# Paleo-pCO2 Database Cenozoic Stomatal CO2 Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23251 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/royer2001stomata.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Forcing # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: carbon dioxide #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2017-12-17 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2017-12-17 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Paleo-pCO2 Database Cenozoic Stomatal CO2 Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Royer, D.L. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Paleo-CO2 data derived from fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia leaf stomata measurements, # from Royer et al. 2001 and Beerling et al. 2002, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Dana L. Royer, Scott L. Wing, David J. Beerling, David W. Jolley, Paul L. Koch, Leo J. Hickey, Robert A. Berner # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-06-22 # Published_Title: Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 292 # Edition: # Issue: 5525 # Pages: 2310-2313 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 # Online_Resource: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/292/5525/2310 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Understanding the link between the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) and Earth's temperature underpins much of paleoclimatology and our predictions of future global warming. Here, we use the inverse relationship between leaf stomatal indices and the partial pressure of CO2 in modern Ginkgo bilobaand Metasequoia glyptostroboides to develop a CO2 reconstruction based on fossil Ginkgo and Metasequoia cuticles for the middle Paleocene to early Eocene and middle Miocene. Our reconstruction indicates that CO2 remained between 300 and 450 parts per million by volume for these intervals with the exception of a single high estimate near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. These results suggest that factors in addition to CO2 are required to explain these past intervals of global warmth. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: D.J. Beerling, B.H. Lomax, D.L. Royer, G.R. Upchurch, Jr., and L.R. Kump # Published_Date_or_Year: 2002-06-11 # Published_Title: An atmospheric pCO2 reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary from leaf megafossils # Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences # Volume: 99 # Edition: # Issue: 12 # Pages: 7836-7840 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122573099 # Online_Resource: http://www.pnas.org/content/99/12/7836 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The end-Cretaceous mass extinctions, 65 million years ago, profoundly influenced the course of biotic evolution. These extinctions coincided with a major extraterrestrial impact event and massive volcanism in India. Determining the relative importance of each event as a driver of environmental and biotic change across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) crucially depends on constraining the mass of CO2 injected into the atmospheric carbon reservoir. Using the inverse relationship between atmospheric CO2 and the stomatal index of land plant leaves, we reconstruct Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary atmospheric CO2 concentration (pCO2) levels with special emphasis on providing a pCO2 estimate directly above the KTB. Our record shows stable Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary background pCO2 levels of 350-500 ppm by volume, but with a marked increase to at least 2,300 ppm by volume within 10,000 years of the KTB. Numerical simulations with a global biogeochemical carbon cycle model indicate that CO2 outgassing during the eruption of the Deccan Trap basalts fails to fully account for the inferred pCO2 increase. Instead, we calculate that the postboundary pCO2 rise is most consistent with the instantaneous transfer of ~4,600 Gt C from the lithic to the atmospheric reservoir by a large extraterrestrial bolide impact. A resultant climatic forcing of +12 W m-2 would have been sufficient to warm the Earth's surface by ~7.5C, in the absence of counter forcing by sulfate aerosols. This finding reinforces previous evidence for major climatic warming after the KTB impact and implies that severe and abrupt global warming during the earliest Paleocene was an important factor in biotic extinction at the KTB. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Global # Location: Global # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 90 # Southernmost_Latitude: -90 # Easternmost_Longitude: 180 # Westernmost_Longitude: -180 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Royer2001Stomata # Earliest_Year: 65400000 # Most_Recent_Year: 15200000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # person who entered data date of data entry general notes Citation doi Sample name Family Genus Species "Sample Repository" "Geologic Formation" Stratigraphic level Age (Ma) Age uncertainty, old (Ma) Age uncertainty, young (Ma) Age scale (GTS20XX) How was age determined? Latitude, present-day (decimal degrees) Longitude, present-day (decimal degrees) Number of stomatal counts per leaf Number of leaves comprising CO2 estimate "Counting Method (Image, microscope)" "Counting box dimensions (µm × µm)" # Stomata # Epidermal Cells "Sample mean stomatal density (SD, mm-2)" "Sample mean stomatal index (SI, %)" SD error (+/- 1 s.e.m.) SI error (+/- 1 s.e.m.) Modern Calibration species "Modern Calibration Regression Equation " "Calibration Error " Reported mean CO2 CO2 type "Reported CO2 Uncertainty (Low)" "Reported CO2 Uncertainty (High)" What is the uncertainty range? What is the distribution of the uncertainties? Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate; the revised estimate has been updated by Milligan et al. using the Franks gas-exchange method Beerling et al. 2002 10.1073/pnas.122573099 LJH 7659 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 40794-40800 and YPM 45166-45173) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~4 m above KPg boundary; early Puercan NALMA 65.4 66 64.8 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (early Puercan) 44.95 -108.87 3 15 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.32 0.89 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 344 mean 340 348 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Beerling et al. 2002 10.1073/pnas.122573099 LJH 7423 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519346-519350) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~4 m above KPg boundary; early Puercan NALMA 65.4 66 64.8 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (early Puercan) 45.07 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.48 0.75 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 339 mean 334 345 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Beerling et al. 2002 10.1073/pnas.122573099 DMNH 2360 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Denver Museum of Nature and Science (DMNH 23071-23075) Dawson (Denver Basin) radiometric dating (Raynolds et al., 2001, p. 21; see Royer 2003 for citation) 64.1 64.3 63.9 GTS2012 radiometric dating (Raynolds et al., 2001, p. 21; see Royer 2003 for citation) 40 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.9 1.31 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 329 mean 325 334 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Beerling et al. 2002 10.1073/pnas.122573099 Basilika site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo spitsbergensis (considered conspecific with G. adiantoides) Oslo Paleontological Museum and Yale Peabody Museum (PMO PA164.991, PMO PA164.992, PMO PA164.998, PMO PA165.003, PMO PA167.556, PMO PA167.557, YPM 45128) Firkanten early Paleocene (Kvacek et al., 1994; see Royer 2003 for citation) 63.8 66 61.6 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (early Paleocene) 77.5 ? 3 8 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.42 0.83 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 341 mean 337 346 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer, 2003 10.1130/0-8137-2369-8.79 DMNH 2644 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Denver Museum of Nature and Science Hanna (Hanna Basin) Torrejonian-Tiffanian NALMA (Dunn, 2003 MS thesis from Univ of Wyoming: "Correlation of Leaf Megafossil and Palynological Data with North American Land Mammal Ages from Paleocene-aged Strata of the Ferris and Hanna Formations, Hanna Basin, South-central Wyoming") 61.1 64.8 57.4 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (Torrejonian-Tiffanian) 42.5 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.93 1.28 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 313 mean 310 315 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Burbank site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides University of Alberta (dlr 00129-00135) Paskapoo Ti-3 NALMA 59.9 60.8 59 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (middle Tiffanian, Ti-3) 52.25 ? 3 7 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 7.55 0.82 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 451 mean 421 519 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Joffre Bridge site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides University of Alberta (dlr 00136-00140) Paskapoo Ti-3 NALMA 59.9 60.8 59 GTS2012 biostratigraphy (middle Tiffanian, Ti-3) 52.25 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 7.96 0.84 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 409 mean 388 447 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 0025 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519351-519357) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) Ti-5 NALMA 58.1 58.4 57.8 GTS2012 2.1 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.86 -108.88 3 7 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.01 0.71 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 353 mean 347 361 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 LJH 7132 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Yale Peabody Museum (USNM 511364, YPM 45196-45198, YPM 45914) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) Ti-6/Cf-1 NALMA 57.2 57.4 57 GTS2012 1.2 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 45.03 -109.08 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 8.75 0.92 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 363 mean 354 376 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 993 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 516616-516622) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~1195 m above the KPg boundary 56.7 56.9 56.5 GTS2012 0.7 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.8 ? 3 8 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 11.43 1.27 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 312 mean 309 314 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 992 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519363, USNM 519367) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~1195 m above the KPg boundary 56.7 56.9 56.5 GTS2012 0.7 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.8 ? 3 8 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.8 0.96 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 314 mean 312 316 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 991 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519358-519362) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~1195 m above the KPg boundary 56.7 56.9 56.5 GTS2012 0.7 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.8 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.97 0.62 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 307 mean 305 308 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 LJH 72141-1 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History and Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 45129-45130) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) Cf2 NALMA 56.6 56.7 56.5 GTS2012 0.6 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.73 -108.68 3 12 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.63 1.62 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 317 mean 315 318 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9155 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519368-519377) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~100 m below Wa-0 NALMA (Cf2/Cf3) 56.5 56.6 56.4 GTS2012 0.5 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.05 -107.77 3 10 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 11.21 1.15 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 309 mean 307 311 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9411 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519378-519385) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~50 m below Wa-0 NALMA 56.4 56.5 56.3 GTS2012 0.4 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 43.95 -107.56 3 8 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 11.5 1.05 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 306 mean 304 308 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9434 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519386-519392) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~30 m below Wa-0 NALMA 56.2 56.3 56.1 GTS2012 0.2 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.16 -107.85 3 7 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 12.23 1.54 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 299 mean 297 301 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9715 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (dlr 0071-0075, 0081-0085, 00100-00101) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~1470 m above the KPg boundary 56.1 56.2 56 GTS2012 0.1 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.8 ? 