# Paleo-pCO2 Database Early Cenozoic Liverwort-Bryocarb CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23250 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/fletcher2008liverwort.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2017-12-17 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Early Cenozoic Liverwort-Bryocarb CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Royer, D.L. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Liverwort-Bryocarb paleo-CO2 data from Fletcher et al. 2008 and Royer et al. 2012 contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # Data were measured but not reported in the original paper; revised and reported in Royer et al., 2012. # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format # # Additional references: # Fletcher, B.J., Beerling, D.J., and Chaloner, W., 2004, Stable carbon isotopes and the metabolism of the terrestrial Devonian organism Spongiophyton: Geobiology, v. 2, p. 107-119. # Fletcher, B.J., Beerling, D.J., Brentnall, S.J., and Royer, D.L., 2005, Fossil bryophytes as recorders of ancient CO2 levels: experimental evidence and a Cretaceous case study: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 19, GB3012. # Fletcher, B.J., Brentnall, S.J., Quick, W.P., and Beerling, D. J., 2006, BRYOCARB: A process-based model of thallose liverwort carbon isotope fractionation in response to CO2, O2, light and temperature: Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, v. 70, p. 5676-5691. # Kowalczyk, J. B., Royer, D. L., Miller, I. M., Anderson, C. W., Beerling, D. J., Franks, P. J., Grein, M., Konrad, W., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Bowring, S. A., Johnson, K. R., and Ramezani, J., 2018, Multiple proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 from an early Paleocene rainforest: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 33, p. 1427-1438. # Royer, D.L., Donnadieu, Y., Park, J., Kowalczyk, J., and Godderis, Y., 2014, Error analysis of CO2 and O2 estimates from the long-term geochemical model GEOCARBSULF: American Journal of Science, v. 314, p. 1259-1283. # Tipple, B.J., Meyers, S.R., and Pagani, M., 2010, Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO2: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies: Paleoceanography, v. 25, p. PA3202. # van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., de Groot, L.V., van Schaik, S.J., Sluijs, A., Bijl, P.K., Spakman, W., Langereis, C.G., and Brinkhuis, H., 2015, A paleolatitude calculator for paleoclimate studies: PLOS ONE, v. 10, e0126946. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Benjamin J. Fletcher, Stuart J. Brentnall, Clive W. Anderson, Robert A. Berner, David J. Beerling # Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-01-01 # Published_Title: Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked with Mesozoic and early Cenozoic climate change # Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience # Volume: 1 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 43-48 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/ngeo.2007.29 # Online_Resource: https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo.2007.29 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate in the Quaternary period has been extensively investigated, but the role of CO2 in temperature changes during the rest of Earth's history is less clear. The range of geological evidence for cool periods during the high CO2 Mesozoic 'greenhouse world' of high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, indicated by models and fossil soils, has been particularly difficult to interpret. Here, we present high-resolution records of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic atmospheric CO2 concentrations from a combination of carbon-isotope analyses of non-vascular plant (bryophyte) fossils and theoretical modelling. These records indicate that atmospheric CO2 rose from ~420 p.p.m.v. in the Triassic period (about 200 million years ago) to a peak of ~1,130 p.p.m.v. in the Middle Cretaceous (about 100 million years ago). Atmospheric CO2 levels then declined to ~680 p.p.m.v. by 60 million years ago. Time-series comparisons show that these variations coincide with large Mesozoic climate shifts, in contrast to earlier suggestions of climate-CO2 decoupling during this interval. These reconstructed atmospheric CO2 concentrations drop below the simulated threshold for the initiation of glaciations on several occasions and therefore help explain the occurrence of cold intervals in a 'greenhouse world'. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: D.L. ROYER, M. PAGANI and D.J. BEERLING # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012-7-01 # Published_Title: Geobiological constraints on Earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic # Journal_Name: Geobiology # Volume: 10 # Edition: # Issue: 4 # Pages: 298-310 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x # Online_Resource: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x/abstract # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Earth system climate sensitivity (ESS) is the long-term (>10e3 year) response of global surface temperature to doubled CO2 that integrates fast and slow climate feedbacks. ESS has energy policy implications because global temperatures are not expected to decline appreciably for at least 10e3 year, even if anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions drop to zero. We report provisional ESS estimates of 3C or higher for some of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic based on paleo-reconstructions of CO2 and temperature. These estimates are generally higher than climate sensitivities simulated from global climate models for the same ancient periods (approximately 3C). Climate models probably do not capture the full suite of positive climate feedbacks that amplify global temperatures during some globally warm periods, as well as other characteristic features of warm climates such as low meridional temperature gradients. These absent feedbacks may be related to clouds, trace greenhouse gases (GHGs), seasonal snow cover, and/or vegetation, especially in polar regions. Better characterization and quantification of these feedbacks is a priority given the current accumulation of atmospheric GHGs. