# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-3470008 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004880 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-3470008.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-3470008 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: KR-3470008 # Location: South Korea # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.5833 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.5833 # Easternmost_Longitude: 127.1975 # Westernmost_Longitude: 127.1975 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KR-3470008-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1990 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 12.53 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th -1.440 # 17th 0.400 # 18th 1.591 # 19th 0.687 # 20th -1.877 # Date of logging (Year): 1989.505 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.78 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 24.93 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 14.00 12.800 16.00 12.850 18.00 12.920 20.00 13.000 22.00 13.050 24.00 13.100 26.00 13.200 28.00 13.250 30.00 13.350 32.00 13.450 34.00 13.500 36.00 13.600 38.00 13.650 40.00 13.700 42.00 13.750 44.00 13.800 46.00 13.800 48.00 13.900 50.00 14.000 52.00 14.000 54.00 14.100 56.00 14.150 58.00 14.180 60.00 14.200 62.00 14.250 64.00 14.300 66.00 14.350 68.00 14.400 70.00 14.450 72.00 14.500 74.00 14.550 76.00 14.600 78.00 14.650 80.00 14.700 82.00 14.750 84.00 14.800 86.00 14.820 88.00 14.880 90.00 14.920 92.00 14.980 94.00 15.000 96.00 15.080 98.00 15.120 100.00 15.200 102.00 15.220 104.00 15.250 106.00 15.300 108.00 15.320 110.00 15.400 112.00 15.420 114.00 15.500 116.00 15.500 118.00 15.550 120.00 15.600 122.00 15.650 124.00 15.700 126.00 15.750 128.00 15.800 130.00 15.850 132.00 15.900 134.00 15.920 136.00 15.980 138.00 16.000 140.00 16.050 142.00 16.100 144.00 16.120 146.00 16.200 148.00 16.220 150.00 16.300 152.00 16.320 154.00 16.400 156.00 16.420 158.00 16.500 160.00 16.520 162.00 16.560 164.00 16.620 166.00 16.680 168.00 16.700 170.00 16.750 172.00 16.800 174.00 16.900 176.00 16.950 178.00 16.950 180.00 17.000 182.00 17.050 184.00 17.100 186.00 17.100 188.00 17.150 190.00 17.200 192.00 17.250 194.00 17.300 196.00 17.350 198.00 17.400 200.00 17.450 202.00 17.500 204.00 17.550 206.00 17.600 208.00 17.620 210.00 17.680 212.00 17.700 214.00 17.750 216.00 17.800 218.00 17.800 220.00 17.820 222.00 17.850 224.00 17.880 226.00 18.040 228.00 18.080 230.00 18.100 232.00 18.180 234.00 18.230 236.00 18.280 238.00 18.300 240.00 18.350 242.00 18.400 244.00 18.500 246.00 18.550 248.00 18.600 250.00 18.650 252.00 18.700 254.00 18.780 256.00 18.820 258.00 18.900 260.00 18.920 262.00 18.950 264.00 19.000 266.00 19.100 268.00 19.120 270.00 19.180 272.00 19.200 274.00 19.300 276.00 19.350 278.00 19.400 280.00 19.420 282.00 19.500 284.00 19.520 286.00 19.600 288.00 19.600 290.00 19.700 292.00 19.750 294.00 19.800 296.00 19.850 298.00 19.900 300.00 19.950 302.00 20.030 304.00 20.080 306.00 20.100 308.00 20.180 310.00 20.200 312.00 20.250 314.00 20.300 316.00 20.380 318.00 20.400 320.00 20.450 322.00 20.500 324.00 20.550 326.00 20.600 328.00 20.650 330.00 20.700 332.00 20.750 334.00 20.800 336.00 20.850 338.00 20.900 340.00 20.920 342.00 21.000 344.00 21.080 346.00 21.100 348.00 21.150 350.00 21.200 352.00 21.250 354.00 21.300 356.00 21.400 358.00 21.450 360.00 21.500 362.00 21.550 364.00 21.600 366.00 21.650 368.00 21.700 370.00 21.750 372.00 21.800 374.00 21.850 376.00 21.900 378.00 21.950 380.00 22.000 382.00 22.050 384.00 22.100 386.00 22.150 388.00 22.200 390.00 22.250 392.00 22.300 394.00 22.350 396.00 22.400 398.00 22.450 400.00 22.500 402.00 22.550 404.00 22.600 406.00 22.680 408.00 22.700 410.00 22.750 412.00 22.800 414.00 22.850 416.00 22.900 418.00 22.950 420.00 23.000 422.00 23.050 424.00 23.100 426.00 23.150 428.00 23.200 430.00 23.300 432.00 23.320 434.00 23.380 436.00 23.400 438.00 23.500 440.00 23.520 442.00 23.550 444.00 23.600 446.00 23.650 448.00 23.700 450.00 23.800 452.00 23.800 454.00 23.900 456.00 23.950 458.00 24.000 460.00 24.040 462.00 24.080 464.00 24.100 466.00 24.180 468.00 24.200 470.00 24.250 472.00 24.300 474.00 24.350 476.00 24.400 478.00 24.480 480.00 24.500 482.00 24.550 484.00 24.650 486.00 24.700 488.00 24.750 490.00 24.800 492.00 24.820 494.00 24.880 496.00 24.900 498.00 24.950 500.00 25.000 502.00 25.050 504.00 25.100 506.00 25.150 508.00 25.200 510.00 25.250 512.00 25.300 514.00 25.400 516.00 25.420 518.00 25.480 520.00 25.550 522.00 25.600 524.00 25.680 526.00 25.700 528.00 25.750 530.00 25.800 532.00 25.850 534.00 25.900 536.00 25.950 538.00 26.000 540.00 26.050 542.00 26.100 544.00 26.150 546.00 26.200 548.00 26.250 550.00 26.300 552.00 26.350 554.00 26.400 556.00 26.450 558.00 26.500 560.00 26.550 562.00 26.600 564.00 26.680 566.00 26.700 568.00 26.780 570.00 26.800 572.00 26.880 574.00 26.900 576.00 26.950 578.00 27.000 580.00 27.060 582.00 27.100 584.00 27.150 586.00 27.200 588.00 27.250 590.00 27.300 592.00 27.350 594.00 27.400 596.00 27.450 598.00 27.500 600.00 27.550 602.00 27.600 604.00 27.650 606.00 27.700 608.00 27.700 610.00 27.800 612.00 27.820 614.00 27.850 616.00 27.900 618.00 27.920 620.00 27.980 622.00 28.000 624.00 28.060 626.00 28.100 628.00 28.150 630.00 28.200 632.00 28.280 634.00 28.300 636.00 28.350 638.00 28.400 640.00 28.450 642.00 28.500 644.00 28.550 646.00 28.600 648.00 28.650 650.00 28.700 652.00 28.750 654.00 28.800 656.00 28.850 658.00 28.900 660.00 28.950 662.00 29.000 664.00 29.050 666.00 29.100 668.00 29.150 670.00 29.200 672.00 29.250 674.00 29.300 676.00 29.350 678.00 29.400 680.00 29.450 682.00 29.500 684.00 29.550 686.00 29.600 688.00 29.650 690.00 29.700 692.00 29.750 694.00 29.800 696.00 29.880 698.00 29.900 700.00 29.950 702.00 30.000 704.00 30.100 706.00 30.120 708.00 30.200 710.00 30.220 712.00 30.280 714.00 30.300 716.00 30.380 718.00 30.420 720.00 30.480 722.00 30.520 724.00 30.600 726.00 30.650 728.00 30.700 730.00 30.800