# Paleo-pCO2 Database 400 Million Year Paleosol CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23770 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/ekart1999paleosol.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-03-28 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database 400 Million Year Paleosol CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Breecker, D.; Kohn, M.; Nordt, L.; Schaller, M.; Tabor, N.; Caves, J.; Sheldon, N.; Snell, K.; Bowen, G. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 derived from paleosols for the past 415 million years, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Douglas D. Ekart, Thure E. Cerling, Isabel P. Montanez, and Neil J. Tabor # Published_Date_or_Year: 1999-12-01 # Published_Title: A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate; implications for paleoatomospheric carbon dioxide # Journal_Name: American Journal of Science # Volume: 299 # Edition: # Issue: 10 # Pages: 805-827 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.2475/ajs.299.10.805 # Online_Resource: http://www.ajsonline.org/content/299/10/805.citation # Full_Citation: # Abstract: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Global # Location: Global # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 90 # Southernmost_Latitude: -90 # Easternmost_Longitude: 180 # Westernmost_Longitude: -180 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Ekart1999paleosol # Earliest_Year: 415000000 # Most_Recent_Year: 3000000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Data Sources Contextual Information Measured Values Derived Values Other measurements/observations CO2 estimates proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty__neg_ppm Name Contact Citation Publication Year DOI Additional citations/doi Explanation of additional citations/doi Sample ID Rock formation name Site latitude Site longitude Stratigraphic level Age Age_max Age_min Reference(s) for age d13Ccc d13Ccc uncertainty n d13Ccc Reference for d13Ccc d13Coccluded om d13Coccluded om uncertainty n d13Coccluded om d13Cbulk paleosol om d13Cbulk paleosol om uncertainty n d13Cbulk paleosol om Reference for d13Com d13Cenamel d13Cenamel uncertainty n d13Cenamel Reference for d13Cenamel D47 D47 uncertainty n D47 Reference for D47 analytical method and corrections Depth to carbonate horizon Burial Depth SiO2 SiO2 uncertainty TiO2 TiO2 uncertainty Al2O3 Al2O3 uncertainty Fe2O3 Fe2O3 uncertainty MnO MnO uncertainty MgO MgO uncertainty CaO CaO uncertainty Na2O Na2O uncertainty K2O K2O uncertainty P2O5 P2O5 uncertainty ZrO2 ZrO2 uncertainty n geochemical analyses d13Cr d13Cr approach d13Cr reference(s) d13Cr uncertainty d13Ca d13Ca approach d13Ca reference(s) d13Ca uncertainty Temperature of calcium carbonate formation Temperature estimation approach Temperature uncertainty Reference for D47 - temperature calibration Reference(s) for other temperature approach d13Cs d13Cs reference(s) d13Cs uncertainty Uncompacted depth to carbonate horizon Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) MAP uncertainty MAP approach MAP reference(s) "Component of soil pore space CO2 from respiraiton, i.e. S(z)" S(z) approach S(z) uncertainty Soil horizon for organic matter Soil order Soil depth Depth of carbonte sample in horizon Soil texture (Grain size) Carbonate type Calcite spar (large crystals) avoided? Soil horizon for organic matter Depth of om sample in soil horizon Organic matter type Method of removal of calcium carbonate prior to om analysis Defining features for soil order designation Analyzed for bulk geochemistry? Bulk geochem type Atmospheric CO2 mean Atmospheric CO2 median Atmospheric CO2 uncertainty Atmopsheric CO2_97.5 percentile Atmopsheric CO2_2.5 percentile error propagation method variables considered in error propagation Notes reported + error in original publication in ppm reported - error in original publication ppm Name of person entering data email address published reference of data Year of publication DOI link to reference Additional publications that are part of the dataset Explanation for each additional publications link to the dataset (m) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) ±2s (‰ PDB) (‰) ±2s (‰ PDB) (cm) (m) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) wt% ± 2s stdev (wt%) (‰ PDB) (‰ PDB) (°C) (°C) (‰ PDB) (cm) (mm) (mm) ppm ppm "A, B, C, etc." (cm) (cm) "e.g., nodules, rhizoliths, clast coatings" Yes/No Yes/No which elements were measured? ppmV ppmV ppmV ppmV ppmV approx reported atm CO2 uncertainty (considering 1 sigma on d13Ccc) Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.805 3000 NA NA 1170 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.805 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." source of isotope data NA Rhodes NA NA NA 3 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.8 2.6 6 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1170 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 750 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.806 5000 NA NA 810 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.806 NA Messinian NA NA NA 5 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.5 1.4 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 810 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 350 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.807 6000 NA NA 730 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.807 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." source of isotope data NA Mytilini NA NA NA 6 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.6 1.6 7 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 730 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 400 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.808 7000 NA NA 370 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.808 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " source of isotope data NA Dhok Pathan NA NA NA 7 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.4 3.0 13 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -19.