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Global # Location: Geographic Region>Global # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 90 # Southernmost_Latitude: -90 # Easternmost_Longitude: 180 # Westernmost_Longitude: -180 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Fletcher2008Liverwort # Earliest_Year: 58400000 # Most_Recent_Year: 51900000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # "INPUT PARAMETERS (see Kowalczyk et al. 2018 for details): The ""_err"" input should be +/-1 standard error of the mean. If this value is unknown, the error can be estimated as some fraction of the mean (e.g., 5%)." References: "Fletcher, B. J., Beerling, D. J., and Chaloner, W., 2004, Stable carbon isotopes and the metabolism of the terrestrial Devonian organism Spongiophyton: Geobiology, v. 2, p. 107-119." "Fletcher, B. J., Beerling, D. J., Brentnall, S. J., and Royer, D. L., 2005, Fossil bryophytes as recorders of ancient CO2 levels: experimental evidence and a Cretaceous case study: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 19, GB3012." "Fletcher, B. J., Brentnall, S. J., Quick, W. P., and Beerling, D. J., 2006, BRYOCARB: A process-based model of thallose liverwort carbon isotope fractionation in response to CO2, O2, light and temperature: Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, v. 70, p. 5676-5691." "Fletcher, B. J., Brentnall, S. J., Anderson, C. W., Berner, R. A., and Beerling, D. J., 2008, Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked with Mesozoic and early Cenozoic climate change: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 43-48." "Kowalczyk, J. B., Royer, D. L., Miller, I. M., Anderson, C. W., Beerling, D. J., Franks, P. J., Grein, M., Konrad, W., Roth-Nebelsick, A., Bowring, S. A., Johnson, K. R., and Ramezani, J., 2018, Multiple proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 from an early Paleocene rainforest: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 33, p. 1427-1438." "Royer, D. L., Donnadieu, Y., Park, J., Kowalczyk, J., and Godderis, Y., 2014, Error analysis of CO2 and O2 estimates from the long-term geochemical model GEOCARBSULF: American Journal of Science, v. 314, p. 1259-1283." "Tipple, B. J., Meyers, S. R., and Pagani, M., 2010, Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO2: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies: Paleoceanography, v. 25, p. PA3202." "van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., de Groot, L. V., van Schaik, S. J., Sluijs, A., Bijl, P. K., Spakman, W., Langereis, C. G., and Brinkhuis, H., 2015, A paleolatitude calculator for paleoclimate studies: PLOS ONE, v. 10, e0126946." measured carbon isotope composition of liverwort tissue (per mil) standard error on above (per mil) sample size and/or description for calculating d13Cpl. "correction to be applied to d13Cpl for diagenesis (per mil) (e.g., Fletcher et al., 2004)" uncertainty on above (per mil) sample size and/or description for calculating diag_err. "atmospheric CO2 carbon isotope composition (per mil) (e.g., Tipple et al., 2010)" uncertainty on above (per mil) sample size and/or description for calculating d13Catm_err. correction to be applied to d13Catm for canopy effects (per mil). Should be 0 for open environments. uncertainty on above (per mil) sample size and/or description for calculating d13Catm_corr_err. slope of linear Ca-resistance relation (m^2 s/mol/ppm); see Table S3 in Fletcher et al. (2008): the first column is appropriate for liverworts with pores and the second column for liverworts without pores uncertainty on above (m^2 s/mol/ppm) sample size and/or description for calculating p1_err. y-intercept of linear Ca-resistance relation (m^2 s/mol); see Table S3 in Fletcher et al. (2008): the first column is appropriate for liverworts with pores and the second column for liverworts without pores uncertainty on above (m^2 s/mol) sample size and/or description for calculating p0_err. maximum rate of carboxylation by Rubisco (umol/m^2/s); see Table S3 in Fletcher et al. (2008): the first column is appropriate for liverworts with pores and the second column for liverworts without pores uncertainty on above (umol/m^2/s) sample size and/or description for calculating vm_err. dark respiration rate (umol/m^2/s); see Table S3 in Fletcher et al. (2008): the first column is appropriate for liverworts with pores and the second column for liverworts without pores uncertainty on above (umol/m^2/s) sample size and/or description for calculating rd_err. estimate of paleotemperature (K) uncertainty on above (K) sample size and/or description for calculating temp_err. "paleo-atmospheric oxygen concentration (ppm) (e.g., Royer et al., 2014)" uncertainty on above (ppm) sample size and/or description for calculating o2_err. age