Reconstructed Solar Irradiance Data --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Reconstructed Solar Irradiance Data LAST UPDATE: 12/2007 (Correction of Be10 data values to anomalies from the mean as plotted in Fig. 1 of Bard et al. 1997, and addition of 2 TSI series which include geomagnetic modulation and a polar enhancement factor) CONTRIBUTORS: Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2003-006 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Bard, E. et al., 2003, Reconstructed Solar Irradiance Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2003-006. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel. 2000. Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides. TELLUS B, vol. 52 (3), pp. 985-992. ABSTRACT: Based on a quantitative study of the common fluctuations of 14C and 10Be production rates, we have derived a time series of the solar magnetic variability over the last 1200 years. This record is converted into irradiance variations by linear scaling based on previous studies of sun-like stars and of the Sun's behavior over the last few centuries. The new solar irradiance record exhibits low values during the well-known solar minima centered about 1900, 1810 (Dalton), and 1690 AD (Maunder). Further back in time, a rather long period between 1450 and 1750 AD is characterized by low irradiance values. A shorter period is centered about 1200 AD, with irradiance slightly higher or similar to present day values. It is tempting to correlate these periods with the so-called "little ice age" and "medieval warm period", respectively. An accurate quantification of the climatic impact of this new irradiance record requires the use of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs). Nevertheless, our record is already compatible with a global cooling of about 0.5 - 1 C during the "little ice age", and with a general cooling trend during the past millennium followed by global warming during the 20th century (Mann et al. 1999). ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel. 1997 Solar modulation of cosmogenic nuclide production over the last millennium: comparison between 14C and 10Be records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 150, pp. 453-462. Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel. 2007. Comment on "Solar activity during the last 1000 yr inferred from radionuclide records" by Muscheler et al. (2007). Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 26, pp. 2301-2308. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global PERIOD OF RECORD: 843 - 1982 AD DESCRIPTION: Reconstructed total solar irradiance (TSI) data based on the variations of cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and 14C). The column entitled "Be10 changes" corresponds to the relative changes of the Be10 abundance in the PS1 South Pole ice core (Fig. 1 of Bard et al. 1997). The first TSI column has been calculated by assuming a TSI reduction by -0.25 % during the Maunder Minimum (after Lean et al. 1995). The record is normalized to a value of 1367 W/m2 for the year 1950 AD. This TSI record corresponds to the thick line curve in Fig. 3 by Bard et al. (2000). The second TSI column corresponds to a similar calculation that also takes into account a small long-term geomagnetic modulation (after Korte & Constable 2005) and a polar enhancement factor (PEC = 0.8 according to Field et al. 2006). This record corresponds to the green curve in Fig. 1 by Bard et al. (2007). The third TSI column corresponds to a similar calculation that also takes into account a small long-term geomagnetic modulation (after Yang et al. 2000) and a polar enhancement factor (PEC = 0.8 according to Field et al. 2006). More details and references can be found in Bard et al. (1997, 2000, 2007). DATA: BE 10 and reconstructed Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) time series used to construct Figures in: Bard et al. EPSL 150, 453-462, 1997. Bard et al. TELLUS B 52, 985-992, 2000. Bard et al. QSR 26, 2301-2308, 2007. Column 1: Year AD Column 2: Be10 changes per mil vs. the mean, from ice core PS1, South Pole (Fig. 1 of Bard et al. 1997) Column 3: TSI (W/m2) (%MM decrease: -0.25%) (Fig. 3 of Bard et al. 2000) Column 4: TSI (W/m2) (%MM decrease: -0.25%) (geomag corr KC) (Fig. 1 of Bard et al. 2007) Column 5: TSI (W/m2) (%MM decrease: -0.25%) (geomag