# Paleo-pCO2 Database Malta Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24310 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/boron_isotopes_badger_2013.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-05-30 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Malta Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Badger, M.P.S.; Lear, C.H.; Pancost, R.D.; Foster, G.L.; Bailey, T.R.; Leng, M.J.; Abels, H.A. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on planktonic foraminifera samples from the Middle Miocene # Blue Clay Formation of Malta (sampled at Ras il-Pellegrin), contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Marcus P.S. Badger, Caroline H. Lear, Richard D. Pancost, Gavin L. Foster, Trevor R. Bailey, Melanie J. Leng, Hemmo A. Abels # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013-03-01 # Published_Title: CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 28 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: 42-53 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/palo.20015 # Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/palo.20015 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The development of a permanent, stable ice sheet in East Antarctica happened during the middle Miocene, about 14 million years (Myr) ago. The middle Miocene therefore represents one of the distinct phases of rapid change in the transition from the "greenhouse" of the early Eocene to the "icehouse" of the present day. Carbonate carbon isotope records of the period immediately following the main stage of ice sheet development reveal a major perturbation in the carbon system, represented by the positive d13C excursion known as carbon maximum 6 ("CM6"), which has traditionally been interpreted as reflecting increased burial of organic matter and atmospheric pCO2 drawdown. More recently, it has been suggested that the d13C excursion records a negative feedback resulting from the reduction of silicate weathering and an increase in atmospheric pCO2. Here we present high-resolution multi-proxy (alkenone carbon and foraminiferal boron isotope) records of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sea surface temperature across CM6. Similar to previously published records spanning this interval, our records document a world of generally low (~300 ppm) atmospheric pCO2 at a time generally accepted to be much warmer than today. Crucially, they also reveal a pCO2 decrease with associated cooling, which demonstrates that the carbon burial hypothesis for CM6 is feasible and could have acted as a positive feedback on global cooling. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Natural Environment Research Council # Grant: NE/D008654/1, NE/D010241/1, NE/D00876X/2 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Museum Wales # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Ras il-Pellegrin Section # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Mediterranean Sea>Malta # Country: Malta # Northernmost_Latitude: 35.9155 # Southernmost_Latitude: 35.9155 # Easternmost_Longitude: 14.3343 # Westernmost_Longitude: 14.3343 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Badger2013boron # Earliest_Year: 13798000 # Most_Recent_Year: 13698000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Basic Info REFERENCE AND CONTACT INFORMATION SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AGE CONSTRAINTS ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS VITAL EFFECT CALCULATED d11Bborate ACCESSORY INPUTS METHOD OF TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION SEAWATER COMPOSITION AQUEOUS BORON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION PARAMETERIZATION OF CO2 CALCULATION SECOND PARAMETER OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM CALCULATED PARAMETERS OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM alternative Age (in case different models are available) d11B (relative to SRM 951) d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration slope d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration intercept pressure (i.e. depth of foraminifer habitat) Temperature Mg/Ca e.g., Alkenone UK'37, TEX 86 Salinity [Ca] of seawater at S=35 [Mg] of seawater at S=35 [SO4] of seawater at S=35 [B]T of seawater at S=35 d11Bsw pKB aB3-B4 if applicable proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty_neg_ppm Name of individual entering the data Contact email Reference of the data product DOI link to reference Site (DSDP/ODP/IODP or other site number) Hole Core Section top cm bottom cm core depth below seafloor (meters, specify CSF-A or CSF-B where applicable, original IODP record)a core composite depth below seafloor (meters, CCSF)a reference for composite depth Location (e.g., Atlantic, Carribbean, South China Sea etc.) Modern Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Modern Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Paleo Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Paleo Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Modern elevation (m), below sea level negative Paleo elevation (m), below sea level negative reference and Method to determine Paleo position notes about any flags in the studied core section Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set foraminifer species analyzed foraminifer size class (µm) number of foraminifera shells per sample total sample weight (mg) Reference for sample cleaning procedure Boron separation method (e.g., column chemistry, microsublimation) analytical Method (e.g., MC-ICP-MS, P-TIMS, N-TIMS etc) d11B of individual replicate measurements of the same solution; separate by commas n of replicate measurements 2se of replicates ( [ 2* (sd/sqrt(n))] ) d11B (‰, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, specify whether uncertainty is presented as standard deviation or standard error) 2s uncertainty (report internal or external reproducibility, whichever is larger) slope value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty intercept value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty Reference for calibration slope Notes (e.g., shell size corrected?) d11Bborate (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty notes about uncertainty estimate: e.g., included calibration slope and intercept Error propagation method depth habitat (m) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty temperature (°C) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s temperature pos (°C) 2s temperature neg (°C) Mg/Ca of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas Mg/Ca (mmol/mol, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Mg uncertainty pos (mmol/mol) 2s Mg/Ca uncertainty neg (mmol/mol) temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation Mg/Casw correction Mg/Casw correction reference salinity correction (list reference if applied) dissolution correction (list reference if applied) pH correction (list reference if applied) proxy value of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas average proxy value (please specify units) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation used same sample material as for d11B analyses? If not, provide details Salinity (unit-less) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty method of salinity estimation (list reference if applicable) [Ca] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Ca] of seawater value [Mg] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Mg] of seawater value [SO4] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [SO4] of seawater value [B]T (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [B]T value d11Bsw (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for d11Bsw reference for pKB and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKB