# Paleo-pCO2 Database Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24330 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/boron_isotopes_foster_2012.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-05-30 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Foster, G.L.; Lear, C.H.; Rae, J.W.B. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on planktonic foraminifera samples # from two Ocean Drilling Program cores, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Gavin L. Foster, Caroline H. Lear, James W.B. Rae # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012-08-01 # Published_Title: The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 341-344 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 243-254 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 # Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X12002919 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17-15 Ma; MCO) is a period of global warmth and relatively high CO2 and is thought to be associated with a significant retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS). We present here a new planktic foraminiferal d11B record from 16.6 to 11.8 Ma from two deep ocean sites currently in equilibrium with the atmosphere with respect to CO2. These new data demonstrate that the evolution of global climate during the middle Miocene (as reflected by changes in the cyrosphere) was well correlated to variations in the concentration of atmospheric CO2. What is more, within our sampling resolution (~1 sample per 300 kyr) there is no evidence of hysteresis in the response of ice volume to CO2 forcing during the middle Miocene, contrary to what is understood about the Antarctic Ice Sheet from ice sheet modelling studies. In agreement with previous data, we show that absolute levels of CO2 during the MCO were relatively modest (350-400 ppm) and levels either side of the MCO are similar or lower than the pre-industrial (200-260 ppm). These new data imply the presence of either a very dynamic AIS at relatively low CO2 during the middle Miocene or the advance and retreat of significant northern hemisphere ice. Recent drilling on the Antarctic margin and shore based studies indicate significant retreat and advance beyond the modern limits of the AIS did occur during the middle Miocene, but the complete loss of the AIS was unlikely. Consequently, it seems that ice volume and climate variations during the middle Miocene probably involved a more dynamic AIS than the modern but also some component of land-based ice in the northern hemisphere. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Natural Environment Research Council # Grant: NE/D00876X/2, NE/I006176/1, NE/D008654/1 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP761 # Location: Ocean>Indian Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: -16.7372 # Southernmost_Latitude: -16.7372 # Easternmost_Longitude: 115.535 # Westernmost_Longitude: 115.535 # Elevation: -2179 m #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP926 # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 3.7191 # Southernmost_Latitude: 3.7191 # Easternmost_Longitude: -42.90845 # Westernmost_Longitude: -42.90845 # Elevation: -3598 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Foster2012boron # Earliest_Year: 16380000 # Most_Recent_Year: 12280000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Basic Info REFERENCE AND CONTACT INFORMATION SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AGE CONSTRAINTS ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS VITAL EFFECT CALCULATED d11Bborate ACCESSORY INPUTS METHOD OF TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION SEAWATER COMPOSITION AQUEOUS BORON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION PARAMETERIZATION OF CO2 CALCULATION SECOND PARAMETER OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM CALCULATED PARAMETERS OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM alternative Age (in case different models are available) d11B (relative to SRM 951) d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration slope d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration intercept pressure (i.e. depth of foraminifer habitat) Temperature Mg/Ca e.g., Alkenone UK'37, TEX 86 Salinity [Ca] of seawater at S=35 [Mg] of seawater at S=35 [SO4] of seawater at S=35 [B]T of seawater at S=35 d11Bsw pKB aB3-B4 if applicable proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty_neg_ppm Name of individual entering the data Contact email Reference of the data product DOI link to reference Site (DSDP/ODP/IODP or other site number) Hole Core Section top cm bottom cm core depth below seafloor (meters, specify CSF-A or CSF-B where applicable, original IODP record)a core composite depth below seafloor (meters, CCSF)a reference for composite depth Location (e.g., Atlantic, Carribbean, South China Sea etc.) Modern Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Modern Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Paleo Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Paleo Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Modern elevation (m), below sea level negative Paleo elevation (m), below sea level negative reference and Method to determine Paleo position notes about any flags in the studied core section Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set foraminifer species analyzed foraminifer size class (µm) number of foraminifera shells per sample total sample weight (mg) Reference for sample cleaning procedure Boron separation method (e.g., column chemistry, microsublimation) analytical Method (e.g., MC-ICP-MS, P-TIMS, N-TIMS etc) d11B of individual replicate measurements of the same solution; separate by commas N number of replicates 2se of replicates d11B (‰, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, specify whether uncertainty is presented as standard deviation or standard error) 2s uncertainty (report internal or external reproducibility, whichever is larger) slope value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty intercept value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty Reference for calibration slope Notes (e.g., shell size corrected?) d11Bborate (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty notes about uncertainty estimate: e.g., included calibration slope and intercept Error propagation method depth habitat (m) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii) temperature (°C) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s temperature pos (°C) 2s temperature neg (°C) Mg/Ca of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas Mg/Ca (mmol/mol, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Mg uncertainty pos (mmol/mol) 2s Mg/Ca uncertainty neg (mmol/mol) temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation Mg/Casw correction Mg/Casw correction reference salinity correction (list reference if applied) dissolution correction (list reference if applied) pH correction (list reference if applied) proxy value of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas average proxy value (please specify units) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty (if +/- range is used, it should be separated with a comma, e.g. i,ii, for +i, -ii) temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation used