# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000004 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004873 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-2000004.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000004 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: KR-2000004 # Location: South Korea # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.6366 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.6366 # Easternmost_Longitude: 127.0753 # Westernmost_Longitude: 127.0753 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KR-2000004-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1994 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 13.15 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th -0.851 # 17th 0.133 # 18th 0.572 # 19th -0.482 # 20th -0.020 # Date of logging (Year): 1993.533 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.78 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 24.63 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 40.00 13.980 42.00 13.990 44.00 14.060 46.00 14.100 48.00 14.140 50.00 14.170 52.00 14.200 54.00 14.240 56.00 14.380 58.00 14.380 60.00 14.380 62.00 14.430 64.00 14.490 66.00 14.540 68.00 14.590 70.00 14.600 72.00 14.630 74.00 14.670 76.00 14.740 78.00 14.760 80.00 14.800 82.00 14.900 84.00 14.900 86.00 14.910 88.00 14.960 90.00 15.000 92.00 15.060 94.00 15.130 96.00 15.150 98.00 15.240 100.00 15.240 102.00 15.280 104.00 15.360 106.00 15.380 108.00 15.460 110.00 15.490 112.00 15.550 114.00 15.630 116.00 15.760 118.00 15.780 120.00 15.800 122.00 15.860 124.00 15.920 126.00 16.000 128.00 16.080 130.00 16.130 132.00 16.200 134.00 16.260 136.00 16.319 138.00 16.378 140.00 16.437 142.00 16.496 144.00 16.555 146.00 16.614 148.00 16.674 150.00 16.733 152.00 16.792 154.00 16.851 156.00 16.910 158.00 17.000 160.00 17.050 162.00 17.070 164.00 17.090 166.00 17.120 168.00 17.150 170.00 17.200 172.00 17.260 174.00 17.320 176.00 17.390 178.00 17.420 180.00 17.450 182.00 17.500 184.00 17.590 186.00 17.630 188.00 17.710 190.00 17.740 192.00 17.800 194.00 17.810 196.00 17.850 198.00 17.900 200.00 17.980 202.00 17.980 204.00 18.000 206.00 18.050 208.00 18.090 210.00 18.130 212.00 18.200 214.00 18.210 216.00 18.280 218.00 18.360 220.00 18.420 222.00 18.510 224.00 18.540 226.00 18.550 228.00 18.640 230.00 18.690 232.00 18.710 234.00 18.760 236.00 18.820 238.00 18.850 240.00 18.900 242.00 19.050 244.00 19.050 246.00 19.070 248.00 19.110 250.00 19.140 252.00 19.200 254.00 19.300 256.00 19.310 258.00 19.360 260.00 19.440 262.00 19.450 264.00 19.510 266.00 19.560 268.00 19.610 270.00 19.650 272.00 19.690 274.00 19.750 276.00 19.810 278.00 19.990 280.00 19.990 282.00 19.980 284.00 20.000 286.00 20.040 288.00 20.130 290.00 20.160 292.00 20.200 294.00 20.260 296.00 20.300 298.00 20.350 300.00 20.470 302.00 20.480 304.00 20.530 306.00 20.600 308.00 20.660 310.00 20.770 312.00 20.790 314.00 20.820 316.00 20.890 318.00 20.940 320.00 21.020 322.00 21.040 324.00 21.110 326.00 21.160 328.00 21.200 330.00 21.280 332.00 21.360 334.00 21.390 336.00 21.450 338.00 21.510 340.00 21.540 342.00 21.590 344.00 21.640 346.00 21.680 348.00 21.750 350.00 21.798 352.00 21.846 354.00 21.895 356.00 21.943 358.00 21.991 360.00 22.039 362.00 22.087 364.00 22.135 366.00 22.184 368.00 22.232 370.00 22.280 372.00 22.330 374.00 22.380 376.00 22.430 378.00 22.480 380.00 22.570 382.00 22.580 384.00 22.640 386.00 22.710 388.00 22.720 390.00 22.770 392.00 22.830 394.00 22.870 396.00 22.900 398.00 22.970 400.00 23.000 402.00 23.060 404.00 23.090 406.00 23.150 408.00 23.220 410.00 23.240 412.00 23.290 414.00 23.340 416.00 23.400 418.00 23.450 420.00 23.470 422.00 23.550 424.00 23.580 426.00 23.630 428.00 23.690 430.00 23.730 432.00 23.780 434.00 23.860 436.00 23.900 438.00 23.920 440.00 23.970 442.00 24.070 444.00 24.110 446.00 24.140 448.00 24.200 450.00 24.280 452.00 24.310 454.00 24.380 456.00 24.440 458.00 24.500 460.00 24.550 462.00 24.599 464.00 24.647 466.00 24.696 468.00 24.745 470.00 24.794 472.00 24.843 474.00 24.891 476.00 24.940 478.00 25.000 480.00 25.060 482.00 25.110 484.00 25.130 486.00 25.150 488.00 25.180 490.00 25.230 492.00 25.260 494.00 25.310 496.00 25.340 498.00 25.380 500.00 25.450 502.00 25.480 504.00 25.510 506.00 25.550 508.00 25.640 510.00 25.640 512.00 25.720 514.00 25.750 516.00 25.770 518.00 25.850 520.00 25.900 522.00 25.930 524.00 25.970 526.00 26.000 528.00 26.070 530.00 26.120 532.00 26.180 534.00 26.210 536.00 26.290 538.00 26.390 540.00 26.460