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 370 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.809 9000 NA NA 510 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.809 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " source of isotope data NA Nagri NA NA NA 9 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.0 1.4 13 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 510 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.810 10000 NA NA 1120 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.810 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." source of isotope data NA Mea Messimbria NA NA NA 10 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.7 1.8 8 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1120 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 500 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.811 10000 NA NA 1170 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.811 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." source of isotope data NA Pikermi NA NA NA 10 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.6 0.6 2 "Quade, J., Solounias, N., & Cerling, T. E. (1994). Stable isotopic evidence from paleosol carbonates and fossil teeth in Greece for forest or woodlands over the past 11 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108(1-2), 41-53." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1170 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.812 13000 NA NA 740 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.812 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " source of isotope data NA Chinji NA NA NA 13 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.4 0.6 11 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 740 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.813 13000 NA NA 440 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.813 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " source of isotope data NA Kamlia NA NA NA 13 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.1 1.8 6 "Quade, J., & Cerling, T. E. (1995). Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 91-116.; " NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 440 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 400 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.814 14000 NA NA -220 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.814 "Cerling, T. E., Quade, J., Ambrose, S. H., & Sikes, N. E. (1991). Fossil soils, grasses, and carbon isotopes from Fort Ternan, Kenya: grassland or woodland?. Journal of Human Evolution, 21(4), 295-306." source of isotope data NA Fort Ternan NA NA NA 14 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -11.8 2.6 10 "Cerling, T. E., Quade, J., Ambrose, S. H., & Sikes, N. E. (1991). Fossil soils, grasses, and carbon isotopes from Fort Ternan, Kenya: grassland or woodland?. Journal of Human Evolution, 21(4), 295-306." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -20.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA -220 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 450 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.815 21000 NA NA 780 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.815 NA Huete NA NA NA 21 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.3 1.0 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 780 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.816 25000 NA NA 1470 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.816 T.E. Cerling and B.J. McFadden unpublished data source of isotope data NA Salla NA NA NA 25 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.0 2.0 5 T.E. Cerling and B.J. McFadden unpublished data NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1470 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 600 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.817 45000 NA NA 1950 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.817 NA Claron NA NA NA 45 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.9 1.0 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1950 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 350 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.818 55000 NA NA 820 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.818 "Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., & Dettman, D. L. (1995). Stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of the Paleogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 61-89." source of isotope data NA Willwood NA NA NA 55 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.5 1.2 33 "Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., & Dettman, D. L. (1995). Stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of the Paleogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 61-89." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 820 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.819 55000 NA NA -60 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.819 "Cerling, T. E. (1992). Use of carbon isotopes in paleosols as an indicator of the P (CO2) of the paleoatmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6(3), 307-314." source of isotope data NA Willwood NA NA NA 55 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.6 2.0 49 "Cerling, T. E. (1992). Use of carbon isotopes in paleosols as an indicator of the P (CO2) of the paleoatmosphere. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6(3), 307-314." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -19.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA -60 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 350 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.820 55000 NA NA -20 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.820 "Sinha, A., & Stott, L. D. (1994). New atmospheric pCO2 estimates from palesols during the late Paleocene/early Eocene global warming interval. Global and Planetary Change, 9(3-4), 297-307." source of isotope data NA Argiles Plastiques Bariolées NA NA NA 55 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.5 3.0 6 "Sinha, A., & Stott, L. D. (1994). New atmospheric pCO2 estimates from palesols during the late Paleocene/early Eocene global warming interval. Global and Planetary Change, 9(3-4), 297-307." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -19.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA -20 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 550 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.821 57000 NA NA 1070 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.821 "Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., & Dettman, D. L. (1995). Stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of the Paleogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 61-89." source of isotope data NA Fort Union/Willwood NA NA NA 57 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.0 2.2 56 "Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., & Dettman, D. L. (1995). Stable isotope stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of the Paleogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 115(1-4), 61-89." