# Paleo-pCO2 Database ODP1264 5 Million Year Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/25930 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/boron_isotopes_stap_2016.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2019-01-02 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database ODP1264 5 Million Year Boron Isotope and CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on marine sediment core ODP1264, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # Provided Keywords: boron isotopes, paleo-pCO2 # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Lennert B. Stap, Bas de Boer, Martin Ziegler, Richard Bintanja, Lucas J. Lourens, Roderik S.W. van de Wal # Published_Date_or_Year: 2016-04-01 # Published_Title: CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 439 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1-10 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 # Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X16000388 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: During the past five million yrs, benthic d18O records indicate a large range of climates, from warmer than today during the Pliocene Warm Period to considerably colder during glacials. Antarctic ice cores have revealed Pleistocene glacial-interglacial CO2 variability of 60-100 ppm, while sea level fluctuations of typically 125 m are documented by proxy data. However, in the pre-ice core period, CO2 and sea level proxy data are scarce and there is disagreement between different proxies and different records of the same proxy. This hampers comprehensive understanding of the long-term relations between CO2, sea level and climate. Here, we drive a coupled climate-ice sheet model over the past five million years, inversely forced by a stacked benthic d18O record. We obtain continuous simulations of benthic d18O, sea level and CO2 that are mutually consistent. Our model shows CO2 concentrations of 300 to 470 ppm during the Early Pliocene. Furthermore, we simulate strong CO2 variability during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. These features are broadly supported by existing and new d11B-based proxy CO2 data, but less by alkenone-based records. The simulated concentrations and variations therein are larger than expected from global mean temperature changes. Our findings thus suggest a smaller Earth System Sensitivity than previously thought. This is explained by a more restricted role of land ice variability in the Pliocene. The largest uncertainty in our simulation arises from the mass balance formulation of East Antarctica, which governs the variability in sea level, but only modestly affects the modeled CO2 concentrations. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research # Grant: 019.2009.2.310.057 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: ODP1264 # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>South Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: -28.53 # Southernmost_Latitude: -28.53 # Easternmost_Longitude: 2.85 # Westernmost_Longitude: 2.85 # Elevation: -2505 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Stap2016ODP1264boron # Earliest_Year: 6350000 # Most_Recent_Year: 538700 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Basic Info REFERENCE AND CONTACT INFORMATION SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AGE CONSTRAINTS ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATIONS VITAL EFFECT CALCULATED d11Bborate ACCESSORY INPUTS METHOD OF TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF TEMPERATURE RECONSTRUCTION SEAWATER COMPOSITION AQUEOUS BORON ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION PARAMETERIZATION OF CO2 CALCULATION SECOND PARAMETER OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM CALCULATED PARAMETERS OF THE CARBONATE SYSTEM alternative Age (in case different models are available) d11B (relative to SRM 951) d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration slope d11Bc/d11Bborate calibration intercept pressure (i.e. depth of foraminifer habitat) Temperature Mg/Ca e.g., Alkenone UK'37, TEX 86 Salinity [Ca] of seawater at S=35 [Mg] of seawater at S=35 [SO4] of seawater at S=35 [B]T of seawater at S=35 d11Bsw pKB aB3-B4 if applicable proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty_neg_ppm Name of individual entering the data Contact email Reference of the data product DOI link to reference Site (DSDP/ODP/IODP or other site number) Hole Core Section top cm bottom cm core depth below seafloor (meters, specify CSF-A or CSF-B where applicable, original IODP record)a core composite depth below seafloor (meters, CCSF)a reference for composite depth Location (e.g., Atlantic, Carribbean, South China Sea etc.) Modern Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Modern Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Paleo Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Paleo Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Modern elevation (m), below sea level negative Paleo elevation (m), below sea level negative reference and Method to determine Paleo position notes about any flags in the studied core section Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set Age (ka) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Age uncertainty pos (ka) 2s Age uncertainty neg (ka) Age Scale (GTS 20XX) age method (nannofossil biostratigraphy, radiolaria, magnetic polarity, radiometric etc.) reference to age model, if different from primary reference of data set foraminifer species analyzed foraminifer size class (µm) number of foraminifera shells per sample total sample weight (mg) Reference for sample cleaning procedure Boron separation method (e.g., column chemistry, microsublimation) analytical Method (e.g., MC-ICP-MS, P-TIMS, N-TIMS etc) d11B of individual replicate measurements of the same solution; separate by commas n of replicate measurements 2se of replicates ( [ 2* (sd/sqrt(n))] ) d11B (‰, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, specify whether uncertainty is presented as standard deviation or standard error) 2s uncertainty (report internal or external reproducibility, whichever is larger) slope value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty intercept value type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty Reference for calibration slope Notes (e.g., shell size corrected?) d11Bborate (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution) 2s uncertainty notes about uncertainty estimate: e.g., included calibration slope and intercept Error propagation method depth habitat (m) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty temperature (°C) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s temperature pos (°C) 2s temperature neg (°C) Mg/Ca of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas Mg/Ca (mmol/mol, average of replicates) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s Mg uncertainty pos (mmol/mol) 2s Mg/Ca uncertainty neg (mmol/mol) temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation Mg/Casw correction Mg/Casw correction reference salinity correction (list reference if applied) dissolution correction (list reference if applied) pH correction (list reference if applied) proxy value of individual replicate measurements; separate replicates by commas average proxy value (please specify units) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty temperature calibration equation reference for temperature