# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-3560003 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004882 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-3560003.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-3560003 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: KR-3560003 # Location: South Korea # Northernmost_Latitude: 37.7582 # Southernmost_Latitude: 37.7582 # Easternmost_Longitude: 127.4948 # Westernmost_Longitude: 127.4948 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KR-3560003-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 1992 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 10.54 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th 0.017 # 17th 0.370 # 18th 0.704 # 19th 1.133 # 20th 1.175 # Date of logging (Year): 1991.613 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.68 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 26.72 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 10.00 14.540 12.00 14.250 14.00 14.060 16.00 13.970 18.00 13.890 20.00 13.820 22.00 13.780 24.00 13.740 26.00 13.700 28.00 13.690 30.00 13.680 32.00 13.660 34.00 13.640 36.00 13.610 38.00 13.620 40.00 13.640 42.00 13.650 44.00 13.640 46.00 13.660 48.00 13.660 50.00 13.670 52.00 13.680 54.00 13.700 56.00 13.710 58.00 13.730 60.00 13.740 62.00 13.750 64.00 13.770 66.00 13.780 68.00 13.800 70.00 13.810 72.00 13.820 74.00 13.800 76.00 13.680 78.00 13.710 80.00 13.740 82.00 13.790 84.00 13.830 86.00 13.840 88.00 13.880 90.00 13.910 92.00 13.950 94.00 14.040 96.00 14.080 98.00 14.110 100.00 14.140 102.00 14.160 104.00 14.200 106.00 14.210 108.00 14.250 110.00 14.270 112.00 14.280 114.00 14.300 116.00 14.340 118.00 14.370 120.00 14.390 122.00 14.440 124.00 14.470 126.00 14.510 128.00 14.540 130.00 14.580 132.00 14.600 134.00 14.640 136.00 14.680 138.00 14.710 140.00 14.750 142.00 14.790 144.00 14.830 146.00 14.880 148.00 14.910 150.00 14.950 152.00 15.000 154.00 15.040 156.00 15.080 158.00 15.120 160.00 15.170 162.00 15.210 164.00 15.240 166.00 15.290 168.00 15.330 170.00 15.380 172.00 15.430 174.00 15.470 176.00 15.510 178.00 15.550 180.00 15.600 182.00 15.640 184.00 15.690 186.00 15.740 188.00 15.800 190.00 15.840 192.00 15.890 194.00 15.930 196.00 15.980 198.00 16.030 200.00 16.080 202.00 16.140 204.00 16.160 206.00 16.220 208.00 16.270 210.00 16.340 212.00 16.370 214.00 16.410 216.00 16.460 218.00 16.510 220.00 16.560 222.00 16.580 224.00 16.650 226.00 16.700 228.00 16.730 230.00 16.800 232.00 16.850 234.00 16.900 236.00 16.950 238.00 17.010 240.00 17.070 242.00 17.120 244.00 17.170 246.00 17.230 248.00 17.270 250.00 17.330 252.00 17.380 254.00 17.440 256.00 17.470 258.00 17.520 260.00 17.580 262.00 17.620 264.00 17.670 266.00 17.720 268.00 17.770 270.00 17.830 272.00 17.860 274.00 17.910 276.00 17.960 278.00 18.000 280.00 18.050 282.00 18.100 284.00 18.150 286.00 18.200 288.00 18.240 290.00 18.300 292.00 18.340 294.00 18.390 296.00 18.460 298.00 18.490 300.00 18.550 302.00 18.600 304.00 18.660 306.00 18.710 308.00 18.750 310.00 18.790 312.00 18.830 314.00 18.890 316.00 18.920 318.00 18.980 320.00 19.030 322.00 19.100 324.00 19.150 326.00 19.220 328.00 19.280 330.00 19.330 332.00 19.390 334.00 19.450 336.00 19.520 338.00 19.580 340.00 19.630 342.00 19.690 344.00 19.760 346.00 19.810 348.00 19.870 350.00 19.920 352.00 19.980 354.00 20.030 356.00 20.090 358.00 20.150 360.00 20.200 362.00 20.250 364.00 20.320 366.00 20.360 368.00 20.410 370.00 20.460 372.00 20.510 374.00 20.570 376.00 20.600 378.00 20.680 380.00 20.730 382.00 20.790 384.00 20.840 386.00 20.910 388.00 20.940 390.00 21.000 392.00 21.040 394.00 21.100 396.00 21.150 398.00 21.200 400.00 21.240 402.00 21.310 404.00 21.360 406.00 21.410 408.00 21.460 410.00 21.540 412.00 21.580 414.00 21.610 416.00 21.650 418.00 21.700 420.00 21.720 422.00 21.790 424.00 21.850 426.00 21.900 428.00 21.940 430.00 22.000 432.00 22.060 434.00 22.120 436.00 22.180 438.00 22.220 440.00 22.270 442.00 22.320 444.00 22.370 446.00 22.450 448.00 22.500 450.00 22.570 452.00 22.610 454.00 22.680 456.00 22.730 458.00 22.800 460.00 22.850 462.00 22.920 464.00 22.960 466.00 23.010 468.00 23.070 470.00 23.110 472.00 23.160 474.00 23.210 476.00 23.260 478.00 23.320 480.00 23.380 482.00 23.430 484.00 23.490 486.00 23.560 488.00 23.610 490.00 23.680 492.00 23.730 494.00 23.770 496.00 23.820 498.00 23.880 500.00 23.920 502.00 23.980 504.00 24.030 506.00 24.100 508.00 24.160 510.00 24.230 512.00 24.270 514.00 24.330 516.00 24.390 518.00 24.440 520.00 24.490 522.00 24.540 524.00 24.600 526.00 24.650 528.00 24.670 530.00 24.720 532.00 24.750 534.00 24.790 536.00 24.840 538.00 24.880 540.00 24.940 542.00 24.990 544.00 25.070 546.00 25.140 548.00 25.180 550.00 25.240 552.00 25.300 554.00 25.340 556.00 25.370 558.00 25.400 560.00 25.460 562.00 25.520 564.00 25.570 566.00 25.630 568.00 25.670 570.00 25.720 572.00 25.780 574.00 25.840 576.00 25.890 578.00 25.930 580.00 25.980 582.00 26.020 584.00 26.080 586.00 26.150 588.00 26.200 590.00 26.260 592.00 26.320 594.00 26.350 596.00 26.380 598.00 26.470 600.00 26.540 602.00 26.620 604.00 26.690 606.00 26.740 608.00 26.790 610.00 26.860 612.00 26.930 614.00 26.970 616.00 27.040 618.00 27.090 620.00 27.160 622.00 27.200 624.00 27.250 626.00 27.310 628.00 27.370 630.00 27.400 632.00 27.450 634.00 27.520 636.00 27.570 638.00 27.620 640.00 27.660 642.00 27.690 644.00 27.740 646.00 27.790 648.00 27.850 650.00 27.900 652.00 27.970 654.00 27.990 656.00 28.060 658.00 28.100 660.00 28.160 662.00 28.210 664.00 28.280 666.00 28.330 668.00 28.370