corr Yang) Fig.1(1997) Fig.3(2000) Fig.1(2007) Geomag.corr.Yang Year Be10 anom. TSI (W/m2) TSI (W/m2) TSI (W/m2) 843 -76 1366.2 1365.9 1365.2 851 -55 1366.0 1365.7 1365.0 858 -71 1366.2 1365.8 1365.2 868 -50 1366.0 1365.7 1365.0 876 -111 1365.9 1365.6 1364.9 884 -13 1365.8 1365.5 1364.9 893 -26 1365.7 1365.3 1364.7 901 37 1365.8 1365.5 1364.8 909 -42 1365.5 1365.2 1364.6 923 45 1366.0 1365.6 1365.0 926 -189 1366.2 1365.9 1365.3 936 150 1366.4 1366.1 1365.5 945 -392 1366.7 1366.3 1365.7 947 -171 1366.6 1366.3 1365.7 955 -66 1366.5 1366.2 1365.6 964 -184 1366.7 1366.4 1365.8 973 113 1366.3 1366.0 1365.4 985 -111 1366.0 1365.7 1365.1 992 -163 1365.9 1365.6 1365.0 998 -68 1365.8 1365.5 1364.9 1004 161 1365.6 1365.4 1364.8 1012 -26 1365.1 1364.8 1364.2 1028 -121 1364.5 1364.2 1363.7 1035 184 1364.2 1363.9 1363.4 1044 353 1364.0 1363.8 1363.2 1054 234 1363.9 1363.6 1363.1 1062 76 1363.9 1363.7 1363.1 1068 211 1364.5 1364.3 1363.7 1075 32 1365.2 1364.9 1364.4 1083 -71 1365.7 1365.5 1365.0 1092 -213 1366.0 1365.7 1365.2 1108 -95 1366.5 1366.3 1365.8 1114 -113 1367.1 1366.8 1366.3 1124 -26 1367.1 1366.8 1366.3 1132 -250 1367.2 1366.9 1366.4 1134 -439 1367.3 1367.0 1366.5 1138 -21 1367.4 1367.1 1366.6 1146 -245 1367.4 1367.2 1366.7 1155 -145 1367.2 1367.0 1366.5 1161 -189 1366.9 1366.6 1366.2 1166 -132 1367.0 1366.8 1366.3 1174 -113 1366.7 1366.5 1366.0 1180 -129 1366.8 1366.6 1366.1 1191 -189 1366.8 1366.6 1366.2 1197 13 1367.1 1366.9 1366.4 1203 -274 1367.2 1367.0 1366.5 1213 -179 1367.1 1366.9 1366.4 1232 -316 1367.0 1366.8 1366.4 1233 -158 1367.1 1366.9 1366.5 1237 29 1366.8 1366.6 1366.1 1253 -176 1366.3 1366.1 1365.7 1257 -126 1365.8 1365.6 1365.2 1261 -26 1365.7 1365.5 1365.1 1273 195 1365.8 1365.6 1365.2 1280 32 1365.6 1365.4 1365.0 1287 -129 1365.5 1365.3 1364.9 1294 -92 1365.4 1365.2 1364.8 1300 24 1365.2 1365.0 1364.7 1310 24 1365.0 1364.9 1364.5 1322 111 1364.8 1364.7 1364.3 1334 261 1364.9 1364.7 1364.4 1339 68 1365.3 1365.2 1364.8 1346 -39 1365.4 1365.2 1364.9 1356 -134 1365.6 1365.4 1365.1 1373 -313 1366.0 1365.8 1365.5 1383 145 1366.0 1365.8 1365.5 1391 68 1365.9 1365.7 1365.4 1395 -147 1365.6 1365.5 1365.2 1400 55 1365.1 1365.0 1364.7 1407 -5 1365.0 1364.8 1364.5 1414 21 1364.8 1364.7 1364.4 1420 174 1364.3 1364.2 1363.9 1427 245 1364.1 1363.9 1363.7 1433 95 1363.3 1363.2 1363.0 1441 239 1362.6 1362.5 1362.3 1446 163 1362.5 1362.4 1362.3 1451 603 1362.6 1362.5 1362.3 1458 603 1362.4 1362.3 1362.1 1463 50 1362.6 1362.5 1362.4 1469 121 1362.8 1362.7 1362.5 1476 313 1363.5 1363.4 1363.2 1481 126 1364.1 1364.0 1363.9 1492 192 1364.0 1363.9 1363.7 1504 39 1363.9 1363.8 1363.7 1511 3 1364.0 1363.9 1363.7 1518 258 1363.7 1363.6 1363.5 1526 255 1363.5 1363.5 1363.3 1534 211 1363.3 1363.2 1363.1 1540 326 1363.1 1363.1 1363.0 1549 216 1363.3 1363.2 1363.1 1559 200 1363.3 1363.2 1363.1 1576 150 1363.7 1363.7 1363.6 1584 182 1364.3 1364.3 1364.1 1593 261 1364.8 1364.7 1364.6 1600 -161 1365.3 1365.2 1365.1 1608 -111 1365.5 1365.4 1365.2 1624 -47 1365.8 1365.8 1365.6 1631 -166 1365.9 1365.9 1365.7 1638 161 1365.4 1365.3 1365.2 1645 -147 1365.1 1365.1 1365.0 1652 134 1364.7 1364.7 1364.6 1659 255 1364.1 1364.1 1364.0 1667 42 1364.0 1364.0 1364.0 1673 216 1363.9 1363.9 1363.8 1676 326 1363.5 1363.5 1363.5 1680 108 1363.5 1363.5 1363.5 1688 -34 1363.3 1363.3 1363.3 1690 524 1363.4 1363.5 1363.5 1705 158 1363.8 1363.8 1363.8 1712 245 1364.2 1364.2 1364.1 1720 61 1364.7 1364.7 1364.6 1727 -24 1365.7 1365.7 1365.6 1735 -116 1366.1 1366.1 1366.0 1739 -279 1366.6 1366.6 1366.5 1747 -229 1366.9 1366.8 1366.7 1755 -26 1367.0 1367.0 1366.8 1763 -139 1367.1 1367.1 1367.0 1771 -142 1366.9 1366.9 1366.8 1779 -197 1366.3 1366.2 1366.2 1787 -247 1366.0 1366.0 1365.9 1809 -34 1365.6 1365.6 1365.6 1816 371 1365.3 1365.3 1365.4 1823 66 1365.1 1365.1 1365.1 1829 18 1364.9 1364.9 1364.9 1835 -21 1365.2 1365.2 1365.2 1842 -21 1365.9 1365.9 1365.9 1850 21 1366.2 1366.2 1366.2 1857 -205 1366.4 1366.4 1366.4 1865 -176 1366.5 1366.5 1366.5 1878 -118 1366.4 1366.4 1366.4 1885 -145 1366.3 1366.3 1366.3 1892 -34 1366.1 1366.1 1366.1 1899 87 1365.9 1365.9 1365.9 1906 -45 1365.9 1365.9 1366.0 1912 -39 1365.9 1365.9 1366.0 1920 -53 1366.2 1366.2 1366.3 1928 -174 1366.6 1366.6 1366.6 1935 -76 1366.8 1366.8 1366.8 1944 -232 1367.1 1367.1 1367.1 1950 -200 1367.0 1367.0 1367.0 1961 -176 1366.9 1366.9 1366.9 1969 -266 1975 103 1982 -126