calibration equation used same sample material as for d11B analyses? If not, provide details Salinity (unit-less) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty method of salinity estimation (list reference if applicable) [Ca] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Ca] of seawater value [Mg] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [Mg] of seawater value [SO4] (mol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [SO4] of seawater value [B]T (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for [B]T value d11Bsw (‰) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for d11Bsw reference for pKB and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKB value for aB3-B4 type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty reference for aB3-B4 equation for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) reference for temperature correction of aB3-B4 (if applied) CO2 calculation program and version, e.g. CO2SYS, seacarb, other (please specify) reference for pK0 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK1 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pK2 and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pKHSO4 reference for pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite and for correction of major ion composition, if applied reference for pressure effect on pKspcalcite and pKsparagonite Parameter used (e.g., alkalinity, DIC, [CO32-] Method for deriving 2nd parameter (e.g., CCD, W, LOSCAR, GENIE, code can be submitted as supplement) Reference for second parameter (if not primary reference of data set) central value (µmol/kg) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos (µmol/kg) 2s uncertainty neg (µmol/kg) Wcalcite (if used as a constraint) type of uncertainty (e.g., set value, normal distribution, +/- range) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg pH pH scale reported (e.g., total scale, seawater scale) 2s uncertainty pos 2s uncertainty neg Aqueous pCO2 (µatm) Air-sea pCO2 disequilibrium (µatm) Notes about air-sea disequilibrium: what is the estimate based on; are there assumptions on seasonality? bAtmospheric pCO2 (i.e. after correction for any modern air-sea disequilibrium, µatm) 2s pCO2 uncertainty pos 2s pCO2 uncertainty neg Error propagation method (code can be provided in supplement) parameters included in the error propagation (e.g., calibration uncertainty, d11Bsw, T, S, second parameter of the carbonate system) cAlkalinity (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter) 2s alkalinity uncertainty pos 2s alkalinity uncertainty neg DIC (µmol/kg, if not used as an input parameter 2s DIC uncertainty pos 2s DIC uncertainty neg Wcalcite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Wcalcite pos 2s uncertainty Wcalcite neg Waragonite, if not used as an input parameter 2s uncertainty Waragonite pos 2s uncertainty Waragonite neg Additional Notes boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 539 NA NA 162 11 10 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-10 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 4 6 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 539 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 21.16 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2015 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 21.05 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.53 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.33 total scale NA NA 162 NA NA 162 11 10 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 542 NA NA 281 21 19 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-11 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 7 8 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 542 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 19.20 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2016 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 18.70 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.53 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.14 total scale NA NA 281 NA NA 281 21 19 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 596 NA NA 163 11 10 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-12 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 22 23 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 596 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 21.14 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2017 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 21.03 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.53 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.33 total scale NA NA 163 NA NA 163 11 10 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 620 NA NA 169 11 10 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-13 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 620 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 20.99 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2018 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 20.85 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.52 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.31 total scale NA NA 169 NA NA 169 11 10 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 758 NA NA 175 23 20 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-14 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 89 91 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 758 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 20.86 standard error 0.54 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2019 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 20.70 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.50 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.30 total scale NA NA 175 NA NA 175 23 20 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 819 NA NA 152 10 9 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-15 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 119 121 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 819 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 21.37 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2020 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 21.31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.50 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.35 total scale NA NA 152 NA NA 152 10 9 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 859 NA NA 168 11 10 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-16 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 1 137 138 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 859 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 20.99 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2021 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 20.85 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.49 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.31 total scale NA NA 168 NA NA 168 11 10 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 945 NA NA 183 12 11 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-17 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 2 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 945 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 20.67 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2022 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 20.47 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.48 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.29 total scale NA NA 183 NA NA 