# Paleo-pCO2 Database Early Paleocene Multiproxy CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26130 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/kowalczyk2018stomata_konrad.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2019-02-07 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-02-25 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Early Paleocene Multiproxy CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Kowalczyk, J.B.; Royer, D.L. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Multiproxy paleo-CO2 data from Kowalczyk et al. 2018, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # File updated February 2020 - new Paleo-pCO2 Database format # # Additional references: # Konrad, W; Roth-Nebelsick, A; Grein, M; 2008, Modelling of stomatal density response to atmospheric CO2,Journal of Theoretical Biology,253,4,638-658 # Grein, M; Konrad, W; Wilde, V; Utescher, T; Roth-Nebelsick, A; 2011, Reconstruction of atmospheric CO 2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,309,3,383-391 # #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Jennifer B. Kowalczyk, Dana L. Royer, Ian M. Miller, Clive W. Anderson, David J. Beerling, Peter J. Franks, Michaela Grein, Wilfried Konrad, Anita Roth-Nebelsick, Samuel A. Bowring, Kirk R. Johnson, Jahandar Ramezani # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018-12-01 # Published_Title: Multiple Proxy Estimates of Atmospheric CO2 From an Early Paleocene Rainforest # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 33 # Edition: # Issue: 12 # Pages: 1427-1438 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2018PA003356 # Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018PA003356 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 are necessary to reconstruct Earth's climate history. Confidence in paleo-CO2 estimates can be increased by comparing results from multiple proxies at a single site, but so far this strategy has been implemented only for marine-based techniques. Here we present CO2 estimates for the well-studied early Paleocene Castle Rock site in Colorado using four paleobotanical proxies. Median estimates range from 470 to 813 ppm, demonstrating fair correspondence. The synthesis yields a median of 616 ppm (352-1110 ppm at 95% confidence), considerably higher than previous early Paleocene CO2 estimates (~300 ppm). Ash bed geochronology by the high-precision U-Pb method places the Castle Rock assemblage at 63.844 ± 0.097 Ma (fully propagated 2sigma error). When these results are placed into the broader context of other Cenozoic CO2 estimates from plant-gas-exchange approaches and coeval estimates of global mean surface temperature, a pattern emerges of an Earth system sensitivity around 3C per CO2 doubling during the Paleocene and Eocene, a time with little land ice, then steepening to >7C after the Eocene once land ice was present on Antarctica. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Castle Rock # Location: North America>United States Of America>Colorado # Country: United States Of America # Northernmost_Latitude: 39.38 # Southernmost_Latitude: 39.38 # Easternmost_Longitude: -104.85 # Westernmost_Longitude: -104.85 # Elevation: 1897 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Kowalczyk2018stomata_Konrad # Earliest_Year: 64000000 # Most_Recent_Year: 63600000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # REFERENCE AND CONTACT INFORMATION SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION AGE CONSTRAINTS TAXONOMIC INFORMATION COUNTING STOMATAL AND OTHER ANATOMICAL DATA d13C DATA BIOCHEMICAL DATA FROM EXTANT RELATIVE SPECIES PALEOCLIMATE INPUT DATA RESULTS proxy first_author_last_name publication_year doi age_ka Age_uncertainty_pos_ka Age_uncertainty_neg_ka CO2_ppm CO2_uncertainty_pos_ppm CO2_uncertainty__neg_ppm Name of individual entering the data Contact email Reference of the data product DOI link to reference Citation Sample namea "Sample Repository" Location "Geologic Formation" Stratigraphic level Age (Ma) "Age uncertainty, old (Ma)" "Age uncertainty, young (Ma)" Age scale (GTS20XX) How was age determined? "Latitude, present-day (decimal degrees)" "Longitude, present-day (decimal degrees)" Family Genus Species "Counting Method (Image, microscope)" "Counting box dimensions (µm × µm)" Number of countsa Stomatal density SD [1/mm2] 2s uncertainty Stomatal pore length SL [µm] 2s uncertainty Stomatal pore depth [µm] (derived from guard cell width) 2s uncertainty Maximum aperture width [µm] derived from pore length/2 2s uncertainty Thickness of assimilating tissue [µm] own measurements or estimation from literatureb if own measurements: 2s uncertainty Reference for thickness of assimilating tissue Porosity of leaf tissueb [-] Reference for porosity of leaf tissue Tortuosity of leaf tissueb [-] Reference for tortuosity of leaf tissue Leaf length estimated [mm] d13C atmosphere calculated from marine carbonates [‰] Reference for d13C atmosphere calculated from marine carbonates d13C plant material [‰] 2s uncertainty Ci/Ca from d13C [-] 2s uncertainty Mean q (=Vcmax) [µmol*m-2*s-1] range of values as derived from literatureb Min q (=Vcmax) [µmol*m-2*s-1] Max q (=Vcmax) [µmol*m-2*s-1] References for q Rd25 [µmol*m-2*s-1] as derived from literatureb Reference for Rd25 Paleoclimate reconstruction used for estimating air temperature range during vegetation period