value for aB3-B4 type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for aB3-B4 equation for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) reference for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) CO2 calculation program and version, e.g. CO2SYS, seacarb, other (please specify) reference for pK0 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK1 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK2 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pKHSO4 reference for pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite Parameter used (e.g., alkalinity, DIC, [CO32-] Method for deriving 2nd parameter (e.g., CCD, W, LOSCAR, GENIE, code can be submitted as supplement) Reference for second parameter (if not primary reference of data set) central value (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos (µmol/kg) 2s uncertainty neg (µmol/kg) Wcalcite (if used as a constraint) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg pH pH scale reported (e.g., total scale, seawater scale) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg Aqueous pCO2 (µatm) Air-sea pCO2 disequilibrium (µatm) Notes about air-sea disequilibrium: what is the estimate based on; are there assumptions on seasonality? bAtmospheric pCO2 (i.e. after correction for any modern air-sea disequilibrium, µatm) 2s pCO2 uncertainty pos 2s pCO2 uncertainty neg Error propagation method (code can be provided in supplement) parameters included in the error propagation (e.g., calibration uncertainty, d11Bsw, T, S, second parameter of the carbonate system) cAlkalinity (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter) 2s alkalinity uncertainty pos 2s alkalinity uncertainty neg DIC (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter 2s DIC uncertainty pos 2s DIC uncertainty neg Wcalcite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Wcalcite pos 2s uncertainty Wcalcite neg Waragonite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Waragonite pos 2s uncertainty Waragonite neg Additional Notes boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13798.51 NA NA 311 58 58 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13798.51 0 Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13798.50762 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 15.83 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 15.86 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 33.5 set value 1 1 13798.50762 6.56 set value, 2% 0.1312 0.1312 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1990 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.917 NA NA NA 310.66 None applied None applied 310.66 58 58 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13785.62 NA NA 285 54 51 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13785.62 0.7 Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13785.6227 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 15.85 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 15.89 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 30.6 set value 1 1 13785.6227 5.03 set value, 2% 0.1006 0.1006 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1991 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.950 NA NA NA 284.65 None applied None applied 284.65 54 51 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13772.74 NA NA 299 55 57 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13772.74 ? Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13766 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 15.75 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 15.77 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 31.4 set value 1 1 13766 5.43 set value, 2% 0.1086 0.1086 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1992 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.933 NA NA NA 298.50 None applied None applied 298.50 55 57 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13740.53 NA NA 234 47 39 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13740.53 3.15 Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13740.5255 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 16.53 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 16.66 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 30.5 set value 1 1 13740.5255 5 set value, 2% 0.1 0.1 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1993 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.018 NA NA NA 233.53 None applied None applied 233.53 47 39 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13735.67 NA NA 265 57 38 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13735.67 3.5 Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13735.67484 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 15.98 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 16.03 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 28.4 set value 1 1 13735.67484 4.13 set value, 2% 0.0826 0.0826 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1994 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.977 NA NA NA 264.55 None applied None applied 264.55 57 38 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Badger 2013 10.1002/palo.20015 13730.82 NA NA 256 52 42 Elwyn De La Vega and Michael Henehan E.De-La-Vega@soton.ac.uk Badger, Marcus P. S., Lear, Caroline H., Pancost, Richard D., Foster, Gavin L., Bailey, Trevor R., Leng, Melanie J. and Abels, Hemmo A. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography 28, 42-53. 10.1002/palo.20015 Blue Clay Formation of Malta (at Ras il-Pellegrin) NA NA NA NA NA 13730.82 3.85 Height in section from this same Badger paper Meditteranean 35.926 4.335 32.5 NA terrestrial section -500-600 Palaeolatitude from paleolatitude.org. Palaeodepth from Bellanca et al., 2002; Bonaduce and Barra, 2002 NA 13698.23109 no uncertainty calculated NA NA NA combined biostratigraphic and astronomical age model Mourik, A. A., H. A. Abels, F. J. Hilgen, A. Di Stefano, and W. J. Zachariasse (2011), Improved astronomical age constraints for the middle Miocene climate transition based on high-resolution stable isotope records from the central Mediterranean Maltese Islands, Paleoceanography, 26, PA1210, doi:10.1029/2010PA001981. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides trilobus 250-355 ~100 ~2mg Barker et al. (2003) ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS NA 2 NA 16.17 normal, stdev, external 0.23 0.88 not propagated not propagated 1.85 no calibration uncertainty incorporated NA Foster et al., 2012 The calibration is for ~about the same size fraction. No further corrections made. 16.25 normal 0.23 Since no calibration uncertainty is included, uncertainty = analytical only none 0 NA NA 29.9 set value 1 1 13698.23109 4.72 set value, 2% 0.0944 0.0944 Mg/Ca=0.32*EXP(0.09*T) Anand et al. 2003 NA Evans et al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 none assigned none assigned arbitrary 0.014 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) 0.048 no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied Horita et al. (2002) modern values used no uncertainty has been applied no uncertainty has been applied NA 432.6 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Lee et al. (2010) 37.8 no uncertainty applied no uncertainty applied Foster et al., 2012 NA Dickson, 1995 1.0272 none applied none applied Klochko et al. (2006) none none Excel Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 Dickson 1990 Tyrell and Zeebe 2004 not applied Alkalinity CCD depth Foster et al., 2012 1293 set value 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.987 NA NA NA 256.33 None applied None applied 256.33 52 42 Quadratic Addition Alkalinity, Temperature, measured d11B NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA