# Paleo-pCO2 Database: Meteor Rise, Atlantic Ocean Boron Isotope Data from the Late Miocene #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38030 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-forcing-38030.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Forcing # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: Atmospheric Gas Reconstruction, carbon cycle #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/raitzsch2021-odp1092.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Boron Isotope Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-05-04 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-05-08 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database: Meteor Rise, Atlantic Ocean Boron Isotope Data from the Late Miocene #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Raitzsch, Markus; Bijma, Jelle; Bickert, Torsten; Schulz, Michael; Holbourn, Ann; Kucera, Michal #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Boron isotope compositions for planktic foraminifera to track carbon dioxide change for the middle Miocene, 14.4-13.1 Ma. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Markus Raitzsch, Jelle Bijma, Torsten Bickert, Michael Schulz, Ann Holbourn, and Michal Kucera # Published_Date_or_Year: 2021 # Published_Title: Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: 17 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 703-719 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The middle Miocene climate transition 14 Ma marks a fundamental step towards the current “ice-house” climate, with a 1‰ 18O increase and a 1‰ transient 13C rise in the deep ocean, indicating rapid expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet associated with a change in the operation of the global carbon cycle. The variation of atmospheric CO2 across the carbon-cycle perturbation has been intensely debated as proxy records of pCO2 for this time interval are sparse and partly contradictory. Using boron isotopes ( 11B) in planktonic foraminifers from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1092 in the South Atlantic, we show that long-term pCO2 varied at 402 kyr periodicity between 14.3 and 13.2 Ma and follows the global 13C variation remarkably well. This suggests a close link to precessional insolation forcing modulated by eccentricity, which governs the monsoon and hence weathering intensity, with enhanced weathering and decreasing pCO2 at high eccentricity and vice versa. The 50 kyr lag of 13C and pCO2 behind eccentricity in our records may be related to the slow response of weathering to orbital forcing. A pCO2 drop of 200 µatm before 13.9Ma may have facilitated the inception of icesheet expansion on Antarctica, which accentuated monsoondriven carbon cycle changes through a major sea-level fall, invigorated deep-water ventilation, and shelf-to-basin shift of carbonate burial. The temporary rise in pCO2 following Antarctic glaciation would have acted as a negative feedback on the progressing glaciation and helped to stabilize the climate system on its way to the late Cenozoic ice-house world. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Meteor Rise # Location: South Atlantic Ocean # Northernmost_Latitude: -46.41 # Southernmost_Latitude: -46.41 # Easternmost_Longitude: 7.08 # Westernmost_Longitude: 7.08 # Elevation_m: -1973 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: ODP1092 # First_Year: 14400000 # Last_Year: 13100000 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: other, carbon dioxide # Notes: Isotopic ratio of boron (d11B) of the surface-dwelling foraminifera Glogbigerina bulloides to reconstruct surface ocean pH and atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the middle Miocene #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty_neg_ppm Name_of_individual_entering_the_data Contact_email Reference_of_the_data_product DOI_link_to_reference Site_(DSDP/ODP/IODP_or_other_site_number) Hole Core Section top_cm bottom_cm core_depth_below_seafloor_(meters,_specify_CSF-A_or_CSF-B_where_applicable,_original_IODP_record)a core_composite_depth_below_seafloor_(meters,_CCSF)a reference_for_composite_depth Location_(e.g.,_Atlantic,_Carribbean,_South_China_Sea_etc.) Modern_Latitude_(decimal_degree,_south_negative) Modern_Longitude_(decimal_degree,_west_negative) Paleo_Latitude_(decimal_degree,_south_negative) Paleo_Longitude_(decimal_degree,_west_negative) Modern_elevation_(m),_below_sea_level_negative Paleo_elevation_(m),_below_sea_level_negative reference_and_Method_to_determine_Paleo_position notes_about_any_flags_in_the_studied_core_section Age_(ka) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_Age_uncertainty_pos_(ka) 2s_Age_uncertainty_neg_(ka) Age_Scale_(GTS_20XX) age_method_(nannofossil_biostratigraphy,_radiolaria,_magnetic_polarity,_radiometric_etc.) reference_to_age_model,_if_different_from_primary_reference_of_data_set Age_(ka) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_Age_uncertainty_pos_(ka) 2s_Age_uncertainty_neg_(ka) Age_Scale_(GTS_20XX) age_method_(nannofossil_biostratigraphy,_radiolaria,_magnetic_polarity,_radiometric_etc.) reference_to_age_model,_if_different_from_primary_reference_of_data_set foraminifer_species_analyzed foraminifer_size_class_(µm) number_of_foraminifera_shells_per_sample_ total_sample_weight_(mg) Reference_for_sample__cleaning_procedure Boron_separation_method_(e.g.,_column_chemistry,_microsublimation) analytical_Method_(e.g.,_MC-ICP-MS,_P-TIMS,_N-TIMS_etc) d11B_of_individual_replicate_measurements_of_the_same_solution;_separate_by_commas N_number_of_replicates 2se_of_replicates d11B_(‰,_average_of_replicates) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_specify_whether_uncertainty_is_presented_as_standard_deviation_or_standard_error) 2s_uncertainty_(report_internal_or_external_reproducibility,_whichever_is_larger) slope_value type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution) 2s_uncertainty intercept_value type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution) 2s_uncertainty Reference_for_calibration_slope Notes_(e.g.,_shell_size_corrected?) d11Bborate_(‰) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution) 2s_uncertainty notes_about_uncertainty_estimate:_e.g.,_included_calibration_slope_and_intercept