# Paleo-pCO2 Database: Early Miocene CO2 reconstructions of Inner Mongolia #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/36777 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-forcing-36777.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Forcing # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: carbon cycle, Atmospheric Gas Reconstruction #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/stomata_franks_liang_2022b.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; CO2 Reconstruction Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2022-08-30 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2022-09-01 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database: Early Miocene CO2 reconstructions of Inner Mongolia #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Liang, Jia-qi; Leng, Qin; Xiao, Liang; Hofig, Daianne; Royer, Dana; Zhang, Yi.; Yang, Hong #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: paleo-CO2 reconstructions from leaf gas exchange proxy #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022 # Published_Title: Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau # Journal_Name: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology # Volume: 305 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 10473 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The early Miocene (~16–23 Ma) marks a critical transition in the Earth climate history from an Oligocene (~23–34 Ma) cooling trend towards the well-documented warm middle Miocene Climate Optimum at ~ 15 Ma. In eastern Asia, this transition links changes of key topographic features, such as the Tibetan plateau and the Mongolian plateau, and their impact on the reorganization of climate systems, such as the Eastern Asian summermonsoon. Yet the dynamics of the interplay among these factors remain poorly understood, precluding our understanding of future climate changes. Global temperatures during the early Miocene were warmer than the present day by 3–4 °C, which are seemingly incompatible with both the low (<300 ppm) and high (>800 ppm) ends of presently available reconstructions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here we report a rare co-occurrence of two redwoods, Metasequoia and Sequoia, from sediments of the early Miocene Hannuoba Formation in Zhuozi County in China’s Inner Mongolia at the southeastern margin of the current Mongolian plateau. The Zhuozi Metasequoia fossils possess uneven type cuticles, which dominate its living population but have rarely been reported throughout the abundant fossil record of this genus. By applying wellconstrained Franksmodel parameters obtained fromthese redwood fossils using a cleared leaf epidermis method, we estimated the earlyMiocene CO2 level at ~400 ppm, putting it at the lower end of the model requirement for sustaining a relatively warm global temperature during this period. Our Franks model estimates are ~100 ppm higher than that obtained using stomatal index method based on Metasequoia material, further confirming a systematic underestimation of ancient CO2 using the Metasequoia stomatal index method reported in previous analyses. We recommend a re-examination of previous CO2 reconstructions solely based upon Metasequoia’s inverse relationship between stomatal index and CO2 concentrations. Ultimately, the occurrence of these redwood fossils in Inner Mongolia is consistent with a weak or muted Eastern Asian summer monsoon in the region with the absence of an elevated Mongolian plateau during the early Miocene. A shift of moisture sources for the region accompanying the change from a Westerlies-dominated climate to the present-day monsoondominated climate system occurred after the early Miocene time. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Hannuoba Formation # Location: Mongolia # Northernmost_Latitude: 40.7619 # Southernmost_Latitude: 40.7619 # Easternmost_Longitude: 112.8392 # Westernmost_Longitude: 112.8392 # Elevation_m: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: mongolia_franks_liang2022 # First_Year: 21090000 # Last_Year: 21090000 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty_neg_ppm person who entered data email of individual entering the data reference of the data product doi "Sample Name" Family Genus Species "Sample repository" "Geologic Formation" Stratigraphic Level Age (Ma) Age uncertainty, old (Ma) Age uncertainty, young (Ma) Age scale (GTS20XX) How was age determined? Modern Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Modern Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Paleo Latitude (decimal degree, south negative) Paleo Longitude (decimal degree, west negative) Estimated atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppm) CO2 type CO2 low (ppm) CO2 high (ppm) What is the CO2 range ("low" and "high")? What is the distribution of the uncertainties? "Counting Method (Image, microscope)" "Counting box dimensions (µm × µm)" Dab eDab N_eDab Dad eDad N_eDad GCLab eGCLab N_eGCLab GCLad eGCLad N_eGCLad GCWab eGCWab N_eGCWab GCWad eGCWad N_eGCWad d13Cp ed13Cp N_ed13Cp d13Ca ed13Ca N_ed13Ca CO2_0 A0 eA0 N_eA0 CiCa0 eCiCa0 N_eCiCa0 gb egb N_egb s1 es1 N_es1 s2 es2 N_es2 s3 es3 N_es3 s4 es4 N_es4 s5 es5 N_es5 fixed_A b d.v. gamma temp stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 403 62 56 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Metasequoia ELS-18-61 Cupressaceae Metasequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 403 median 347 465 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope 0.16 mm^2 84173621.32 0 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 5.05923E-05 1.09125E-06 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 1.46506E-05 5.10629E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf -24.57 0.114084692 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.64 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "deciduous gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25 stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 416 71 61 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Metasequoia ELS-18-181 Cupressaceae Metasequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 416 median 355 487 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope 0.04 mm^2 114830000 0 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 3.73092E-05 1.1247E-06 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 1.25932E-05 2.69815E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf -24.57 0.114084692 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.64 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "deciduous gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25 stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 451 76 66 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Metasequoia ELS-19-148 Cupressaceae Metasequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 451 median 385 527 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope 0.06 mm^2 80767500 0 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 4.88939E-05 6.91327E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 1.87308E-05 3.26082E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf -24.57 0.114084692 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.64 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "deciduous gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25 stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 452 89 73 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Sequoia ELS-18-27 Cupressaceae Sequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 452 median 379 541 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope NA 83103930 0 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 0.00005299 1.67003E-06 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 1.90364E-05 7.14007E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf -25.39 0.4 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.66 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "evergreen gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25 stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 381 66 55 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Sequoia ELS-18-201 Cupressaceae Sequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 381 median 326 447 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope NA 95937660 0 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 5.70231E-05 9.29884E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf 1.57196E-05 2.66269E-07 1 leaf 0 0 1 leaf -25.39 0.4 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.66 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "evergreen gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25 stomata-franks Liang 2022 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 21090 1740 1740 343 57 47 Dana Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu Liang, J., Leng, Q., Xiao, L., Höfig, D. F., Royer, D. L., Zhang, Y. G., and Yang, H., 2022, Early Miocene redwood fossils from Inner Mongolia: CO2 reconstructions and paleoclimate effects of a low Mongolian plateau: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 305, p. 104743, doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743. 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2022.104743 Sequoia ELS-19-87 Cupressaceae Sequoia sp. Geological Museum at Chang’an University, Xi’an, China Hannuoba Formation NA 21.09 22.83 19.35 NA Combination of radiometric ages (multiple K-Ar dates) and biostratigraphy NA NA NA NA 343 median 296 400 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles right-skewed microscope NA 65465200 0 1 leaf 63265060 0 1 leaf 5.37888E-05 1.39213E-06 1 leaf 4.90435E-05 1.0635E-06 1 leaf 1.39565E-05 3.5331E-07 1 leaf 1.38765E-05 2.84498E-07 1 leaf -25.39 0.4 1 leaf -5.93 0.25 Isotope model of Tipple et al. (2010; 10.1029/2009PA001851) NA 10 1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) and Table 3 of Reichgelt & D'Andrea (2019; doi: 10.1111/nph.15914) 0.66 0 from Table S1 in Kowalczyk et al. (2018) for "evergreen gymnosperms in an evergreen warm mixed forest (EWMF) biome" 2 0.1 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.6 0 generic value from Franks et al. (2014) 1 0.05 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.5 0.025 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.2 0.01 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean 0.013 0.00065 generic value from Franks et al. (2014); 1 sigma error is 5% of mean yes 30 0.000940096 40 25