183 12 11 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1820 NA NA 250 18 16 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-18 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 1 6 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 1820 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 19.50 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2023 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 19.06 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.36 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.18 total scale NA NA 250 NA NA 250 18 16 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 2736 NA NA 274 53 43 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-19 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 2 4 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 2736 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 19.11 standard error 0.70 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2024 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 18.59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.23 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.15 total scale NA NA 274 NA NA 274 53 43 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 2887 NA NA 481 48 42 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-20 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 2 5 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 2887 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.35 standard error 0.31 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2025 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 16.49 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.21 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.95 total scale NA NA 481 NA NA 481 48 42 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 3041 NA NA NA NA NA Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-28 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 2 6 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 3041 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 16.76 standard error 0.98 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2034 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined; data considered outlier by original study boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 3215 NA NA 423 36 32 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-21 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 2 7 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 3215 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.68 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2026 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 16.89 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.16 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.00 total scale NA NA 423 NA NA 423 36 32 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 3659 NA NA 357 32 28 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-22 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 3 4 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 3659 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 18.15 standard error 0.31 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2027 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 17.45 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.10 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.06 total scale NA NA 357 NA NA 357 32 28 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 3887 NA NA 507 46 41 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-23 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 3 5 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 3887 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.11 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2028 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 16.20 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.07 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.93 total scale NA NA 507 NA NA 507 46 41 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 4100 NA NA 380 31 28 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-24 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 3 6 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 4100 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.93 standard error 0.28 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2029 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 17.18 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.04 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.04 total scale NA NA 380 NA NA 380 31 28 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 4199 NA NA NA NA NA Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-27 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 3 7 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 4199 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 15.44 standard error 0.37 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2033 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined; data considered outlier by original study boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 5185 NA NA 433 57 48 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-25 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 6 1 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 5185 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.42 standard error 0.42 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2030 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 16.57 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 38.88 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.99 total scale NA NA 433 NA NA 433 57 48 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined boron isotopes Stap 2016 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 6350 NA NA 332 29 26 Bärbel Hönisch hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu Stap, L.B., de Boer, B., Ziegler, M., Bintanja, R., Lourens, L.J. and van de Wal, R.S.W. (2016) CO2 over the past 5 million years: Continuous simulation and new d11B-based proxy data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 439, 1-26 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.022 1264 A 7 3 32 34 NA NA NA South Atlantic, Walvis Ridge -28.53 2.85 NA NA -2507 NA NA NA 6350 NA NA NA NA tuned to LR04 Bell et al. (2014) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA G. sacculifer 250-355 µm 50-90 NA Barker et al. (2003) none N-TIMS NA NA NA 17.98 standard error 0.31 0.834 NA NA 3.6 NA Martínez-Botí et al. 2031 d11B data were corrected for shell size (+2.25‰) and the N-TIMS/MC-ICP-MS offset (-0.9‰), i.e. by +1.35‰ in total 17.24 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Dekens e al. (2012) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 36 set value 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 38.72 NA NA linear interpolation between modern value and Miocene estimate of Foster et al. (2012) NA NA 1.0272 NA NA Klochko et al. (2006) none Klochko et al. (2006) NA NA NA NA NA NA NA alkalinity assumed NA 2300 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.06 total scale NA NA 332 NA NA 332 29 26 NA d11B only; including other parameters these authors estimated an average uncertainty of +/- 70 ppm NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA all d11B data analyzed under the assumption that the foraminifera contained 7 ppm B; B concentration was assumed but not specifically determined