Error_propagation_method depth_habitat_(m) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty_(if_+/-_range_is_used,_it_should_be_separated_with_a_comma,_e.g._i,ii,_for_+i,_-ii) temperature_(°C) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_temperature_pos_(°C) 2s_temperature_neg_(°C) Mg/Ca_of_individual_replicate_measurements;_separate_replicates_by_commas Mg/Ca__(mmol/mol,_average_of_replicates) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_Mg_uncertainty_pos_(mmol/mol) 2s_Mg/Ca_uncertainty_neg_(mmol/mol) temperature_calibration_equation reference_for_temperature_calibration_equation Mg/Casw_correction Mg/Casw_correction__reference_ salinity_correction_(list_reference_if_applied) dissolution_correction_(list_reference_if_applied) pH_correction_(list_reference_if_applied) proxy_value_of_individual_replicate_measurements;_separate_replicates_by_commas average_proxy_value_(please_specify_units) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty_(if_+/-_range_is_used,_it_should_be_separated_with_a_comma,_e.g._i,ii,_for_+i,_-ii) temperature_calibration_equation_ reference_for_temperature_calibration_equation used_same_sample_material_as_for_d11B_analyses?_If_not,_provide_details Salinity_(unit-less) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty method_of_salinity_estimation_(list_reference_if_applicable) [Ca]_(mmol/kg) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference_for_[Ca]_of_seawater_value_ [Mg]_(mmol/kg) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference_for_[Mg]_of_seawater_value [SO4]_(mmol/kg) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference_for_[SO4]_of_seawater_value [B]T_(µmol/kg) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference_for_[B]T_value d11Bsw_(‰) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference__for_d11Bsw reference_for_pKB_and_for_correction_of_major_ion_composition,_if_applied reference_for_pressure_effect_on_pKB value_for_aB3-B4_ type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty reference_for_aB3-B4 equation_for_temperature_correction_of_aB3-B4_(if_applied) reference_for_temperature_correction_of_aB3-B4_(if_applied) CO2_calculation_program_and_version,_e.g._CO2SYS,_seacarb,_other_(please_specify) reference_for_pK0_and_for_correction_of_major_ion_composition,_if_applied reference_for_pK1_and_for_correction_of_major_ion_composition,_if_applied reference_for_pK2_and_for_correction_of_major_ion_composition,_if_applied reference_for_pKHSO4 reference_for_pKspcalcite_and_pKsparagonite_and_for_correction_of_major_ion_composition,_if_applied reference_for_pressure_effect_on_pKspcalcite_and_pKsparagonite Parameter_used_(e.g.,_alkalinity,_DIC,_[CO32-] Method_for_deriving_2nd_parameter_(e.g.,_CCD,_W,_LOSCAR,_GENIE,_code_can_be_submitted_as_supplement) Reference_for_second_parameter_(if_not_primary_reference_of_data_set) central_value_(µmol/kg) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty_pos_(µmol/kg) 2s_uncertainty_neg_(µmol/kg) Wcalcite_(if_used_as_a_constraint) type_of_uncertainty_(e.g.,_set_value,_normal_distribution,_+/-_range) 2s_uncertainty_pos 2s_uncertainty_neg pH modern_reference_pH_scale_(e.g.,_total_scale,_seawater_scale) 2s_uncertainty_pos 2s_uncertainty_neg Aqueous_pCO2_(µatm) Air-sea_pCO2_disequilibrium_(µatm) Notes_about_air-sea_disequilibrium:_what_is_the_estimate_based_on;_are_there_assumptions_on_seasonality?_ bAtmospheric_pCO2_(i.e._after_correction_for_any_modern_air-sea_disequilibrium,_µatm) 2s_pCO2_uncertainty_pos 2s_pCO2_uncertainty_neg Error_propagation_method_(code_can_be_provided_in_supplement) parameters_included_in_the_error_propagation_(e.g.,_calibration_uncertainty,_d11Bsw,_T,_S,_second_parameter_of_the_carbonate_system) cAlkalinity_(µmol/kg,_if_not_used_as_an_input_parameter) 2s_alkalinity_uncertainty_pos 2s_alkalinity_uncertainty_neg DIC_(µmol/kg,_if_not_used_as_an_input_parameter 2s_DIC_uncertainty_pos 2s_DIC_uncertainty_neg Wcalcite,_if_not_used_as_an_input_parameter 2s_uncertainty_Wcalcite_pos 2s_uncertainty_Wcalcite_neg Waragonite,_if_not_used_as_an_input_parameter 2s_uncertainty_Waragonite_pos 2s_uncertainty_Waragonite_neg boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13187 NA NA 318 79 79 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 2 130 132 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13187 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.39, 12.24, 12.71 3 0.27 12.45 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.47 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.56 normal distribution 0.84 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 10.11 set value 1 1 NA 1.77 normal distribution 0.0177 0.0177 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2019 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.6 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.076 0.089 0.089 NA NA NA 318 79 79 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13221 NA NA 302 67 67 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 20 22 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13221 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.43, 12.67, 12.48 3 0.17 12.53 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.63 normal distribution 0.73 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.26 set value 1 1 NA 1.65 normal distribution 0.0165 0.0165 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2020 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.096 0.078 0.078 NA NA NA 302 67 67 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13237 NA NA 307 66 66 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 40 42 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13237 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.89, 12.67, 12.62 3 0.17 12.73 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.81 normal distribution 0.70 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.25 set value 1 1 NA 1.89 normal distribution 0.0189 0.0189 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2021 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.8 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.09 0.074 0.074 NA NA NA 307 66 66 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13250 NA NA 342 83 83 