of liverwort (Myrs) uncertainty on above (Myrs) "paleolatitude of liverwort's growth site (decimal degrees) (e.g., van Hinsbergen et al., 2015)" uncertainty on above (degrees) estimate of average cloud cover (unitless) uncertainty on above sample size and/or description for calculating cloud_err. estimate of Leaf Area Index (unitless) uncertainty on above sample size and/or description for calculating LAI_err. "attenuation coefficient, k (unitless)" uncertainty on above sample size and/or description for calculating atten_err. proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka pCO2_µatm pCO2_uncertainty_pos_µatm pCO2_uncertainty__neg_µatm person who entered data date of data entry general notes Citation doi "Sample name" Family Genus Species "Sample repository" "Geologic Formation" Stratigraphic level Age (Ma) "Age uncertainty, old (Ma)" "Age uncertainty, young (Ma)" Age scale (GTS20XX) How was age determined? "Latitude, present-day (decimal degrees)" "Longitude, present-day (decimal degrees)" Estimated CO2 (ppm) CO2 type CO2 low (ppm) CO2 high (ppm) What is the uncertainty range? What is the distribution of the uncertainties? d13Cpl d13Cpl_err N_d13Cpl_err diag_corr diag_err N_diag_err d13Catm d13Catm_err N_d13Catm_err d13Catm_corr d13Catm_corr_err N_d13Catm_corr_err p1 p1_err N_p1_err p0 p0_err N_p0_err vm vm_err N_vm_err rd rd_err N_rd_err temp temp_err N_temp_err o2 o2_err N_o2_err age age_err latitude lat_err cloud cloud_err N_cloud_err LAI LAI_err N_LAI_err attenuation atten_err N_atten_err liverwort Fletcher 2008 10.1038/ngeo.2007.29 and 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x 51900 4100 4100 1967 1534 875 Dana L. Royer Jun-17 "Inputs measured but CO2 not reported in Fletcher et al., 2008; Inputs revised and CO2 reported in Royer et al., 2010 Geobiology 10: 298-310 doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x)" "measured by not reported in Fletcher, B. J., Brentnall, S. J., Anderson, C. W., Berner, R. A., and Beerling, D. J., 2008, Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked with Mesozoic and early Cenozoic climate change: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 43-48. Revised and reported in Royer, D. L., Pagani, M., and Beerling, D. J., 2012, Geobiological constraints on Earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic: Geobiology, v. 4, p. 298-310." 10.1038/ngeo.2007.29 and 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x Paleocene Marchantites Marchantiaceae Marchantites N/A "Alexei B Herman, Russian Academy of Sciences" N/A Ypresian 51.9 56 47.8 GTS2012 Biostratigraphy (Ypresian stage) N/A N/A 1967 median 1092 3501 "2.5 and 97.5 percentiles; the ""with pores"" model is used because present-day Marchantia has fixed pores" right skewed -28.5 0.11 3 fossils -3.5 N/A N/A -5.96 N/A "Age model of Tipple et al. (2010, Paleoceanography, v. 25, PA3202)" -1.5 N/A N/A 0.011 5.00E-04 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 28.39 0.49 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 22.86 1.81 N/A 0.36 0.11 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 307.65 1 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 189000 1000 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 51.9 4.1 N/A N/A 0.55 N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); no error is assumed; the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 201 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1 N/A N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 201 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1 0.5 N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); no error is assumed; the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 201 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1 liverwort Fletcher 2008 10.1038/ngeo.2007.29 58400 2600 2600 683 199 201 Dana L. Royer Jun-17 N/A "Fletcher, B. J., Brentnall, S. J., Anderson, C. W., Berner, R. A., and Beerling, D. J., 2008, Atmospheric carbon dioxide linked with Mesozoic and early Cenozoic climate change: Nature Geoscience, v. 1, p. 43-48." 10.1038/ngeo.2007.29 Selandian-Thanetian unknown liverwort N/A N/A Smithsonian Museum of Natural History N/A Selandian-Thanetian 58.4 61 55.8 GTS2004 Biostratigraphy (Selandian-Thanetian stages) N/A N/A 683 median 482 882 "2.5 and 97.5 percentiles; estimated CO2 is the mean of the ""with pores"" and ""no pores"" model medians because the taxonomy of the fossil is unknown; the percentiles comes from the ""with pores"" model because they are wider than that from the ""no pores"" model" right skewed -23.16 0.22 5 fossils -2.35 N/A N/A -4.13 N/A see Table 1 in Fletcher et al. (2008) 0 N/A N/A 0.011 5.00E-04 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 28.39 0.49 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) "22.86 for ""with pores"" model; 10 for ""no pores"" model" "1.81 for ""with pores"" model; ?? for ""no pores"" model" N/A 0.36 0.11 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 300.15 1 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 194000 1000 Taken from Fletcher et al. (2008) 58.8 2.6 N/A N/A 0.55 N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); no error is assumed; the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 204 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1 N/A N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 204 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1 0.5 N/A taken from Fletcher et al. (2008); no error is assumed; the combined calculated forest-floor irradiance is 204 +/- 25 umol m-2 s-1