same sample material as for d11B analyses? If not, provide details Salinity (unit-less) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty method of salinity estimation (list reference if applicable) [Ca] (mmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Ca] of seawater value [Mg] (mmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Mg] of seawater value [SO4] (mmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [SO4] of seawater value [B]T (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [B]T value d11Bsw (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for d11Bsw reference for pKB and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKB value for aB3-B4 type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for aB3-B4 equation for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) reference for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) CO2 calculation program and version, e.g. CO2SYS, seacarb, other (please specify) reference for pK0 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK1 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK2 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pKHSO4 reference for pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite Parameter used (e.g., alkalinity, DIC, [CO32-] Method for deriving 2nd parameter (e.g., CCD, W, LOSCAR, GENIE, code can be submitted as supplement) Reference for second parameter (if not primary reference of data set) central value (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos (µmol/kg) 2s uncertainty neg (µmol/kg) Wcalcite (if used as a constraint) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg pH modern reference pH scale (e.g., total scale, seawater scale) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg Aqueous pCO2 (µatm) Air-sea pCO2 disequilibrium (µatm) Notes about air-sea disequilibrium: what is the estimate based on; are there assumptions on seasonality? bAtmospheric pCO2 (i.e. after correction for any modern air-sea disequilibrium, µatm) 2s pCO2 uncertainty pos 2s pCO2 uncertainty neg Error propagation method (code can be provided in supplement) parameters included in the error propagation (e.g., calibration uncertainty, d11Bsw, T, S, second parameter of the carbonate system) cAlkalinity (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter) 2s alkalinity uncertainty pos 2s alkalinity uncertainty neg DIC (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter 2s DIC uncertainty pos 2s DIC uncertainty neg Wcalcite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Wcalcite pos 2s uncertainty Wcalcite neg Waragonite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Waragonite pos 2s uncertainty Waragonite neg Additional Notes boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 12280 NA NA 190 36 36 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 4 13 15 NA 37.3 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 12280 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 17.14,17.15 2 0.01 17.14 normal 0.23 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 17.38 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30 normal 31.5 28.5 NA 3.89 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1990 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2001 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.09 NA 0.02 0.02 190 <25 µatm NA 190 36 36 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 12720 NA NA 223 42 41 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 4 123 125 NA 38.4 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 12720 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.5,16.73 2 0.23 16.62 normal 0.23 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.78 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.4 normal 31.9 28.9 NA 4 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1991 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2002 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.03 NA 0.02 0.02 223 <25 µatm NA 223 42 41 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 13250 NA NA 244 47 46 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 5 103 105 NA 39.7 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 13250 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.32,16.73 2 0.01 16.33 normal 0.26 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.45 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.5 normal 32 29 NA 4.06 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1992 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2003 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8 NA 0.03 0.03 244 <25 µatm NA 244 47 46 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 13480 NA NA 243 47 46 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 6 8 10 NA 40.3 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 13480 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.3,16.42 2 0.12 16.36 normal 0.27 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.49 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.7 normal 32.2 29.2 NA 4.12 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1993 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2004 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8 NA 0.03 0.03 243 <25 µatm NA 243 47 46 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 13720 NA NA 240 46 45 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 6 68 70 NA 40.9 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 13720 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.42,16.43 2 0.01 16.43 normal 0.27 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.57 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.9 normal 32.4 29.4 NA 4.2 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1994 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2005 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.01 NA 0.03 0.03 240 <25 µatm NA 240 46 45 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 13830 NA NA 257 50 49 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 6 98 100 NA 41.2 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 13830 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.26,16.25 2 0.01 16.25 normal 0.28 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.36 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 31.5 normal 33 30 NA 4.44 normal 0.07 0.07 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1995 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2006 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.98 NA 0.03 0.03 257 <25 µatm NA 257 50 49 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 14170 NA NA 268 54 52 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 7 38 40 NA 42.1 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 14170 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.22,15.95 2 0.27 16.09 normal 0.32 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.18 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 31.2 normal 32.7 29.7 NA 4.3 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1996 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2007 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.97 NA 0.03 0.03 268 <25 µatm NA 268 54 52 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 14310 NA NA 272 52 51 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 5 cc 23 25 NA 42.5 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 14310 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.85,16.07 2 0.22 15.96 normal 0.27 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.03 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.4 normal 31.9 28.9 NA 4.01 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1997 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2008 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.96 NA 0.03 0.03 272 <25 µatm NA 272 52 51 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 14800 NA NA 374 82 76 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 6 1 133 135 NA 43.5 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 14800 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 14.91,15.18 2 0.27 15.04 normal 0.37 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 14.99 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.8 normal 32.3 29.3 NA 4.17 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1998 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2009 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.85 NA 0.05 0.05 374 <25 µatm NA 374 82 76 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 15040 NA NA 332 75 69 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 6 2 63 65 NA 44.3 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 15040 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.05,15.62 2 0.57 15.34 normal 0.4 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 15.33 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.2 normal 31.7 28.7 NA 3.94 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 1999 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2010 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.89 NA 0.05 0.05 332 <25 µatm NA 332 75 69 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 15560 NA NA 298 59 57 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 6 3 103 105 NA 46.2 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 15560 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.75,15.93 2 0.18 15.84 normal 0.29 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 15.90 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 32.1 normal 33.6 30.6 NA 4.69 normal 0.07 0.07 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2000 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2011 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.93 NA 0.03 0.03 298 <25 µatm NA 298 59 57 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 15870 NA NA 392 92 84 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 6 4 68 70 NA 47.4 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 15870 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 14.63,15.37 2 0.74 15 normal 0.41 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 14.94 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 31.9 normal 33.4 30.4 NA 4.59 normal 0.07 0.07 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2001 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2012 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.83 NA 0.05 0.05 392 <25 µatm NA 392 92 84 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 16380 NA NA 225 43 42 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 761 B 6 5 93 95 NA 49.1 NA Wombat plateau (Indian Ocean) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -2179 NA NA NA 16380 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.47,16.81 2 0.34 16.64 normal 0.26 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.81 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.9 normal 32.4 29.4 NA 4.19 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2002 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2013 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.03 NA 0.03 0.03 225 <25 µatm NA 225 43 42 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 11800 NA NA 247 46 46 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A 26 5 30 32 NA 238.3 NA Ceara Rise (Atlantic) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -3598 NA NA "more micro-crystalline recrystallisation than ODP Site 761" 11800 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.02,16.16 2 0.14 16.09 normal 0.23 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.18 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 28.5 normal 30 27 NA 3.39 normal 0.05 0.05 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2003 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2014 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8 NA 0.02 0.02 247 <25 µatm NA 247 46 46 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 13600 NA NA 232 43 43 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A 29 5 31 33 NA 266.8 NA Ceara Rise (Atlantic) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -3598 NA NA "more micro-crystalline recrystallisation than ODP Site 761" 13600 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 16.32,16.51 2 0.19 16.42 normal 0.23 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 16.56 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 29.7 normal 31.2 28.2 NA 3.77 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2004 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2015 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 8.02 NA 0.02 0.02 232 <25 µatm NA 232 43 43 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted. boron isotopes Foster 2012 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 14940 NA NA 346 65 63 Bärbel Hönisch, Elwyn de la Vega hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu, elwyn.de-la-vega@soton.ac.uk Foster, G. L., C. H. Lear and J. W. B. Rae (2012). "The evolution of pCO2, ice volume and climate during the middle Miocene." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 341-344(0): 243-254. 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.007 926 A 32 2 30 32 NA 290.8 NA Ceara Rise (Atlantic) -16.74 115.536 NA NA -3598 NA NA "more micro-crystalline recrystallisation than ODP Site 761" 14940 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerinoides sacculifer 300-355 100-150 1-1.5 Barker et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2007 ion exchange chromatography MC-ICPMS 15.18,15.31 2 0.13 15.24 normal 0.23 0.88 normal NA 1.85 normal NA modified after Sanyal et al., 2001(culture) and Foster, 2008 (core-top) corrected for shell size and for TIMS vs MC-ICPMS offset between Sanyal and Foster. 15.22 NA NA NA NA lower mixed layer not applied not applied 30.5 normal 32 29 NA 4.05 normal 0.06 0.06 NA Anand and Ederfield, 2003 3.43 Horita et al. (2002) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 normal NA assumed constant NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 432.6 NA NA Lee et al 2010 37.82 normal 0.35 this study Dickson 2005 None applied, surface pressure 1.0272 normal 0.0006 Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA Henry's law, as of Weiss 1974, Zeebe Wolf-Gladrow 2016 Lueker et al. 2000 Lueker et al. 2000 NA NA NA Alkalinity CCD depth This study 1293 set value (flat/uniform uncertainty) 200 200 NA NA NA NA 7.88 NA 0.03 0.03 346 <25 µatm NA 346 65 63 NA T, ALK, d11B analysis, d11Bsw NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Note that air-sea disequilibrium in this study was acknowledged but not subtracted.