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 60 62 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13250 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.33, 12.22, 12.49 3 0.17 12.35 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.47 normal distribution 0.80 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.26 set value 1 1 NA 1.96 normal distribution 0.0196 0.0196 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2022 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.8 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.049 0.087 0.087 NA NA NA 342 83 83 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13313 NA NA 339 78 78 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 80 82 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13313 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.47, 12.71, 12.40 3 0.19 12.53 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.33 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.63 normal distribution 0.74 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 12.52 set value 1 1 NA 2.1 normal distribution 0.021 0.021 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2023 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.053 0.081 0.081 NA NA NA 339 78 78 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13374 NA NA 338 87 87 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 100 102 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13374 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.70, 12.32, 12.23 3 0.29 12.42 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.5 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.53 normal distribution 0.86 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.62 set value 1 1 NA 1.98 normal distribution 0.0198 0.0198 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2024 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.6 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.054 0.091 0.091 NA NA NA 338 87 87 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13434 NA NA 325 67 67 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 120 122 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13434 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.71, 12.89, 12.61 3 0.17 12.74 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.82 normal distribution 0.70 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 13.03 set value 1 1 NA 2.13 normal distribution 0.0213 0.0213 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2025 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.6 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.07 0.071 0.071 NA NA NA 325 67 67 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13481 NA NA 317 64 64 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 3 140 142 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13481 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.91, 12.96, 12.73 3 0.17 12.87 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.94 normal distribution 0.67 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 13.46 set value 1 1 NA 2.15 normal distribution 0.0215 0.0215 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2026 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.08 0.069 0.069 NA NA NA 317 64 64 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13529 NA NA 295 53 53 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 0 2 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13529 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 13.13, 12.88, 13.16 3 0.18 13.06 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.31 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 15.12 normal distribution 0.61 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 12.9 set value 1 1 NA 2.03 normal distribution 0.0203 0.0203 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2027 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.106 0.059 0.059 NA NA NA 295 53 53 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13571 NA NA 386 116 116 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 9 11 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13571 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.26, 11.89, 11.75 3 0.30 11.97 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.52 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.12 normal distribution 0.95 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.78 set value 1 1 NA 2.06 normal distribution 0.0206 0.0206 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2028 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.2 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.005 0.11 0.11 NA NA NA 386 116 116 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13614 NA NA 326 74 74 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 19 21 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13614 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.77, 12.35, 12.49 3 0.25 12.54 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.43 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.64 normal distribution 0.77 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.5 set value 1 1 NA 1.91 normal distribution 0.0191 0.0191 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2029 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.1 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.069 0.08 0.08 NA NA NA 326 74 74 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13657 NA NA 420 145 145 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 29 31 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13657 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.51, 11.28, 11.64 3 0.21 11.48 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.37 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 13.67 normal distribution 1.01 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.33 set value 1 1 NA 1.85 normal distribution 0.0185 0.0185 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2030 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.97 0.13 0.13 NA NA NA 420 145 145 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13700 NA NA 383 138 138 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 39 41 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13700 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.86, 11.35, 11.85 3 0.33 11.69 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.58 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 13.86 normal distribution 1.12 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.15 set value 1 1 NA 1.77 normal distribution 0.0177 0.0177 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2031 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.005 0.133 0.133 NA NA NA 383 138 138 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13738 NA NA 452 169 169 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 49 51 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13738 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.51, 11.27, 11.23 3 0.18 11.34 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.31 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 13.54 normal distribution 1.13 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.88 set value 1 1 NA 1.96 normal distribution 0.0196 0.0196 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2032 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.942 0.142 0.142 NA NA NA 452 169 169 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13778 NA NA 374 113 113 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 59 61 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13778 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.99, 11.81, 12.22 3 0.24 12.01 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.41 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.15 normal distribution 0.97 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 10.92 set value 1 1 NA 1.95 normal distribution 0.0195 0.0195 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2033 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.016 0.111 0.111 NA NA NA 374 113 113 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13797 NA NA 397 126 126 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 69 71 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13797 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.83, 11.56, 11.73 3 0.17 11.71 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 13.88 normal distribution 0.96 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.83 set value 1 1 NA 1.86 normal distribution 0.0186 0.0186 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2034 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.992 0.119 0.119 NA NA NA 397 126 126 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13816 NA NA 419 147 147 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 79 81 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13816 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.71, 11.32, 11.67 3 0.25 11.57 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.44 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 13.75 normal distribution 1.05 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 10.21 set value 1 1 NA 1.96 normal distribution 0.0196 0.0196 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2035 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.971 0.131 0.131 NA NA NA 419 147 147 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13836 NA NA 329 92 92 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 89 91 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13836 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.56, 12.01, 12.32 3 0.31 12.3 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.54 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.42 normal distribution 0.93 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 9.73 set value 1 1 NA 1.73 normal distribution 0.0173 0.0173 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2036 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.3 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.065 0.102 0.102 NA NA NA 329 92 92 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13855 NA NA 332 89 89 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 99 101 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13855 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.50, 12.21, 12.15 3 0.22 12.29 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.38 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.41 normal distribution 0.86 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 10.11 set value 1 1 NA 1.77 normal distribution 0.0177 0.0177 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2037 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.2 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.061 0.097 0.097 NA NA NA 332 89 89 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13874 NA NA 319 69 69 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 109 111 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13874 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.47, 12.74, 12.67 3 0.17 12.63 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.72 normal distribution 0.74 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.81 set value 1 1 NA 1.96 normal distribution 0.0196 0.0196 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2038 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.077 0.075 0.075 NA NA NA 319 69 69 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13903 NA NA 359 88 88 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 4 131 133 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13903 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.21, 12.08, 12.39 3 0.17 12.23 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.36 normal distribution 0.80 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 11.67 set value 1 1 NA 2.02 normal distribution 0.0202 0.0202 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2039 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.032 0.088 0.088 NA NA NA 359 88 88 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13952 NA NA 379 101 101 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 19 21 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13952 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.07, 12.40, 12.60 3 0.31 12.36 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.53 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.47 