16.750 54.00 16.760 56.00 16.820 58.00 16.870 60.00 16.940 62.00 17.010 64.00 17.040 66.00 17.070 68.00 17.090 70.00 17.140 72.00 17.180 74.00 17.220 76.00 17.260 78.00 17.310 80.00 17.360 82.00 17.410 84.00 17.460 86.00 17.470 88.00 17.530 90.00 17.620 92.00 17.630 94.00 17.670 96.00 17.710 98.00 17.770 100.00 17.850 102.00 17.840 104.00 17.880 106.00 17.930 108.00 18.010 110.00 18.010 112.00 18.050 114.00 18.110 116.00 18.130 118.00 18.230 120.00 18.240 122.00 18.250 124.00 18.280 126.00 18.340 128.00 18.390 130.00 18.450 132.00 18.480 134.00 18.570 136.00 18.570 138.00 18.590 140.00 18.690 142.00 18.720 144.00 18.760 146.00 18.800 148.00 18.840 150.00 18.880 152.00 18.890 154.00 18.930 156.00 19.090 158.00 19.090 160.00 19.080 162.00 19.090 164.00 19.120 166.00 19.170 168.00 19.200 170.00 19.240 172.00 19.290 174.00 19.330 176.00 19.360 178.00 19.410 180.00 19.430 182.00 19.480 184.00 19.490 186.00 19.550 188.00 19.600 190.00 19.650 192.00 19.670 194.00 19.720 196.00 19.730 198.00 19.800 200.00 19.850 202.00 19.880 204.00 20.000 206.00 20.030 208.00 20.030 210.00 20.030 212.00 20.040 214.00 20.110 216.00 20.160 218.00 20.210 220.00 20.300 222.00 20.300 224.00 20.320 226.00 20.390 228.00 20.420 230.00 20.460 232.00 20.540 234.00 20.530 238.00 20.630 240.00 20.650 242.00 20.700 244.00 20.720 246.00 20.840 248.00 20.830 250.00 20.840 252.00 20.900 254.00 20.950 256.00 20.990 258.00 21.050 260.00 21.080 262.00 21.090 264.00 21.160 266.00 21.210 268.00 21.210 270.00 21.230 272.00 21.300 274.00 21.340 276.00 21.340 278.00 21.410 280.00 21.490 282.00 21.510 284.00 21.560 286.00 21.590 288.00 21.630 290.00 21.700 292.00 21.730 294.00 21.740 296.00 21.800 298.00 21.830 300.00 21.910 302.00 22.150 304.00 22.200 306.00 22.200 308.00 22.190 310.00 22.190 312.00 22.210 314.00 22.250 316.00 22.290 318.00 22.320 320.00 22.360 322.00 22.420 324.00 22.480 326.00 22.570 328.00 22.640 330.00 22.690 332.00 22.710 334.00 22.760 336.00 22.770 338.00 22.780 340.00 22.800 342.00 22.830 344.00 22.870 346.00 22.870 348.00 22.910 350.00 22.950 352.00 22.970 354.00 23.000 356.00 23.040 358.00 23.050 360.00 23.110 362.00 23.140 364.00 23.180 366.00 23.220 368.00 23.270 370.00 23.290 372.00 23.320 374.00 23.360 376.00 23.390 378.00 23.420 380.00 23.490 382.00 23.510 384.00 23.520 386.00 23.580 388.00 23.600 390.00 23.640 392.00 23.670 394.00 23.750 396.00 23.770 398.00 23.770 400.00 23.800 402.00 23.840 404.00 23.880 406.00 23.920 408.00 23.960 410.00 23.980 412.00 24.010 414.00 24.020 416.00 24.060 418.00 24.080 420.00 24.130