3 12 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 8.23 0.84 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 390 mean 380 406 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9050 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (dlr 00110-00114) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~25 m below Wa-0 NALMA 56.1 56.2 56 GTS2012 0.1 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 43.95 ? 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 12.18 1.3 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 300 mean 297 302 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9936 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (dlr 9960-9964, dlr 9939-9942, dlr 9955-9959) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~30 m below Wa-0 NALMA 56.1 56.2 56 GTS2012 0.1 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 43.95 ? 3 15 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 11.77 0.91 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 303 mean 302 304 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 8612 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (dlr 9947-9951, dlr 9943-9944) Fort Union (Bighorn Basin) ~15 m below Wa-0 NALMA 56.1 56.2 56 GTS2012 0.1 Myrs before the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.15 ? 3 7 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 12.41 0.88 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 298 mean 296 300 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9812 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (dlr 0076-0080, dlr 0086-0099, dlr 00102-00104) Willwood (Bighorn Basin) ~1570 m above the KPg boundary 55.9 58.9 52.9 GTS2012 0.1 Myrs after the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.8 ? 3 22 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 8.53 0.73 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 373 mean 368 381 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW 9915 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519393-519398) Willwood (Bighorn Basin) ~1720 m above the KPg boundary 55.6 55.7 55.5 GTS2012 0.4 Myrs after the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.35 -108.39 3 8 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 8.83 0.85 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 360 mean 353 369 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW LB site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519399-519403) Willwood (Bighorn Basin) ~311 m above the Wa-0 NALMA 54.7 54.8 54.6 GTS2012 1.3 Myrs after the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.17 -108.13 3 5 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.29 0.79 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 345 mean 339 352 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 SLW H site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (USNM 519404-519412) Willwood (Bighorn Basin) ~420 m above the Wa-0 NALMA 54.3 54.4 54.2 GTS2012 1.7 Myrs after the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.3 ? 3 9 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.22 1.07 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 323 mean 321 326 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 LJH 9915 site Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 48029, YPM 48002, YPM 40776, YPM 40777, YPM 40778, YPM 47747, YPM 47754, YPM 47780, YPM 47753, YPM 47802, YPM 47833, YPM 47942, YPM 47971, YPM 47939) Willwood (Bighorn Basin) ~429 m above the Wa-0 NALMA 54.2 54.3 54.1 GTS2012 1.8 Myrs after the PETM (Age Model 2 in Wing et al., 2000, which uses measured sections, biostratigraphy, the PETM carbon isotope excursion, and one Ar/Ar radiometric date; see Royer 2003 for details and for Wing citation) 44.35 ? 3 15 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 9.38 0.8 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 342 mean 339 346 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Juliaetta site (P6) Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo adiantoides Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 45174-45185) Latah 16.5 18 15 GTS2012 radiometric constraints (Reidel & Fecht, 1987; 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<664:thfeos>2.0.co;2) 46.52 -116.75 3 14 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 8.14 0.95 Ginkgo biloba Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 396 mean 385 413 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Clarkia site (P33a) Cupressaceae Metasequoia occidentalis Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 45186-45188) Latah 15.3 16.8 13.8 GTS2012 radiometric constraints (Reidel & Fecht, 1987; 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<664:thfeos>2.0.co;2) 46.99 -116.27 3 6 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 11.59 0.31 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 310 mean 307 313 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Clarkia site (P33b) Cupressaceae Metasequoia occidentalis Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 45193-45195) Latah 15.3 16.8 13.8 GTS2012 radiometric constraints (Reidel & Fecht, 1987; 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<664:thfeos>2.0.co;2) 46.99 -116.27 3 10 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.94 0.33 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 316 mean 313 319 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed Dana L. Royer Jun-17 this is the original estimate; it has been updated with more rigorous error propagation by Beerling et al. (2009); see above for revised estimate Royer et al. 2001 10.1126/science.292.5525.2310 Emerald Creek site (P37a) Cupressaceae Metasequoia occidentalis Yale Peabody Museum (YPM 45189-45192) Latah 15.2 16.7 13.7 GTS2012 radiometric constraints (Reidel & Fecht, 1987; 10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<664:thfeos>2.0.co;2) 47.03 -116.34 3 10 microscope 0.1795 mm2 fields-of-view were partly comprised of non-stomatal-bearing areas (for example, over top major veins); the field-of-view fraction that was usable was not measured; as such, the measured stomatal densities are not particularly useful. 10.95 0.3 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Royer (2003) Uncertainties only in the calibration function are included 316 mean 313 318 95% confidence intervals slightly right skewed