Reference for method for estimating air temperature range during vegetation period Mean T of vegetation period [°C] range of values as derived from paleoclimate reconstruction Min T of vegetation period [°C] Max T of vegetation period [°C] Paleoclimate reconstruction used for estimating relative humidity during vegetation period Reference for relative humidity Mean relative humidity of vegetation period [%] Min relative humidity of vegetation period [%] Max relative humidity of vegetation period [%] Wind speed [m/s] Estimation O2 of air [ppm] Reference for O2 CO2 mean from resulting CO2 range [ppm] Min CO2 [ppm] Max CO2 [ppm] stomata-konrad-OM Kowalczyk 2018 10.1029/2018PA003356 63800 200 200 746 412 274 Dana L Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu 10.1029/2018PA003356 "Kowalczyk JB, Royer DL, Miller IM, Anderson CW, Beerling DJ, Franks PJ, Grein M, Konrad W, Roth-Nebelsick A, Bowring SA, Johnson KR, Ramezani J. 2018. Multiple proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 from an early Paleocene rainforest. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33: 1427-1438." cf. Sassafras (CR 10) Denver Museum of Nature and Science Castle Rock Denver Formation "near the top of the ""D1"" sequence" 63.8 64 63.6 NA U/Pb geochronology of detrital zircon grains 39.38 -104.85 Lauraceae Sassafras NA microscope 448 x 334 4 leaves 230 12 9.6 1 11.9 2 4.8 0.5 89 10 "mean of Lauraceae in Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391" 0.33 "Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391" 1.571 "Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391" 78 -5 "Tipple et al., 2010 (10.1029/2009PA001851)" -25.47 0.82 0.73 NA 107.5 97.5 (minus two-sigma) 127.5 (plus two-sigma) value of q in extant Sassafras albidum that results in correct CO2 concentration 0.29 "Kloeppel, B. D., M. D. Abrams, and M. E. Kubiske (1993), Seasonal ecophysiology and leaf morphology of four successional Pennsylvania barrens species in open versus understory environments, Can J Forest Res, 23, 181-189." leaf-margin analysis "Ellis, B., K. R. Johnson, and R. E. Dunn (2003), Evidence for an in situ early Paleocene rainforest from Castle Rock, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Geology, 38, 73-100." 21.8 18.8 (minus two-sigma) 24.8 (plus two-sigma) typical values from present-day rainforests "Richards, P. W. (1996), The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study, 2nd ed., 600 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK." 77 67 (minus two-sigma) 87 (plus two-sigma) 2.5 230000 "Royer, D. L., Y. Donnadieu, J. Park, J. Kowalczyk, and Y. Godderis (2014), Error analysis of CO2 and O2 estimates from the long-term geochemical model GEOCARBSULF, Am J Sci, 314, 1259-1283." 746 472 1158 95% percentile range from Monte Carlo simulations stomata-konrad-OM Kowalczyk 2018 10.1029/2018PA003356 63800 200 200 731 345 253 Dana L Royer droyer@wesleyan.edu 10.1029/2018PA003356 "Kowalczyk JB, Royer DL, Miller IM, Anderson CW, Beerling DJ, Franks PJ, Grein M, Konrad W, Roth-Nebelsick A, Bowring SA, Johnson KR, Ramezani J. 2018. Multiple proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 from an early Paleocene rainforest. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 33: 1427-1438." Ginkgo (CR 125) Denver Museum of Nature and Science Castle Rock Denver Formation "near the top of the ""D1"" sequence" 63.8 64 63.6 NA U/Pb geochronology of detrital zircon grains 39.38 -104.85 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo NA microscope 448 x 334 15 leaves 136 12 10.1 0.6 31 1.2 5.05 0.3 220 22 "Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391; Leigh, A., Zwieniecki, M. A., Rockwell, F. E., Boyce, C. K., Nicotra, A. B., and Holbrook, N. M., 2011, Structural and hydraulic correlates of heterophylly in Ginkgo biloba: New Phytologist, v. 189, p. 459-470." 0.35 "Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391" 1.571 "Grein M., Konrad W., Wilde V., Utescher T. & Roth-Nebelsick A. (2011) Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the early middle Eocene by application of a gas exchange model to fossil plants from the Messel Formation, Germany. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 309, 383-391" 51 -5 "Tipple et al., 2010 (10.1029/2009PA001851)" -25.57 0.34 0.74 NA 44.1 40.1 (minus two-sigma) 48.1 (plus two-sigma) value of q in extant Ginkgo biloba that results in correct CO2 concentration 2.55 "Beerling, D., J. McElwain, and C. Osborne (1998), Stomatal responses of the 'living fossil' Ginkgo biloba L. to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, J Exp Bot, 49, 1603-1607." leaf-margin analysis "Ellis, B., K. R. Johnson, and R. E. Dunn (2003), Evidence for an in situ early Paleocene rainforest from Castle Rock, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Geology, 38, 73-100." 21.8 18.8 (minus two-sigma) 24.8 (plus two-sigma) typical values from present-day rainforests "Richards, P. W. (1996), The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study, 2nd ed., 600 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK." 77 67 (minus two-sigma) 87 (plus two-sigma) 2.5 230000 "Royer, D. L., Y. Donnadieu, J. Park, J. Kowalczyk, and Y. Godderis (2014), Error analysis of CO2 and O2 estimates from the long-term geochemical model GEOCARBSULF, Am J Sci, 314, 1259-1283." 731 478 1076 95% percentile range from Monte Carlo simulations