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1070 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 600 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.822 57000 NA NA 460 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.822 "Sinha, A., & Stott, L. D. (1994). New atmospheric pCO2 estimates from palesols during the late Paleocene/early Eocene global warming interval. Global and Planetary Change, 9(3-4), 297-307." source of isotope data NA Argiles Plastiques Bariolées NA NA NA 57 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.3 2.2 18 "Sinha, A., & Stott, L. D. (1994). New atmospheric pCO2 estimates from palesols during the late Paleocene/early Eocene global warming interval. Global and Planetary Change, 9(3-4), 297-307." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 460 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 500 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.823 65000 NA NA -90 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.823 NA Javelina/Black Peaks NA NA NA 65 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.9 1.2 31 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.8 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.8 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -19.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA -90 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 200 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.824 66000 NA NA 820 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.824 NA North Horn NA NA NA 66 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.8 0.8 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.8 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.8 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 820 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 200 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.825 67000 NA NA 430 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.825 NA Javelina NA NA NA 67 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.7 1.0 36 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 430 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 200 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.826 67000 NA NA 630 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.826 NA Provence NA NA NA 67 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.2 0.6 8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 630 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.827 68000 NA NA 60 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.827 "Andrews, J. E., Tandon, S. K., & Dennis, P. F. (1995). Concentration of carbon dioxide in the Late Cretaceous atmosphere. Journal of the Geological Society, 152(1), 1-3." source of isotope data NA Lameta Beds NA NA NA 68 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.7 1.6 11 "Andrews, J. E., Tandon, S. K., & Dennis, P. F. (1995). Concentration of carbon dioxide in the Late Cretaceous atmosphere. Journal of the Geological Society, 152(1), 1-3." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -19.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 60 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 2000 10.2475/ajs.299.10.828 68000 NA NA 720 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.828 "Ghosh, P., Bhattacharya, S. K., & Jani, R. A. (1995). Palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation in central India during the Upper Cretaceous based on stable isotope composition of the palaeosol carbonates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 114(2-4), 285-296." source of isotope data NA Lameta Beds NA NA NA 68 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.1 2.0 19 "Ghosh, P., Bhattacharya, S. K., & Jani, R. A. (1995). Palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation in central India during the Upper Cretaceous based on stable isotope composition of the palaeosol carbonates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 114(2-4), 285-296." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 720 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 500 Paleosols Ekark 2001 10.2475/ajs.299.10.829 75000 NA NA 2950 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.829 NA Two Medicine NA NA NA 75 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.0 1.6 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2950 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 700 Paleosols Ekark 2002 10.2475/ajs.299.10.830 80000 NA NA 1260 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.830 NA Kaiparowitz NA NA NA 80 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.4 1.4 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1260 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 400 Paleosols Ekark 2003 10.2475/ajs.299.10.831 108000 NA NA 1750 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.831 "Cerling, T. E. (1991). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosls. American Journal of Science, 291(4), 377-400." source of isotope data NA Proctor Lake NA NA NA 108 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.1 3.0 5 "Cerling, T. E. (1991). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: evidence from Cenozoic and Mesozoic paleosls. American Journal of Science, 291(4), 377-400." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.8 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.8 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1750 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1000 Paleosols Ekark 2004 10.2475/ajs.299.10.832 115000 NA NA 2260 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.832 NA Cloverly NA NA NA 115 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.3 0.6 7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2260 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 2005 10.2475/ajs.299.10.833 115000 NA NA 2710 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.833 NA Cedar Mountain NA NA NA 115 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.7 1.8 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2710 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 800 Paleosols Ekark 2006 10.2475/ajs.299.10.834 115000 NA NA 2690 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.834 NA Kootenai NA NA NA 115 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.8 2.6 