normal distribution 0.92 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 14.41 set value 1 1 NA 2.45 normal distribution 0.0245 0.0245 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2040 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.8 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.013 0.096 0.096 NA NA NA 379 101 101 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 13979 NA NA 449 141 141 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 39 41 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 13979 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 11.79, 12.16, 11.65 3 0.31 11.87 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.53 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.02 normal distribution 1.01 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 14.78 set value 1 1 NA 2.67 normal distribution 0.0267 0.0267 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2041 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.948 0.115 0.115 NA NA NA 449 141 141 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14020 NA NA 426 93 93 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 79 81 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14020 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.39, 12.59, 12.66 3 0.17 12.55 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.65 normal distribution 0.73 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.41 set value 1 1 NA 3.58 normal distribution 0.0358 0.0358 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2042 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.8 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.968 0.075 0.075 NA NA NA 426 93 93 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14044 NA NA 461 119 119 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 99 101 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14044 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.18, 12.30, 12.38 3 0.17 12.29 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.41 normal distribution 0.85 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.46 set value 1 1 NA 3.7 normal distribution 0.037 0.037 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2043 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.9 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.938 0.091 0.091 NA NA NA 461 119 119 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14079 NA NA 517 151 151 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 119 121 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14079 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.15, 12.11, 11.79 3 0.23 12.02 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.4 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.16 normal distribution 0.92 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 20.42 set value 1 1 NA 4.09 normal distribution 0.0409 0.0409 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2044 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.895 0.105 0.105 NA NA NA 517 151 151 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14097 NA NA 409 100 100 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 5 139 141 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14097 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.51, 12.50, 12.99 3 0.33 12.67 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.57 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.76 normal distribution 0.86 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.07 set value 1 1 NA 3.45 normal distribution 0.0345 0.0345 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2045 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.983 0.086 0.086 NA NA NA 409 100 100 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14114 NA NA 435 114 114 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 9 11 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14114 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.77, 12.22, 12.56 3 0.32 12.52 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.55 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.62 normal distribution 0.88 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.78 set value 1 1 NA 3.68 normal distribution 0.0368 0.0368 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2046 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.96 0.093 0.093 NA NA NA 435 114 114 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14130 NA NA 419 98 98 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 29 31 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14130 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.29, 12.45, 12.24 3 0.17 12.33 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.45 normal distribution 0.76 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 16.82 set value 1 1 NA 3 normal distribution 0.03 0.03 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2047 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.974 0.082 0.082 NA NA NA 419 98 98 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14146 NA NA 404 106 106 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 49 51 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14146 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.95, 12.75, 12.33 3 0.37 12.68 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.64 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.77 normal distribution 0.92 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 18.59 set value 1 1 NA 3.34 normal distribution 0.0334 0.0334 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2048 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.987 0.093 0.093 NA NA NA 404 106 106 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14168 NA NA 426 111 111 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 69 71 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14168 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.31, 12.33, 12.82 3 0.33 12.49 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.57 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.59 normal distribution 0.91 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 18.69 set value 1 1 NA 3.42 normal distribution 0.0342 