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2690 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1150 Paleosols Ekark 2007 10.2475/ajs.299.10.835 120000 NA NA 1480 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.835 NA Glance NA NA NA 120 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.5 1.2 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.8 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.8 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1480 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 350 Paleosols Ekark 2008 10.2475/ajs.299.10.836 150000 NA NA 3180 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.836 NA Morrison NA NA NA 150 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.2 2.0 63 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 3180 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1000 Paleosols Ekark 2009 10.2475/ajs.299.10.837 175000 NA NA 4560 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.837 NA Kayenta NA NA NA 175 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -4.5 1.0 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -13.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 4560 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 2010 10.2475/ajs.299.10.838 177000 NA NA 1920 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.838 NA Aztec NA NA NA 177 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.3 0.2 2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1920 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 50 Paleosols Ekark 2011 10.2475/ajs.299.10.839 205000 NA NA 3010 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.839 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." source of isotope data NA McCoy Brook NA NA NA 205 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.9 1.0 4 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 3010 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 450 Paleosols Ekark 2012 10.2475/ajs.299.10.840 210000 NA NA 3160 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.840 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." source of isotope data NA New Haven Arkose NA NA NA 210 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.6 3.4 5 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.1 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.1 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 3160 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1750 Paleosols Ekark 2013 10.2475/ajs.299.10.841 220000 NA NA 1650 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.841 NA Chinle NA NA NA 220 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.0 3.0 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1650 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1000 Paleosols Ekark 2014 10.2475/ajs.299.10.842 220000 NA NA 1830 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.842 NA Dolores NA NA NA 220 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.7 0.4 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1830 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 2015 10.2475/ajs.299.10.843 220000 NA NA 2850 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.843 I.P. Montañez and J.T. Parrish unpublished data source of isotope data NA Ischigualasto NA NA NA 220 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.4 2.2 6 I.P. Montañez and J.T. Parrish unpublished data NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2850 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1000 Paleosols Ekark 2016 10.2475/ajs.299.10.844 225000 NA NA 2060 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.844 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." source of isotope data NA Wolfville NA NA NA 225 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.4 0.8 3 "Suchecki, R. K., Hubert, J. F., & De Wet, C. C. B. (1988). Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 58(5)." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2060 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 2017 10.2475/ajs.299.10.845 234000 NA NA 710 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.845 "Purvis, K., & Wright, V. P. (1991). Calcretes related to phreatophytic vegetation from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone of south west England. Sedimentology, 38(3), 539-551." source of isotope data NA Otter Sandstone NA NA NA 234 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.8 1.6 6 "Purvis, K., & Wright, V. P. (1991). Calcretes related to phreatophytic vegetation from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone of south west England. Sedimentology, 38(3), 539-551." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 710 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 400 Paleosols Ekark 2018 10.2475/ajs.299.10.846 234000 NA NA 610 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.846 NA Otter Sandstone NA NA NA 234 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.0 1.0 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.7 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.7 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 610 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 2019 10.2475/ajs.299.10.847 251000 NA NA 1000 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.847 NA Quartermaster NA NA NA 251 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.4 0.4 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.9 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.9 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1000 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 100 Paleosols Ekark 2020 10.2475/ajs.299.10.848 273000 NA NA 2380 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.848 NA Clear Fork Group NA NA NA 273 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -4.8 1.4 15 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -13.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2380 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 550 Paleosols Ekark 2021 10.2475/ajs.299.10.849 275000 NA NA 3160 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.849 NA Organ Rock NA NA NA 275 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -3.9 1.8 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -12.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 3160 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 900 Paleosols Ekark 2022 10.2475/ajs.299.10.850 276000 NA NA 2080 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.850 NA Woggonner Ranch NA NA NA 276 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.2 1.8 22 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5000 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2080 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 2023 10.2475/ajs.299.10.851 279000 NA NA 2840 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.851 NA "Petrolia, upper" NA NA NA 279 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -4.3 1.2 6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -13.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5001 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2840 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 550 Paleosols Ekark 2024 10.2475/ajs.299.10.852 284000 NA NA 440 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.852 NA "Petrolia, lower" NA NA NA 284 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.2 2.8 13 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5002 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 440 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 600 Paleosols Ekark 2025 10.2475/ajs.299.10.853 285000 NA NA 4690 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.853 NA Cedar Mesa NA NA NA 285 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -2.6 1.8 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.5 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.5 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -11.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5003 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 4690 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1300 Paleosols Ekark 2026 10.2475/ajs.299.10.854 290000 NA NA 1980 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.854 "Mack, G. H., Cole, D. R., Giordano, T. H., Schaal, W. C., & Barcelos, J. H. (1991). Paleoclimatic controls on stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in caliche of the Abo Formation (Permian), south-central New Mexico, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 61(4)." source of isotope data NA Abo NA NA NA 290 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.3 3.2 8 "Mack, G. H., Cole, D. R., Giordano, T. H., Schaal, W. C., & Barcelos, J. H. (1991). Paleoclimatic controls on stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in caliche of the Abo Formation (Permian), south-central New Mexico, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 61(4)." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5004 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1980 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1150 Paleosols Ekark 2027 10.2475/ajs.299.10.855 290000 NA NA 1730 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.855 NA Abo NA NA NA 290 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.7 2.0 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.4 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5005 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1730 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 2028 10.2475/ajs.299.10.856 292000 NA NA 2960 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.856 NA Halgaito NA NA NA 292 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -4.0 0.2 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -12.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5006 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2960 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 100 Paleosols Ekark 2029 10.2475/ajs.299.10.857 293000 NA NA 150 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.857 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Dunkard NA NA NA 293 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.7 0.8 5 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5007 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 150 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 2030 10.2475/ajs.299.10.858 294000 NA NA 60 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.858 NA Nocona NA NA NA 294 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.9 6.0 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5008 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 60 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1200 Paleosols Ekark 2031 10.2475/ajs.299.10.859 296000 NA NA -370 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.859 NA Archer City NA NA NA 296 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -10.1 1.4 16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5009 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA -370 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 200 Paleosols Ekark 2032 10.2475/ajs.299.10.860 302000 NA NA 1470 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.860 "Kenny, R., & Neet, K. E. (1993). Upper Pennsylvanian-Permian (Naco Group) paleosols (north-central Arizona): field and isotopic evidence. Geoderma, 58(3-4), 131-148." source of isotope data NA Naco Group NA NA NA 302 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.7 1.6 11 "Kenny, R., & Neet, K. E. (1993). Upper Pennsylvanian-Permian (Naco Group) paleosols (north-central Arizona): field and isotopic evidence. Geoderma, 58(3-4), 131-148." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5010 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1470 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 500 Paleosols Ekark 2033 10.2475/ajs.299.10.861 303000 NA NA 1520 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.861 NA Fountain NA NA NA 303 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.6 0.8 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5011 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1520 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 2034 10.2475/ajs.299.10.862 305000 NA NA 650 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.862 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Conemaugh NA NA NA 305 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.2 1.2 8 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5012 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 650 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 2035 10.2475/ajs.299.10.863 325000 NA NA 790 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.863 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Pennington NA NA NA 325 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.0 1.0 3 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5013 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 790 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 2036 10.2475/ajs.299.10.864 326000 NA NA 540 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.864 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Hinton NA NA NA 326 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.6 1.6 5 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.1 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.1 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5014 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 540 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 350 Paleosols Ekark 2037 10.2475/ajs.299.10.865 327000 NA NA 860 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.865 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Mauch Chunk NA NA NA 327 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.0 1.0 5 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -22.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -4.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5015 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 860 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 250 Paleosols Ekark 2038 10.2475/ajs.299.10.866 343000 NA NA 1310 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.866 "Muchez, P., Peeters, C., Keppens, E., & Viaene, W. A. (1993). Stable isotopic composition of paleosols in the Lower Viséan of eastern Belgium: Evidence of evaporation and soil-gas CO2. Chemical geology, 106(3-4), 389-396." source of isotope data NA Terwagne NA NA NA 343 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.1 1.0 2 "Muchez, P., Peeters, C., Keppens, E., & Viaene, W. A. (1993). Stable isotopic composition of paleosols in the Lower Viséan of eastern Belgium: Evidence of evaporation and soil-gas CO2. Chemical geology, 106(3-4), 389-396." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -15.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5016 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1310 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 300 Paleosols Ekark 2039 10.2475/ajs.299.10.867 345000 NA NA 2060 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.867 NA Clifton Down Mudstone NA NA NA 345 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -6.0 1.8 4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.2 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.2 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5017 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2060 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 2040 10.2475/ajs.299.10.868 352000 NA NA 1110 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.868 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Maccrady NA NA NA 352 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -7.6 2.4 9 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -16.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5018 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1110 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 650 Paleosols Ekark 2041 10.2475/ajs.299.10.869 363000 NA NA 470 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.869 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA "Catskill, Duncannon" NA NA NA 363 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.8 0.6 12 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.1 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.1 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -18.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5019 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 470 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 150 Paleosols Ekark 2042 10.2475/ajs.299.10.870 365000 NA NA 920 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.870 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA "Catskill, Sherman Creek" NA NA NA 365 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -9.0 0.2 5 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -24.3 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -6.3 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5020 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 920 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 50 Paleosols Ekark 2043 10.2475/ajs.299.10.871 380000 NA NA 1560 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.871 NA Old Red Sandstone NA NA NA 380 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -8.7 0.4 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -25.1 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -7.1 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -17.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5021 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 1560 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 100 Paleosols Ekark 2044 10.2475/ajs.299.10.872 415000 NA NA 2980 NA NA Dan Breecker/Ying Cui breecker@jsg.utexas.edu; cuiy@montclair.edu "Ekart, D. D., Cerling, T. E., Montanez, I. P., & Tabor, N. J. (1999). A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science, 299(10), 805-827." 1999 10.2475/ajs.299.10.872 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." source of isotope data NA Bloomsburg NA NA NA 415 NA NA "Harland, W. B. (1990). A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press; Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K., & Wang, W. (1998). U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 280(5366), 1039-1045; Rasbury, E. T., Hanson, G. N., Meyers, W. J., Holt, W. E., Goldstein, R. H., & Saller, A. H. (1998). U-Pb dates of paleosols: Constraints on late Paleozoic cycle durations and boundary ages. Geology, 26(5), 403-406." -5.3 2.4 9 "Mora, C. I., Driese, S. G., & Colarusso, L. A. (1996). Middle to late Paleozoic atmospheric CO2 levels from soil carbonate and organic matter. Science, 271(5252), 1105-1107." NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -23.6 18‰ lower than d13Ca "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA -5.6 8‰ lower than contemporaneous marine carbonates "Veizer J, Ala D, Azmy K, Bruckschen P, Buhl D, Bruhn F, Carden GA, Diener A, Ebneth S, Godderis Y, Jasper T. 87Sr/86Sr, ?13C and ?18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater. Chemical geology. 1999 Sep 30;161(1-3):59-88." NA 25 estimate of average monthly T for subtropical and max monthly T for temperate climates NA NA NA -14.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5022 representative value based on modern surface soils NA NA NA NA NA nodules and/or rhizoliths Yes NA NA NA NA NA No NA 2980 NA NA NA NA consider +/- 1s on d13Ccc value d13Ccc 1150