0.0342 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2049 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.7 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.968 0.092 0.092 NA NA NA 426 111 111 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14194 NA NA 399 96 96 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 89 91 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14194 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.26, 12.56, 12.76 3 0.29 12.53 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.5 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.63 normal distribution 0.81 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 17.09 set value 1 1 NA 3 normal distribution 0.03 0.03 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2050 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.993 0.085 0.085 NA NA NA 399 96 96 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14216 NA NA 394 69 69 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 109 111 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14216 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 13.11, 13.22, 13.35 3 0.17 13.23 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.3 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 15.27 normal distribution 0.59 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 22.71 set value 1 1 NA 4.27 normal distribution 0.0427 0.0427 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2051 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.8 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 7.996 0.056 0.056 NA NA NA 394 69 69 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14239 NA NA 371 72 72 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 129 131 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14239 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.94, 13.25, 12.95 3 0.21 13.05 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.36 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 15.11 normal distribution 0.69 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.31 set value 1 1 NA 3.35 normal distribution 0.0335 0.0335 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2052 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.4 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.02 0.064 0.064 NA NA NA 371 72 72 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA boron isotopes Raitzsch 2021 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 14250 NA NA 384 84 84 Claudia Giulivi, Bärbel Hönisch claudiag@ldeo.columbia.edu, hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Bickert, T., Schulz, M., Holbourn, A. and Kučera, M., 2021. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations across the middle Miocene climate transition. Climate of the Past, 17(2), pp.703-719. 10.5194/cp-17-703-2021 ODP Site 1092 B 18 6 139 141 178-184 mcd NA NA South Atlantic, Meteor Rise -46.41 7.08 NA NA -1973 NA NA none 14250 NA NA NA NA orbital tuning revised from Kuhnert et al. (2009) to bring it in line with the astronomically tuned stable isotope record of the reference IODP Site U1338 (Holbourn et al., 2014). References: Kuhnert, H., Bickert, T., and Paulsen, H., 2009. Southern Ocean frontal system changes precede Antarctic ice sheet growth during the middle Miocene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 284, 630–638. Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Lyle, M., Schneider, L., Romero, O., and Andersen, N., 2014. Middle Miocene climate cooling linked to intensification of eastern equatorial Pacific upwelling, Geology, 42, 19–22. NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Globigerina bulloides 250–315 μm ~200 2.5 Barker, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H., 2003. A study of cleaning procedures used for foraminiferal Mg/Ca pa- leothermometry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 8407. Micro-distillation method, Raitzsch et al. (2018). Referece: Raitzsch, M., Bijma, J., Benthien, A., Richter, K.-U., Steinhoefel, G., and Kucera, M. 2018. Boron isotope-based seasonal paleo-pH reconstruction for the Southeast Atlantic – A multispecies appr MC-ICPMS 12.98, 13.06, 12.59 3 0.29 12.88 2 standard deviation from triplicate measurements, or the long-term uncertainty of a control standard (±0.30 ‰, n=48), whichever is larger. 0.5 1.09 normal distribution 0.65 -3.4171 normal distribution 11.77 Raitzsch et al. (2018), adjusted for lowetr d11Bsw following Greenop et al. (2019) adjusted for d11Bsw 14.95 normal distribution 0.79 propagated 2 sigma uncertainties of d11B_Cc and d11B_sw Monte Carlo 50 NA NA 19.01 set value 1 1 NA 3.35 normal distribution 0.0335 0.0335 T=LN((Mg/Ca)/0.474)/0.107 Mashiotta et al. (1999) H=0.41 Evans and Müller (2012) modified MgCaRB R script of Gray and Evans (2019) NA modified MgCaRB R script, Gray and Evans, 2053 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35.5 set value 1 Salinity was estimated by converting δ18Osw, derived from planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg / Ca temperatures (Shackleton, 1974), to salinity using a δ18Osw : salinity gradient of 1.1 ‰ (the change in δ18Osw per salinity unit). The relative salinity record was then adjusted by 17.2 to achieve post- glaciation values similar to today. Kuhnert et al. (2009) 13 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 42 NA NA Horita et al., 2002; Lowenstein et al., 2003; Timofeeff et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2013 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.8 set value 0.2 Pearson and Palmer, 2000; Foster et al., 2012; Raitzsch and Hönisch, 2013; Greenop et al., 2017 Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al (2006) NA NA seacarb, MgCaRB Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 Hain et al., 2014 NA Hain et al., 2014 Millero, 1995 Total Alkalinity constant set value Value used is in line with various carbon cycle model results Tyrrell and Zeebe, 2004; Ridgwell, 2005; Caves et al., 2016; Sosdian et al., 2018; Zeebe and Tyrrell, 2019 2000 set value 150 150 NA NA NA NA 8.006 0.074 0.074 NA NA NA 384 84 84 Monte Carlo calibration equation, δ11Bsw, pH, TA, temperature, and salinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA